decadence
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C1 noun /ˈdek.ə.dəns/

decadence

Meaning
Moral or cultural decline characterized by excessive indulgence in pleasure or luxury.
Example
The novel describes the decadence of the wealthy elite.
C1 adjective /ˌboʊnəˈfaɪdi/

Bonafide

Meaning
genuine; authentic; legitimate
Example
She is a bonafide expert in her field.
B2 noun /ˈhæz.ərd/

Hazard

Meaning
a danger or risk; something that poses a threat to safety
Example
Smoking is a serious health hazard that can lead to lung cancer and heart disease.
B1 noun /naɪt/

Knight

Meaning
a man given a rank of honor by a British king or queen; a medieval warrior on horseback
Example
The brave knight rescued the princess from the dragon's castle.
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪ.li/

Scaly

Meaning
covered with scales; having a rough surface like scales
Example
The fish has scaly skin.
B2 noun /ˈwɪldərnəs/

Wilderness

Meaning
an uncultivated, uninhabited, and inhospitable region; a wild or uncultivated state
Example
They got lost in the wilderness for three days.
C1 verb /luːt/

loot

Meaning
to steal goods, typically during war, riot, or chaos
Example
The rioters looted several shops during the protest.
B1 noun rɪˈzɪs.təns

resistance

Meaning
The refusal to accept or comply with something; the attempt to prevent something by action or argument.
Example
The resistance fought bravely against colonial forces.
C2 noun /ˌbuː.ɡənˈvɪl.i.ə/

Bougainvillea

Meaning
a tropical climbing plant with colorful bracts surrounding small flowers
Example
The bougainvillea climbing over the garden wall creates a beautiful purple display.
A2 verb /ʃaɪn/

shine

Meaning
to give out a bright light or glow
Example
The sun will shine brightly tomorrow.
C1 noun ˈhaɪ.drə.dʒən ˈpaʊ.əd bʌsɪz

hydrogen-powered buses

Meaning
Buses powered by hydrogen fuel cells that produce only water vapor as emission.
Example
Hydrogen-powered buses reduce air pollution.
B2 verb /ʃɛd/

shed

Meaning
to let something fall off naturally, such as leaves, hair, or tears
Example
Trees shed their leaves in autumn.
B1 verb /rɪˈvaɪz/

revise

Meaning
To change, improve, or update something, especially a written work.
Example
She had to revise her essay before submission.
B2 noun /ˈprɛdətər/

predator

Meaning
An animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.
Example
Lions are powerful predators in the savannah.
A2 noun steɪt

state

Meaning
A nation or territory considered as an organized political community under one government.
Example
The state declared a new language policy.
C2 adjective /eɪˈsɛptɪk/

aseptic

Meaning
Free from contamination caused by harmful microorganisms; sterile.
Example
Surgeons must work in an aseptic environment to prevent infection.
C1 noun /ˈskævɪndʒər/

scavenger

Meaning
an animal or person that feeds on dead or discarded material
Example
Vultures are natural scavengers that clean up the environment.
B2 noun; verb /ˈkætəlɒɡ/

catalogue

Meaning
a complete list of items, typically one in alphabetical or systematic order; to make a systematic list of items
Example
The library decided to catalogue all new books digitally.
C2 verb /bɪˈtəʊkən/

betoken

Meaning
to be a sign or indication of something
Example
Dark clouds betoken an approaching storm.
C2 noun /ˈtraɪdənt/

trident

Meaning
A three-pronged spear, often associated with Neptune or Poseidon.
Example
The statue of Poseidon holds a mighty trident.
C1 noun /ˈdeɪ.ə.ti/

deity

Meaning
a god or goddess
Example
The temple is dedicated to a Hindu deity.
A1 noun /taɪm/

time

Meaning
a measured or measurable period during which an action, process, or condition exists or continues
Example
I don’t have enough time to finish the project.
C2 noun /ˈsɒfɪstri/

sophistry

Meaning
the use of clever but false arguments, often to deceive
Example
The politician's speech was full of sophistry.
C1 adjective /ræmˈbʌŋk.ʃəs/

rambunctious

Meaning
boisterous, energetic, and difficult to control.
Example
The rambunctious children filled the house with noise.
C1 noun /ˌdʒuː.bɪˈleɪ.ʃən/

