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A2 noun ˈɑːrɡjumənt

argument

Meaning
A reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong.
Example
His argument was based on majority.
B2 noun /ˈɔːltər/

Altar

Meaning
a raised structure on which offerings or sacrifices are made to a deity
Example
The bride and groom stood before the altar during the ceremony.
C1 adjective /ˈseɪ.li.ənt/

salient

Meaning
Most important, prominent, or noticeable
Example
The report highlighted the salient points of the discussion.
C1 adjective /ˈnɔːrmətɪv/

normative

Meaning
relating to rules, standards, or norms that govern behavior or beliefs
Example
The study focused on the normative aspects of cultural behavior.
C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪdəns/ or /prɪˈsiːdəns/

precedence

Meaning
the condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority
Example
Safety takes precedence over speed in this factory.
B1 noun /ˈlaɪ.kɪŋ/

Liking

Meaning
a feeling of regard or fondness; a preference or taste for something
Example
She has developed a liking for classical music.
B2 verb /spɪn/

spin

Meaning
To turn around quickly or cause something to rotate
Example
The dancer began to spin gracefully on the stage.
B2 adjective /ˈkjuːbən/

cuban

Meaning
relating to Cuba, its people, or its culture
Example
We enjoyed delicious Cuban coffee at the café.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.stɪk/

caustic

Meaning
able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic
Example
Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings.
C1 noun /ˈfaɪərɑːm/

firearm

Meaning
a weapon capable of firing a projectile using gunpowder or other propellant
Example
The police found a hidden firearm during the investigation.
C2 verb /ˈbaʊdləˌraɪz/

bowdlerize

Meaning
to remove or modify parts of a text considered offensive or inappropriate
Example
The editor bowdlerized the novel to make it suitable for children.
A1 pronoun /juː/

you

Meaning
used to refer to the person or people being spoken to
Example
You are doing a great job!
C2 noun /ˈtʃænsəri/

chancery

Meaning
A court of equity or the office of a chancellor.
Example
The case was taken to the chancery court for resolution.
A2 noun ˈbæl.əns

balance

Meaning
A condition in which different elements are equal or in the correct proportions.
Example
Balance among powers prevents conflicts.
C2 noun /ˈɪntərˌveɪl/

intervale

Meaning
A low-lying tract of land along a river, usually fertile and flat.
Example
The farmers cultivated crops on the lush intervale by the river.
C2 noun /ˈhæknɪ/

hackney

Meaning
a horse kept for ordinary riding or hire; also used for something overused or trite
Example
The old hackney was still pulling the carriage.
C2 noun /ˈbʌt.ər fɪʃ/

Butter-fish

Meaning
a small, smooth-skinned marine fish
Example
The butter-fish is popular in Bengali cuisine.
C2 adjective /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈdʒen.ɪk/

anthropogenic

Meaning
Originating in human activity; caused by humans.
Example
Climate change is largely due to anthropogenic activities.
B2 adjective /ʌnəˈfreɪd/

unafraid

Meaning
Not feeling fear; brave or courageous
Example
She walked into the dark room, unafraid of what might be inside.
C1 noun prɪˈsɪʒ.ən ˈæɡ.rɪ.kʌl.tʃər

precision agriculture

Meaning
The technique of conducting agricultural work using advanced technology.
Example
Precision agriculture optimizes resource use and increases efficiency.
C1 verb /fɔːrˈɡoʊ/

forego

Meaning
to decide not to do or have something pleasant or valuable
Example
She decided to forego dessert to maintain her diet.
C2 noun /ˈɡræfaɪt/

graphite

Meaning
a soft, black form of carbon used in pencils and as a lubricant
Example
The artist sketched the portrait using a graphite pencil.
C1 noun /ˈmɒŋ.ɡuːs/

Mongoose

Meaning
a small carnivorous mammal known for its ability to kill venomous snakes
Example
The mongoose quickly attacked the cobra to protect its young.
B2 noun /daɪˈnæmɪks/

dynamics

Meaning
the forces or properties that stimulate growth, development, or change within a system or process
Example
The dynamics of the team changed after the new manager joined.
A1 noun

