botanical
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B2 adjective /bəˈtænɪkəl/

botanical

Meaning
relating to plants or plant life
Example
She works at the botanical garden.
B2 noun /sɪnˈserɪti/

Sincerity

Meaning
the quality of being free from pretense or deceit; honesty
Example
His sincerity in apologizing was evident to everyone.
B2 verb /əˈbɒlɪʃ/

abolish

Meaning
to formally end or stop something; to cancel or eliminate completely
Example
The government decided to abolish the old tax system.
B2 adjective /ɪˈlɛktərəl/

electoral

Meaning
related to elections or voting
Example
The electoral process in the country has been reformed in recent years.
B2 adjective /ˈhɑːrti/

Hearty

Meaning
enthusiastic and friendly; substantial and nourishing
Example
He gave us a hearty welcome when we arrived at his home.
A2 noun /tuːl/

tool

Meaning
a device or implement used to carry out a particular function
Example
He used a hammer as a tool to fix the chair.
C2 verb /ˈdʒɜːrnəlaɪz/

journalize

Meaning
to record daily transactions or events in a journal, especially in accounting
Example
The accountant will journalize all financial transactions at the end of the day.
C2 adjective /juːˈʒʊəriəs/

usurious

Meaning
Charging excessively high interest rates on loans.
Example
The bank was accused of offering loans at usurious rates.
C1 verb, noun /ˈbreɪnˌwɒʃ/

brainwash

Meaning
to manipulate someone into adopting certain beliefs by repeated pressure or propaganda; the act or process of such manipulation
Example
The group tried to brainwash new members with constant propaganda.
C2 noun /ˌɛpɪzəʊˈɒtɪk/

epizootic

Meaning
An outbreak of disease affecting many animals of one kind at the same time.
Example
The farmer feared an epizootic might wipe out his cattle.
B1 noun /ˈdɪstrɪkt/

district

Meaning
a specific area of a country, city, or town, often with official boundaries
Example
She lives in the northern district of the city.
B2 adverb /ˈsiː.krət.li/

secretly

Meaning
in a way that is hidden or not known by others
Example
She secretly planned a surprise party for her friend.
C2 adjective /əˈsɜːrbɪk/

acerbic

Meaning
sharp, harsh, or bitter in tone or taste
Example
His acerbic comments offended many people in the meeting.
C2 noun /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnɪzəm/

opportunism

Meaning
The practice of taking advantage of opportunities regardless of principles or ethics.
Example
His decision was driven by opportunism, not values.
C1 noun /ˈɪmɪnəns/

imminence

Meaning
the state of being about to happen
Example
The imminence of the storm forced people to take shelter.
C1 verb /lʌl/

lull

Meaning
to soothe or calm; to cause to sleep or rest
Example
The gentle music lulled the baby to sleep.
C1 verb /ˌʌndəˈreɪt/

underrate

Meaning
to fail to recognize the full value or importance of something or someone
Example
Many people underrate the benefits of regular exercise.
A2 noun /ˈtrævələr/

traveler

Meaning
a person who is traveling or who often travels
Example
The traveler rested at a small inn after a long journey.
A1 noun /ˈwɛnzdeɪ/

wednesday

Meaning
the fourth day of the week, following Tuesday and preceding Thursday
Example
The meeting has been scheduled for Wednesday afternoon.
B2 verb /ˌriːjuˈnaɪt/

reunite

Meaning
to bring together again after separation
Example
The family was reunited after many years.
B1 noun /tʃɑːrm/

Charm

Meaning
the power or quality of giving delight or arousing admiration; a magical spell or talisman
Example
Her natural charm and wit made her popular at social gatherings.
B2 noun /ˈzɪɡzæɡ/