jubilation

Meaning
a feeling or expression of great happiness and triumph
Example
There was jubilation in the streets after the victory.
C2 adjective /ɔːˈrɔːrəl/

auroral

Meaning
Relating to or resembling the aurora, especially the northern lights.
Example
The scientists observed auroral activity in the night sky.
C2 noun /ˌtɜːsənˈtɛnəri/

tercentenary

Meaning
The 300th anniversary of an event.
Example
The city celebrated its tercentenary with a grand festival.
C1 noun /ˌænθrəˈpɒlədʒɪst/

anthropologist

Meaning
a person who studies human societies, cultures, and their development
Example
The anthropologist spent years studying the tribal community.
B2 noun /ˈɪnˌteɪk/

intake

Meaning
the process of taking something in, especially food or drink
Example
He monitored his daily intake of calories to maintain a healthy diet.
C1 noun /əˈstuːt.nəs/

astuteness

Meaning
The ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage.
Example
His astuteness helped in negotiations.
C1 noun /fɔːn/

Fawn

Meaning
a young deer; a light yellowish-brown color
Example
The mother deer protects her fawn from predators.
B2 noun /ˈkɒntræktər/

contractor

Meaning
a person or company that agrees to provide materials or labor to perform a service or do a job
Example
The contractor completed the building project on time.
C2 noun /ɪˈklɛktɪˌsɪzəm/

eclecticism

Meaning
A method or practice of deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources.
Example
The architect’s work shows eclecticism by blending modern and traditional elements.
B2 verb /ɪnˈroʊl/

enrol

Meaning
To officially register or sign up for a course, program, or membership
Example
She decided to enrol in a language course to improve her skills.
B2 noun /ˈmɒdəreɪtər/

moderator

Meaning
A person who leads or oversees discussions, debates, or forums to maintain order.
Example
The moderator asked each panelist to share their views.
B1 noun /ɪnˈtɛnʃən/

intention

Meaning
A plan, aim, or purpose behind an action.
Example
Her intention was to finish the project before the deadline.
C2 adjective /ˈpruːdɪʃ/

prudish

Meaning
having or revealing a tendency to be easily shocked by matters relating to sex or nudity
Example
She was too prudish to watch the movie with her friends.
B2 adjective/noun ˌdem.əˈɡræf.ɪk

demographic

Meaning
Relating to the structure of populations; statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it.
Example
The company analyzes demographic trends before launching a product.
C1 adjective /dɪˈfaɪənt/

Defiant

Meaning
boldly resistant or challenging; disobedient
Example
The defiant student refused to follow the rules.
C2 verb, noun /ˈɡoʊld.brɪk/

goldbrick

Meaning
to avoid work or duty; a person who shirks responsibility
Example
He was accused of goldbricking while the rest of the team worked hard.
B1 adjective kəˈmɜː.ʃəl

commercial

Meaning
Concerned with or engaged in commerce; having profit as a primary aim rather than artistic or other value.
Example
Commercial hubs attract investments.
A2 noun /ˈsɪriz/

Series

Meaning
a number of events, objects, or people of a similar or related kind coming one after another; a set of related television or radio programmes
Example
The detective series ran for five successful seasons.
B2 adjective /ˈɪnfɪnɪt/

infinite

Meaning
limitless or endless in space, extent, or number
Example
The universe is often described as infinite.
C1 noun /maɪm/

Mime

Meaning
A performer who acts without words, using only gestures and body movements
Example
The street mime entertained the crowd with his invisible box routine.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒbəbl/

improbable

Meaning
Not likely to be true or to happen.
Example
It seems improbable that he will arrive on time.
C1 verb/noun /ˈsɒldər/

solder

Meaning
To join metal parts together by melting and putting a filler metal into the joint
Example
He soldered the broken wires back together.
C1 noun /næk/

knack

Meaning
a natural skill or ability; a special talent for doing something easily
Example
She has a knack for making people feel comfortable.
C2 noun kwɔːrk

quark

Meaning
A fundamental subatomic particle that combines to form protons and neutrons.
Example
Quarks form protons and neutrons.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈwɪtɪŋ/