Kind

B2 adjective /ˈlʌvəbl̩/

loveable

Meaning
easy to love; endearing or charming
Example
The puppy was so loveable that everyone wanted to hold it.
C2 adjective /juːˈfoʊniəs/

euphonious

Meaning
Pleasing to the ear; having a sweet sound.
Example
The poet's euphonious language made the verse a delight to read.
B2 verb /ˈlaɪtən/

lighten

Meaning
to make something brighter or less dark; to make something less heavy or serious
Example
A joke can lighten the mood during a tense meeting.
C2 noun /ˈævərɪs/

avarice

Meaning
extreme greed for wealth or material gain
Example
His avarice led him to exploit his workers.
C2 noun /ˈmæntl̩/

mantel

Meaning
A shelf above a fireplace, often used for decoration.
Example
She placed family photos on the mantel above the fireplace.
C1 noun, verb /ˈmæn.deɪt/

mandate

Meaning
an official order or command; to give someone authority to act in a certain way
Example
The government issued a mandate to reduce carbon emissions.
B2 noun /ˈmɛmoʊ/

memo

Meaning
a written message, typically in a business setting
Example
He wrote a memo to the staff about the upcoming meeting.
B1 noun ˈliː.də.ʃɪp

leadership

Meaning
The action of leading a group of people or an organization.
Example
Leadership is crucial for institutional success.
C1 noun /dɪˌnɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

denomination

Meaning
a recognized autonomous branch of the Christian Church; a unit of value or currency
Example
The church belongs to a Protestant denomination.
B2 verb /wɪðˈstænd/

withstand

Meaning
to resist or endure something without being harmed
Example
This building can withstand strong earthquakes.
C1 noun əˈrɪd.ɪ.ti

aridity

Meaning
The state of being extremely dry, especially having insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.
Example
The aridity of the land is increasing due to climate change.
B1 noun ˈθer.ə.pi

therapy

Meaning
Treatment intended to relieve or heal a disorder; the treatment of a mental or physical disorder.
Example
Gene therapy offers hope for genetic disorders.
C2 noun /ˈtʌtʃ.stoʊn/

Touchstone

Meaning
a standard or criterion by which something is judged or recognized; a test of genuineness
Example
His honesty became the touchstone by which all other employees were measured.
C2 noun /dɪsˈjuːnjən/

disunion

Meaning
the state of being separated or not united
Example
Civil wars often result from national disunion.
B1 verb /kənˈvɪns/

convince

Meaning
to make someone believe or feel certain about something
Example
She convinced him to attend the meeting.
C1 noun /ˈɡuːs.bʌmps/

goosebumps

Meaning
small raised bumps on the skin caused by cold, fear, or excitement
Example
The horror movie gave me goosebumps.
B2 adverb /ɪˈsɛnʃəli/

essentially

Meaning
Used to emphasize the basic or fundamental nature of something.
Example
The two plans are essentially the same.
C2 noun /ˈprɛʃəns/ or /ˈpriːʃəns/

prescience

Meaning
the ability to know or predict what will happen in the future
Example
Her prescience about market trends saved the company.
A1 noun /ˈtɛnɪs/

tennis

Meaning
a sport played with rackets and a ball on a rectangular court
Example
He enjoys playing tennis with his friends on the weekends.
B2 adjective /ˈbeə.rə.bəl/

Bearable

Meaning
able to be endured; tolerable; not too unpleasant or painful
Example
The pain became bearable after taking the medicine.
C2 noun /ˈsoʊbrɪˌkeɪ/

sobriquet

Meaning
a person's nickname or descriptive name
Example
The famous leader was known by the sobriquet 'The Iron Lady'.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈɜːrθli/

unearthly

Meaning
Strange or unnatural in a way that seems not of this world
Example
The forest was filled with an unearthly glow.
C1 noun /tɪˈmɪdəti/

timidity

Meaning
lack of courage or self-confidence
Example
His timidity kept him from speaking up during the meeting.
B2 adjective /əˈfektɪd/