Zigzag

Meaning
a line or course having abrupt alternate right and left turns; a pattern of sharp turns
Example
The road follows a zigzag pattern up the mountain.
C2 noun /ˈbrɪk ə ˌbræk/

bric-a-brac

Meaning
Small decorative objects or ornaments, often of little value.
Example
The shelves were filled with old bric-a-brac from her travels.
C2 noun /ˈlɒdʒ.mənt/

lodgment

Meaning
The act of lodging or a place of temporary stay; also a deposit of something.
Example
The soldiers found lodgment in the abandoned house.
B2 adjective ˌkɒn.trəˈvɜː.ʃəl

controversial

Meaning
Giving rise to public disagreement or heated discussion.
Example
The policy remains controversial.
C1 adjective /ˈbrɪtl/

brittle

Meaning
easily broken or cracked; hard but liable to break
Example
The glass was so brittle that it cracked easily.
B1 adjective /ˈhoʊmləs/

homeless

Meaning
Without a home, and therefore typically living on the streets.
Example
The organization helps homeless people find shelter.
C2 adjective /ˈwiːk niːd/

weak-kneed

Meaning
Lacking determination or courage; easily frightened or yielding.
Example
The leader was criticized for being weak-kneed in the face of opposition.
C1 adjective /ˈdæʃ.ɪŋ/

Dashing

Meaning
stylish and confident; lively and energetic; attractive and charming
Example
He looked dashing in his new suit.
B2 noun /spɑːrk/

Spark

Meaning
a small fiery particle thrown off from a fire; a flash of light; something that triggers or initiates
Example
A spark from the campfire ignited the dry leaves.
C2 noun /ɪmˌpɜːrtərbəˈbɪləti/

imperturbability

Meaning
The quality of being calm and not easily disturbed or upset.
Example
Her imperturbability during the crisis impressed everyone.
B2 noun /heɪ/

hay

Meaning
grass that has been cut, dried, and stored for use as animal feed
Example
The cows were eating hay in the barn.
B2 noun /ʌnəˈbɪləti/

unability

Meaning
the state of being unable to do something; incapacity
Example
His unability to solve the problem caused delays in the project.
C1 noun /ˈlɔː.ləs.nəs/

Lawlessness

Meaning
absence of law and order; a state where laws do not exist or are not enforced
Example
The city descended into lawlessness after the government collapsed.
C1 noun /ˈfen.jʊ.griːk/

Fenugreek

Meaning
an herb whose seeds and leaves are used as a spice in cooking
Example
Fenugreek seeds have a slightly bitter taste and are commonly used in Indian cuisine.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/

inconsiderate

Meaning
Thoughtless; showing a lack of concern for others.
Example
It was inconsiderate of him to play loud music late at night.
C1 noun /ˈmʌltɪtuːd/

multitude

Meaning
A large number of people or things.
Example
A multitude of fans gathered at the stadium.
B2 noun ˈɪnər strɛŋkθ

inner strength

Meaning
Mental or spiritual power that helps a person cope with difficulties.
Example
Community service fosters inner strength in individuals.
B1 noun /ˈkæp.ɪ.təl/

Capital

Meaning
the most important city or town of a country or region; wealth in the form of money or assets
Example
Paris is the capital of France and also a major financial capital.
C2 noun (plural) /ˈɔːrdʒiːz/

orgies

Meaning
Wild gatherings involving excessive indulgence in food, drink, or sexual activity.
Example
The ancient Romans were infamous for their lavish feasts and orgies.
C1 verb /ˈpɑːzɪt/

posit

Meaning
To assume or suggest something as a fact or basis for reasoning.
Example
The scientist posited a new theory to explain the phenomenon.
C2 adjective /kəˈmɛnʃərət/

commensurate

Meaning
corresponding in size, degree, or extent; proportionate
Example
Salary will be commensurate with experience.
B2 noun /sɪɡˈnɪf.ɪ.kəns/

Significance

Meaning
the quality of being worthy of attention; importance
Example
The discovery has great significance for medical research.
B2 noun /ˈsʌm.ɪt/

summit

Meaning
A high-level meeting between leaders, especially of governments; a conference.
Example
The summit addressed pressing global issues.
B2 verb /ɪnˈstrʌkt/

instruct

Meaning
to teach; to give directions
Example
The teacher instructed the students carefully.
A1 noun /weɪ/