unwitting

Meaning
Not aware of what is happening; done without realizing.
Example
She became an unwitting participant in the scam.
C2 adjective /bɪˈnaɪtɪd/

benighted

Meaning
In a state of intellectual or moral ignorance; overtaken by darkness.
Example
The explorers were lost in the benighted forest without any guide.
B1 noun /ˈlɪsənər/

listener

Meaning
a person who listens or pays attention to something, especially to a speaker or sound.
Example
She is a good listener who always understands others' problems.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪntri/

wintry

Meaning
Characteristic of or suitable for winter; cold and bleak.
Example
The wintry wind made everyone shiver as they walked outside.
B2 verb /ɪkˈskluːd/

exclude

Meaning
To deliberately leave out or prevent someone or something from being included.
Example
The list excludes temporary workers.
B1 noun /ˈlɪm.ɪt/

Limit

Meaning
a point or level beyond which something does not or may not extend or pass; the greatest amount allowed
Example
There is a speed limit on this road.
B2 verb /ˈsʌmən/

summon

Meaning
To order someone to come or to gather courage or strength.
Example
The king summoned his advisors to the court.
C1 noun /ˌdʒɛr.iˈætrɪks/

geriatrics

Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with the health and care of old people
Example
He specialized in geriatrics to care for the elderly.
B2 noun ˈekwɪti

equity

Meaning
The value of the shares issued by a company.
Example
Owning equity in a company can yield significant returns.
C1 adjective /ˌɔː.riˈen.təl/

Oriental

Meaning
relating to the countries of East Asia; eastern
Example
The museum has a beautiful collection of oriental art.
C1 adjective /kɪˈnɛtɪk/

kinetic

Meaning
Relating to or resulting from motion.
Example
Kinetic energy increases as the object moves faster.
C1 noun /ˈæntɪˌdoʊt/

antidote

Meaning
A substance that neutralizes the effects of a poison; something that relieves or counteracts.
Example
The doctor quickly administered an antidote to the snake venom.
B2 noun /ˈfriːˌlænsər/

freelancer

Meaning
A person who works independently without being permanently employed by one organization.
Example
She works as a freelancer designing websites for different clients.
C2 verb /kənˈdʒɔɪn/

conjoin

Meaning
to join together or unite; to combine
Example
The two rivers conjoin just before reaching the sea.
B2 noun /ʌnˈkɒnʃəsnəs/

unconsciousness

Meaning
the state of being unaware of and unable to respond to one's surroundings
Example
After the accident, he was in a state of unconsciousness for several hours.
C2 noun ˈsɒmnələns

somnolence

Meaning
A state of drowsiness or sleepiness; inclination to sleep.
Example
The somnolence after a heavy meal made it hard to concentrate.
A2 noun /prɪns/

prince

Meaning
a male member of a royal family, especially the son of a king or queen; a ruler of a principality
Example
The prince addressed the nation on his birthday.
B2 adjective /ˈrɪɡ.ər.əs/

rigorous

Meaning
Extremely thorough and demanding in analysis or practice.
Example
A rigorous study plan helps students achieve better results.
C1 noun /ˈsmætərɪŋ/

smattering

Meaning
A small amount or superficial knowledge of something.
Example
He has a smattering of Spanish.
B1 noun ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz

initiatives

Meaning
Actions or strategies designed to resolve a difficulty or improve a situation; programs or projects.
Example
Community initiatives benefit underprivileged groups.
C2 noun /liː/

lea

Meaning
An open area of grassy or arable land; a meadow.
Example
The cottage was surrounded by a quiet lea.
C2 adjective /vɛˈstɪdʒiəl/

vestigial

Meaning
Relating to a small, undeveloped remnant of something that was once much larger or more functional.
Example
Humans have a vestigial tailbone that no longer serves its original purpose.
B2 adjective /kənˈdʒɛstɪd/

congested

Meaning
Blocked up with too much traffic or crowding.
Example
The road was congested during rush hour.
B2 adjective /ˈnjuː.mər.əs/