Affected

Meaning
influenced; impacted; touched by something
Example
The flood-affected areas need immediate assistance.
C1 adjective /səkˈsɪŋkt/

succinct

Meaning
Briefly and clearly expressed; characterized by clear, precise expression in few words.
Example
His speech was succinct and impactful.
C1 adjective /ˌmer.ɪˈtɔː.ri.əs/

Meritorious

Meaning
deserving reward or praise; commendable; worthy of recognition
Example
His meritorious service to the community was recognized.
A2 noun /tjuːb/

tube

Meaning
a hollow cylinder used to convey something, typically fluid
Example
He used a tube to measure the liquid.
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
C1 noun /ˈsɪvɪks/

civics

Meaning
the study of the rights and duties of citizens and how government works
Example
Civics helps students understand their responsibilities as citizens.
C1 noun /əˈnɒməli/

anomaly

Meaning
something that deviates from the norm or expected result
Example
The sudden drop in temperature was considered an anomaly.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

unthinking

Meaning
done without careful thought; automatic or thoughtless
Example
His unthinking remark hurt her feelings.
C2 noun/verb /læˈsuː/

lasso

Meaning
a rope with a loop used to catch animals; to catch with such a rope
Example
The cowboy lassoed the horse quickly.
B2 noun /diːp siː/

deep sea

Meaning
The deep parts of the sea or ocean, typically beyond the continental shelf.
Example
Many deep-sea creatures produce bioluminescence for survival.
C2 noun /dɪˈtraɪtəs/

detritus

Meaning
Waste or debris of any kind; fragments left from destruction or decay.
Example
The riverbank was covered with detritus after the flood.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθi/

earthy

Meaning
resembling or suggestive of earth or soil; simple, natural, and sometimes coarse
Example
The dish had a rich, earthy flavor from the mushrooms.
C1 noun /ˈæltoʊ/

alto

Meaning
the second highest adult singing voice, between soprano and tenor
Example
She sang the alto part in the choir beautifully.
B2 noun /ˈsɑːfmɔːr/

sophomore

Meaning
a student in their second year of study at a university or high school
Example
He’s a sophomore in college, studying computer science.
C1 adjective /ˈɔː.də.bəl/

Audible

Meaning
able to be heard; loud enough to hear
Example
The speaker's voice was barely audible from the back of the large hall.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈvaɪ.t̬əl.aɪz/

revitalize

Meaning
To restore energy and effectiveness to something.
Example
The new policies aim to revitalize the economy.
C2 adjective /ˈɪm.pi.əs/

Impious

Meaning
irreligious; lacking reverence for religion; blasphemous
Example
The impious act shocked the religious community.
B2 verb /riːˈɔːrɡənaɪz/

reorganize

Meaning
to arrange something again in a different way for greater efficiency or order
Example
The manager decided to reorganize the team structure.
C2 noun /ˈtʃæm.pæk/

Champak

Meaning
a fragrant yellow or white flower from a tree native to South Asia, used in perfumes and religious ceremonies
Example
The champak tree in the temple courtyard bloomed with golden flowers.
C2 noun /aɪˈdɒlətri/

idolatry

Meaning
The worship of idols or extreme admiration for someone or something.
Example
The priest condemned the idolatry practiced in the village.
C2 noun /ˈkælvɪnɪzəm/

calvinism

Meaning
A Protestant theological system based on John Calvin’s teachings, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.
Example
Calvinism played a major role in shaping Protestant theology.
C2 noun /ˈpɒlɪɡæmɪst/

polygamist

Meaning
a person who has more than one spouse at the same time
Example
The polygamist had three wives living in different houses.
C2 adjective /dɛˈspɒtɪk/

despotic

Meaning
exercising power in a cruel, oppressive, or authoritarian way
Example
The king’s despotic rule left the people in misery.
C2 noun /əˈklɪvɪti/

acclivity

Meaning
An upward slope or incline on the ground.
Example
The hikers struggled as they climbed the steep acclivity.
B2 noun /ˈlep.ərd/