Way

Meaning
a method, style, or manner of doing something; a road or path
Example
There must be a better way to solve this problem.
A1 noun /ɑːrt/

art

Meaning
the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination
Example
She studied art at the university.
A2 noun /ˈmærɪdʒ/

marriage

Meaning
The legally or formally recognized union of two people as partners in a personal relationship.
Example
Their marriage lasted for over thirty years.
C1 noun /ˌdɛməˈlɪʃən/

demolition

Meaning
the act or process of destroying a building or structure
Example
The demolition of the old factory took several weeks.
C2 adjective /ˈwæɡ.ɪʃ/

waggish

Meaning
playfully humorous or mischievous
Example
His waggish remarks made everyone laugh.
B2 adjective /spɒnˈteɪniəs/

Spontaneous

Meaning
done without planning; natural and unforced
Example
Their spontaneous dance in the rain was beautiful.
C1 adjective /nɪˈɡlɛktfʊl/

neglectful

Meaning
Failing to give proper care or attention.
Example
The neglectful parent left the child alone for hours.
C1 adjective /əˈkɪn/

akin

Meaning
Of similar character or related by blood.
Example
His reaction was akin to shock.
C2 noun /ˈsɪŋ.krə.ni/

synchrony

Meaning
Coordination in time, harmony in action or movement.
Example
Their dance performance showed perfect synchrony.
A2 noun /ˈriː.zənz/

reasons

Meaning
Causes, explanations, or justifications for an action or event.
Example
Reasons for pollution need addressing urgently.
B2 adjective /ˈwɜːldli/

worldly

Meaning
Concerned with material values or ordinary life rather than spiritual matters.
Example
He was more interested in worldly success than in spiritual growth.
A2 adverb /ˌɛniˈmɔr/

anymore

Meaning
used to refer to the present time, typically to mean no longer
Example
He doesn’t live here anymore.
C2 noun /əˈsɛt.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

asceticism

Meaning
The practice of severe self-discipline and abstaining from indulgence, typically for religious or spiritual reasons.
Example
Asceticism has been a part of many religious traditions throughout history.
C1 noun ˈsɛlfləsnɪs

selflessness

Meaning
The quality of being concerned more with the needs of others than with one's own.
Example
Selflessness is a key value for community building.
C1 noun /ˈæftərˌθɔːt/

afterthought

Meaning
Something added or considered later than originally planned.
Example
The gift seemed like an afterthought rather than a genuine gesture.
A2 verb /faɪt/

fight

Meaning
to engage in battle or combat; to struggle against
Example
The soldiers fight for their country.
C1 noun /ˈledʒ.ər/

Ledger

Meaning
a book or other collection of financial accounts of a particular type
Example
The accountant updated the company ledger daily.
B1 adjective /ˈiː.ɡər/

Eager

Meaning
showing keen interest; enthusiastic; having or showing desire and excitement
Example
She was eager to start her new job.
B2 verb /skeər/

scare

Meaning
to frighten someone or make them feel afraid
Example
The loud noise scared the baby.
B1 noun ɪmˈplɔɪmənt

employment

Meaning
The condition of having paid work; the action of giving work to someone.
Example
Employment was limited to Urdu speakers.
B2 noun /ˈreɪ.zər/

Razor

Meaning
a sharp-edged instrument used for shaving hair from the skin
Example
He shaved his beard with a sharp razor.
C2 noun /draɪd roʊz ˈpɛtəlz/

Dried Rose Petals

Meaning
dehydrated petals from roses used for culinary and aromatic purposes
Example
The dessert was garnished with dried rose petals.
C1 noun ˈɡræn.dʒər

Grandeur

Meaning
Magnificence, majesty, splendor; impressive beauty and scale.
Example
The grandeur of the Colosseum attracts millions of visitors.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌθɔːt/

forethought

Meaning
careful consideration of what will be necessary or may happen in the future
Example
With a little forethought, we could have avoided the problem.
B2 noun /ˈlɒk.ɪt/