Numerous

Meaning
existing in large numbers; many; abundant
Example
There are numerous benefits to exercising regularly.
B2 noun /ədˈvɛntʃərər/

adventurer

Meaning
a person who seeks exciting, risky, or unusual experiences; someone who explores new or unknown places
Example
The adventurer traveled deep into the jungle in search of ancient ruins.
B2 noun /ˌkɒndɛnˈseɪʃən/

condensation

Meaning
The process of water vapor changing into liquid; also, the act of making something more concise.
Example
Condensation formed on the windows during the cold night.
C1 noun /ɪnˈkɜːrʒən/

incursion

Meaning
A sudden attack or invasion into a place or territory.
Example
The army repelled the enemy incursion at the border.
B2 noun /ˌɪntəˈrʌpʃən/

interruption

Meaning
the act of stopping or breaking the continuity of something; a pause caused by an external action
Example
The meeting was delayed due to an unexpected interruption.
C1 noun delˈteɪɪk ˈlændskeɪp

deltaic landscape

Meaning
A geographical area formed by sediment deposits at the mouth of a river, creating a triangular land formation.
Example
Bangladesh has a unique deltaic landscape.
C1 verb /taʊt/

tout

Meaning
to promote, praise, or advertise aggressively
Example
The company touted its new product as a game-changer.
B2 noun /haɪv/

Hive

Meaning
a structure in which bees live and produce honey; a place full of busy activity
Example
The garden was buzzing with activity as bees flew back and forth from their hive.
A2 noun /dɪˈskʌʃən/

discussion

Meaning
The action or process of talking about something in order to reach a decision or share ideas.
Example
The project needs more discussion before moving forward.
C1 verb ˈsɪŋ.krə.naɪz

synchronize

Meaning
To coordinate in time; to cause to occur or operate at the same time or rate.
Example
The dancers need to synchronize their movements.
C1 adjective /ˈɡlɛrɪŋ/

glaring

Meaning
Extremely obvious or shining intensely.
Example
There was a glaring mistake in the report.
C2 adjective /ˈdʒɪg.ərd/

Jiggered

Meaning
surprised or astonished; confused or puzzled
Example
I'll be jiggered if I know what happened here.
C2 verb /flɪt/

flit

Meaning
to move quickly and lightly from one place to another
Example
Butterflies flitted from flower to flower.
C2 adjective /ˈɡɛə.rɪʃ/

garish

Meaning
Excessively bright and showy, often in a tasteless or unattractive way.
Example
The room was decorated with garish neon lights.
B2 noun /ɡreɪn/

Grain

Meaning
wheat or any other cultivated cereal crop used as food; a single seed of a cereal
Example
The farmer stored large quantities of grain in the barn after the harvest.
A1 adjective /oʊˈkeɪ/

ok

Meaning
used to indicate agreement, approval, or understanding
Example
Okay, let's go to the park.
A1 adjective /ˈbɔːrɪŋ/

boring

Meaning
not interesting or exciting; dull.
Example
The lecture was so boring that several students fell asleep.
B2 noun /ɡriːn ˈtʃɪl.i/

Green Chili

Meaning
unripe chili pepper that is green in color and has a spicy taste
Example
She added chopped green chili to the salad for extra heat.
B2 verb /ˈstɑːrtl/

startle

Meaning
To surprise or frighten someone suddenly.
Example
The loud noise startled the children.
A1 noun wɜːrdz

words

Meaning
A single distinct meaningful element of speech or writing, used with others to form communication.
Example
Learning new words expands vocabulary.
C1 noun /ˌrɛtrɪˈbjuːʃən/

retribution

Meaning
punishment inflicted as vengeance for a wrong or crime
Example
The villagers demanded retribution for the crime committed.
C1 noun səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi

sustainable technology

Meaning
Technology designed to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
Example
Sustainable technology ensures a cleaner future.
B2 adjective /hɪˈstɛrɪkəl/

hysterical

Meaning
Extremely funny or uncontrollably emotional.
Example
The comedian's jokes were absolutely hysterical.
C2 noun /ˈskæb.ərd/

scabbard

Meaning
A sheath for the blade of a sword or dagger, typically made of leather or metal.
Example
The knight drew his sword from the scabbard.
C1 noun /ˈɪnkwest/

inquest

Meaning
A legal or official inquiry, especially into the cause of a death.
Example
The inquest revealed the cause of the accident.
C1 noun ˈnuːkliəs