Leopard

Meaning
a large wild cat with yellow fur and black spots
Example
The leopard climbed the tree to rest in the shade.
C1 verb /ɪnˈterəˌɡeɪt/

interrogate

Meaning
to ask someone questions in a thorough and formal way; to question intensively
Example
The police interrogated the suspect for hours.
B1 noun ˈtaɪmər

timer

Meaning
An automatic mechanism for activating a device at a preset time; a device that measures time intervals.
Example
He set the timer for 30 minutes to complete the task.
C1 verb /ˈræn.də.maɪz/

randomize

Meaning
To make something happen in a random order or manner.
Example
The software can randomize the order of questions.
B2 noun /ˈlɔɪəlti/

loyalty

Meaning
a strong feeling of support or allegiance
Example
His loyalty to the company earned him great respect.
C1 noun ˈmæŋɡroʊv ˈfɒrɪst

Mangrove Forest

Meaning
A coastal forest ecosystem characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones.
Example
Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest.
C2 adjective /ˈfrɛtfəl/

fretful

Meaning
Feeling or showing distress or irritation.
Example
The baby was fretful all night and could not sleep.
C1 verb /əˈdɔːrn/

adorn

Meaning
to decorate or add beauty to something
Example
The hall was adorned with flowers for the wedding.
B2 noun /ˌæk.jʊˈzeɪ.ʃən/

accusation

Meaning
A statement that someone has done something wrong or illegal.
Example
She made an accusation of theft against her colleague.
C2 verb /trænzˈmjuːt/

transmute

Meaning
to change in form, nature, or substance
Example
Alchemy aimed to transmute lead into gold.
A2 adjective /ˈθɜːr.sti/

Thirsty

Meaning
feeling a need to drink; having a strong desire for something
Example
I am very thirsty after running in the heat.
B2 noun /ˈpaɪ.θən/

Python

Meaning
a large non-venomous snake that kills prey by constriction
Example
The python wrapped around its prey tightly.
B1 adverb /ˈɡlæd.li/

Gladly

Meaning
willingly and with pleasure
Example
I would gladly help you with your homework.
B2 noun /kroʊ/

Crow

Meaning
a large black bird known for its intelligence and harsh call
Example
The crow cawed loudly from the tree branch.
C2 noun /ˈdoʊtɪdʒ/

dotage

Meaning
The period of old age, especially when one is weak or senile.
Example
He spent his dotage reminiscing about his youth.
C1 adjective /freɪl/

frail

Meaning
Physically weak and delicate.
Example
The old man was too frail to walk without help.
B2 noun pəˈspek.tɪvz

perspectives

Meaning
A particular attitude toward or way of regarding something; a point of view.
Example
New perspectives enhance understanding.
B2 adverb /ˈʃɑːrpli/

sharply

Meaning
suddenly and strongly; in a cutting or intense way
Example
Prices rose sharply after the announcement.
C2 noun /sfɛˈrɪsɪti/

sphericity

Meaning
The quality or state of being spherical; roundness.
Example
The sphericity of the ball made it roll smoothly on the ground.
B2 noun /ˈhoʊmlænd/

homeland

Meaning
a person's native country or region
Example
She returned to her homeland after ten years abroad.
C2 verb /skwɛltʃ/

squelch

Meaning
to make a soft sucking sound, such as when walking on mud; to suppress or silence
Example
His boots squelched in the wet ground.
C1 adjective /pərˈpetʃuəl/

perpetual

Meaning
never-ending or continuous
Example
She lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
B2 verb /tʃænt/

chant

Meaning
to sing or recite in a rhythmic way
Example
The monks chant prayers in the temple.
C2 adjective /ˈoʊ.pən ˈhæn.dɪd/