Locket

Meaning
a small ornamental case, typically made of gold or silver, worn on a chain around the neck
Example
She kept her grandmother's photo in the locket.
C2 adverb /ˈwɪtɪŋli/

wittingly

Meaning
Consciously and intentionally; on purpose.
Example
He wittingly withheld information from the police.
A2 noun /ˈhɒki/

hockey

Meaning
a sport played with sticks and a ball or puck on ice or a field
Example
He plays hockey for the national team.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːlˈtɪər/

muleteer

Meaning
a person who drives or takes care of mules
Example
The muleteer guided the animals safely across the mountain path.
C2 noun /ˈhɔːzər/

hawser

Meaning
A thick rope or cable used in mooring or towing a ship.
Example
The sailors secured the ship to the dock with a heavy hawser.
B1 adjective ɪˈməʊʃənl

emotional

Meaning
Having feelings that are easily excited and openly displayed.
Example
Visiting the burial site made him emotional.
B2 adjective /ˈbɒdɪli/

bodily

Meaning
relating to or concerning the body
Example
He suffered bodily harm in the accident.
C1 noun /noʊm/

gnome

Meaning
a small mythical creature, often depicted as a bearded man living underground; also a figurine used in gardens
Example
The garden was decorated with a gnome statue.
B1 noun freɪm

Frame

Meaning
A rigid structure that surrounds something such as a picture, door, or windowpane.
Example
A framed family tree can be displayed in your home.
B2 noun /ˈfriːˌlænsər/

freelancer

Meaning
A person who works independently without being permanently employed by one organization.
Example
She works as a freelancer designing websites for different clients.
C2 noun/verb /dɪsˈfeɪvər/

disfavor

Meaning
disapproval or dislike; to regard with disapproval
Example
The new policy fell into disfavor with the public.
C2 noun /ˌnɒn ˈsɛkwɪtər/

non sequitur

Meaning
a statement or conclusion that does not logically follow from the previous statement
Example
His comment about the weather was a complete non sequitur during the budget discussion.
A1 noun /ˈmʌðər/

mother

Meaning
a female parent
Example
Her mother is a kind and caring person.
C1 adjective /ˈprevələnt/

Prevalent

Meaning
widespread; existing very commonly; generally occurring
Example
Smoking is still prevalent among teenagers despite health warnings.
B2 noun /ˈklɒzɪt/

closet

Meaning
a small room or enclosed space used for storing clothes or other things
Example
She keeps her winter coats in the closet near the door.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪəl/

viol

Meaning
A stringed musical instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, played with a bow and similar to but distinct from the violin family.
Example
The musician played an old viol in the chamber music concert.
A2 verb /əˈnaʊns/

announce

Meaning
to make a formal public statement about something
Example
The company will announce the new product tomorrow.
C2 verb /rɛst/

wrest

Meaning
to forcibly pull something from a person's grasp; to seize with effort or struggle
Example
The police had to wrest the weapon from the suspect's hand.
B2 adjective ˌkɒm.prɪˈhen.sɪv

comprehensive

Meaning
Including or dealing with all or nearly all elements or aspects of something; complete and thorough.
Example
A comprehensive study enhances understanding.
C2 verb /ɪˈmɛnd/

emend

Meaning
to correct or revise a text, especially for errors
Example
The editor emended the manuscript before publication.
C2 noun /ˈhɛfər/

heifer

Meaning
a young cow that has not borne a calf
Example
The farmer raised a heifer for dairy production.
A1 noun /mɑːm/

mom

Meaning
an informal word for mother
Example
My mom makes the best homemade food.
B2 noun /dɪˈnaɪ.əl/

Denial

Meaning
the action of declaring something to be untrue; refusal to acknowledge something
Example
His denial of involvement in the scandal was met with skepticism.
C1 adjective /ˌsɛlf ɪˈfeɪsɪŋ/

self-effacing

Meaning
not drawing attention to oneself; modest
Example
Despite his success, he remained self-effacing and humble.
C2 verb /ˈproʊtjuːbəreɪt/

protuberate

Meaning
To swell out or bulge.
Example
The roots began to protuberate from the ground.
C2 verb /ɪnˈsaɪfər/

encipher

Meaning
to convert a message into code or cipher
Example
The agent enciphered the secret message before sending it.
C1 noun /ˈveɪpəraɪzər/

vaporizer

Meaning
a device that turns a liquid into vapor, often for inhalation
Example
She used a vaporizer to ease her cough.
C1 noun /ɡrəˈtjuːɪti/