nucleus

Meaning
The central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
Example
The nucleus consists of protons.
C1 verb /ˈdʒepərdaɪz/

jeopardize

Meaning
to put something at risk of being damaged or destroyed
Example
His reckless behavior could jeopardize his career.
A2 noun /ˈkænsər/

cancer

Meaning
A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.
Example
Smoking is a leading cause of lung cancer.
C2 adjective /daɪˈdæktɪk/

didactic

Meaning
Intended to teach, often with a moral lesson.
Example
The novel is not just entertaining but also didactic in nature.
B2 noun sɔɪl ɪˈrəʊʒən

soil erosion

Meaning
The wearing away of topsoil by water, wind, or other natural forces.
Example
Soil erosion can lead to the loss of fertile land.
C1 adjective /ˈlɔː.də.bəl/

laudable

Meaning
Deserving praise and admiration.
Example
Her efforts to help the poor are truly laudable.
C2 noun /ˈfɪlɪɡri/

filigree

Meaning
delicate ornamental work of fine wire, usually of gold or silver
Example
The necklace was decorated with intricate gold filigree.
B2 adjective /ˈtrʌst.fəl/

Trustful

Meaning
having or showing trust in someone or something; trusting
Example
She was too trustful and believed everything he said.
B2 noun ˈæk.tɪv rɪˈkɔːl

Active recall

Meaning
A learning technique that involves actively trying to retrieve information from memory rather than passively reviewing material.
Example
Active recall improves long-term memory and retention.
B2 noun trænˈspær.ən.si

transparency

Meaning
The quality of being easy to perceive or detect; openness, accountability, and honesty in governance or operations.
Example
Transparency fosters trust in governance.
B2 noun /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪtər/

administrator

Meaning
a person responsible for running or managing an organization or system
Example
The school administrator implemented new policies for students.
B2 adjective /ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃənəl/

organizational

Meaning
relating to the structure or arrangement of a company or group
Example
He works on improving the organizational structure of the company.
B2 verb /ɪmˈbreɪs/

embrace

Meaning
to hold someone closely in your arms; to accept willingly
Example
She embraced her friend at the airport.
B2 verb, noun /ɡrɪn/

grin

Meaning
to smile broadly, often showing teeth
Example
She grinned happily at the good news.
C2 verb /dʒaʊst/

joust

Meaning
to engage in a medieval contest on horseback with lances; to compete or argue
Example
The knights prepared to joust in front of the cheering crowd.
A2 noun /kæp/

Cap

Meaning
a head covering with a visor; a protective covering
Example
He wore a baseball cap to protect himself from the sun.
B1 adjective /ˈkɒmplɪˌkeɪtɪd/

complicated

Meaning
consisting of many interconnected parts; difficult to understand
Example
The instructions for the machine are too complicated to follow.
B1 noun /ˈtʃɛərmən/

chairman

Meaning
the leader or head of a meeting, committee, or organization
Example
The chairman opened the meeting with a short speech.
A1 noun /lʌntʃ/

Lunch

Meaning
a meal eaten in the middle of the day, typically one that is lighter or less formal than an evening meal
Example
We had lunch at a nice restaurant downtown.
B1 noun /bɔɪl/

Boil

Meaning
a painful, pus-filled bump under the skin caused by infected hair follicles
Example
The painful boil on his neck required medical treatment.
A2 noun ˈwɔː.nɪŋ

warning

Meaning
A statement or event that indicates a possible or impending danger, problem, or other unpleasant situation.
Example
Warnings about rising temperatures demand urgent action.
C2 verb /frɪz/

frizz

Meaning
to form into small, tight curls or cause hair to become fuzzy and tangled
Example
The humid weather caused her hair to frizz.
C1 adjective /nəʊˈmæd.ɪk/

nomadic

Meaning
Living the life of a nomad; wandering from place to place without a fixed home.
Example
The tribe led a nomadic lifestyle.
A2 verb /skiː/

ski

Meaning
to glide over snow on skis
Example
We went skiing in the Alps last winter.
B1 noun /ˈfʌŋkʃən/

function

Meaning
An activity or purpose natural to or intended for a person or thing.
Example
The main function of the heart is to pump blood.