Open-handed

Meaning
Generous; liberal; giving freely;
Example
He is very open-handed with his money and always helps those in need.
B2 verb /ɪnˈdeɪndʒər/

endanger

Meaning
To put someone or something at risk or in danger.
Example
Cutting down forests can endanger many species of animals.
A1 title /ˈmɪsɪz/

mrs

Meaning
a title used before a married woman's name
Example
Mrs. Karim is the headmistress of the school.
B1 adjective /ˈtæl.ən.tɪd/

Talented

Meaning
having a natural ability or skill in a particular area
Example
She is a talented musician who plays multiple instruments.
B2 verb /dɪsˈmɪs/

dismiss

Meaning
to remove someone from a job or position; to decide something is not important
Example
The manager dismissed the employee for being late too often.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/

indefensible

Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪb.jə.ter.i/

Tributary

Meaning
a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
Example
The tributary joins the main river near the city.
C1 noun /pəˈtɜːrnəti/

paternity

Meaning
The state of being someone's father.
Example
He demanded a paternity test to confirm his relationship with the child.
B1 verb /kwoʊt/

quote

Meaning
to repeat someone else's words; to give a price or estimate
Example
The teacher asked students to quote the famous author in their essays.
C2 noun /laʊs/

Louse

Meaning
a small insect that lives on the hair or skin of people or animals
Example
The child had a louse in his hair.
C1 noun /ˈpɪnəkəl/

pinnacle

Meaning
the highest point or peak of something, especially of success or achievement
Example
Winning the Nobel Prize was the pinnacle of her career.
C2 noun /ˌdɛkləˈmeɪʃən/

declamation

Meaning
a formal speech delivered with rhetorical or dramatic effect
Example
Her declamation captivated the audience at the competition.
A2 verb /lɪft/

lift

Meaning
to raise or move upward; to pick up
Example
He lifted the heavy box with effort.
C2 noun /ˈaɪ.ərn.wʊd/

Ironwood

Meaning
a hard, dense wood from various trees; also the tree itself that produces small flowers
Example
The ironwood tree blooms with tiny white flowers.
C1 noun /ˌmjuːnɪsɪˈpæləti/

municipality

Meaning
a city or town that has its own local government
Example
The municipality is planning to build a new library.
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
C2 verb /pəˈræmbjʊˌleɪt/

perambulate

Meaning
To walk through or travel around, especially for leisure.
Example
They perambulated the old town, enjoying the sights.
C2 noun /dɪˈkrɛpɪˌtjuːd/

decrepitude

Meaning
the state of being old, weak, and worn out
Example
The once-great empire fell into decrepitude.
B2 noun /skwɒd/

squad

Meaning
a small group of people organized for a specific purpose or task, often in the military or sports
Example
The football squad trained hard before the championship match.
C2 noun /ˈtrɒɡlədaɪt/

troglodyte

Meaning
A person who lives in a cave or is considered old-fashioned and out of touch.
Example
Some called him a troglodyte for refusing to use modern technology.
C1 noun /ˈsɒlstɪs/

solstice

Meaning
the two times in the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator (summer and winter solstice)
Example
People celebrate the summer solstice with festivals and rituals.
B2 noun /wɜːrld ɪnˈvaɪrənmənt deɪ/

World Environment Day

Meaning
An annual global event celebrated on June 5 to raise awareness about environmental protection and encourage action for environmental conservation.
Example
World Environment Day is celebrated every year on June 5.
C1 adjective /ˈdestatəʊt/

Destitute

Meaning
extremely poor; without money or possessions
Example
Many families became destitute after the economic collapse.
B2 noun /ˈkæʃ.uː nʌt/

Cashew Nut

Meaning
a kidney-shaped nut with a creamy texture and mild flavor
Example
Cashew nuts are often used in cooking and as a healthy snack.
C1 noun /pʌn/

pun

Meaning
A humorous use of words that suggests different meanings or words that sound alike.
Example
He made a clever pun about the bakery's bread rising.
C1 adjective /ˈrɪkɪti/

rickety

Meaning
Poorly made and likely to collapse; shaky.
Example
They crossed a rickety wooden bridge over the river.