gratuity

Meaning
A sum of money given as a tip or a retirement benefit.
Example
The waiter received a generous gratuity for his excellent service.
C1 noun /ʃoʊl/

shoal

Meaning
a large group of fish swimming together; a shallow place in water
Example
We saw a shoal of fish near the coast.
B2 noun ˈhoʊmˌskuː.lɪŋ

homeschooling

Meaning
The practice of educating children at home rather than sending them to a school.
Example
Homeschooling allows parents to tailor education to their child's needs.
C1 verb /ˈæmbʊʃ/

ambush

Meaning
To attack suddenly and unexpectedly from a hidden position.
Example
The soldiers planned to ambush the enemy at dawn.
B2 adjective /dæmp/

damp

Meaning
slightly wet, often in an unpleasant way
Example
The room felt cold and damp after the rain.
C2 noun/verb /ɡraʊtʃ/

grouch

Meaning
a person who complains a lot or to complain in a grumpy way
Example
He is such a grouch in the morning before coffee.
C1 adjective /fəˈnætɪkəl/

fanatical

Meaning
showing extreme enthusiasm or obsession
Example
She has a fanatical interest in collecting vintage stamps.
C1 adjective /ˈbɒt.əl ɡriːn/

Bottle-green

Meaning
a dark green color similar to that of a green glass bottle
Example
She wore a beautiful bottle-green dress to the evening party.
C2 noun /ˈʌŋkʃən/

unction

Meaning
The act of anointing as part of a religious or ceremonial ritual; excessive or insincere flattery.
Example
The priest performed the holy unction with solemnity.
C2 noun /ɡrænˈtiː/

grantee

Meaning
A person or organization that receives a grant or benefit.
Example
The grantee must submit a progress report every six months.
C2 verb /əˈɡræn.daɪz/

aggrandize

Meaning
To increase the power, wealth, or importance of a person or entity.
Example
The politician tried to aggrandize himself through exaggerated claims.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈwɒrəntɪd/

warranted

Meaning
Justified or authorized under the circumstances.
Example
Her anger was warranted after the unfair treatment.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdəˌnɪzəm/

hedonism

Meaning
The pursuit of pleasure and self-indulgence as the highest goal.
Example
The lifestyle of the rich is often criticized as pure hedonism.
C1 noun /ˌɛlɪˈveɪʃən/

elevation

Meaning
The act of raising something to a higher position or level.
Example
The hikers reached a high elevation after hours of climbing.
B2 noun /ˈraɪvəl/

Rival

Meaning
a person or thing competing with another for the same objective or for superiority in the same field
Example
The two companies have been business rivals for decades.
B2 noun /ˈaɪ.lɪd/

Eyelid

Meaning
either of the upper or lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed
Example
Her eyelids felt heavy with sleep.
C1 verb /ɪˈspaʊz/

espouse

Meaning
To adopt or support a cause, belief, or way of life.
Example
She espoused the philosophy of nonviolence throughout her career.
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
C1 verb /rɪŋ/

wring

Meaning
to squeeze and twist something to force liquid out; to extract with effort
Example
She had to wring the towel after washing it.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈprɛɡnəbl̩/

impregnable

Meaning
Unable to be captured, broken into, or defeated.
Example
The fortress was considered impregnable by the enemy.
C1 noun /iːl/

Eel

Meaning
a long, snake-like fish that lives in both fresh and salt water
Example
The electric eel can generate powerful electric shocks.
C1 verb /ˌaʊtˈstrɪp/

outstrip

Meaning
To go faster or do better than someone or something; to surpass.
Example
The company outstripped its competitors in sales last year.
C2 adjective /ˈkoʊltɪʃ/

coltish

Meaning
Playful, energetic, and not fully mature or disciplined.
Example
The coltish boy ran around the field without a care.
B2 noun /rɪm/

rim

Meaning
the outer edge or border of a circular object
Example
The coffee cup had a chip on its rim.
B2 noun /ˈkwɔːtərˌbæk/

quarterback

Meaning
the player who directs a team’s offense in American football
Example
The quarterback threw a perfect pass.