C2 noun /ænˈtɪstrəfi/

antistrophe

Meaning

A rhetorical device in which a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses; in Greek choral poetry, the part of the ode sung by the chorus in return movement.

Example

The poet used antistrophe to emphasize the repeated phrase.

B1 noun ədˈvɛnʧər ˈsiːkərz

Adventure Seekers

Meaning

People who actively look for exciting and potentially risky activities or experiences.

Example

Sajek Valley is a popular destination for adventure seekers.

B2 noun /ˈænsestri/

ancestry

Meaning

one’s family origins or lineage

Example

He is proud of his royal ancestry.

C2 noun /əˈluːviən/

alluvion

Meaning

The gradual increase of land by the deposit of soil from water; also, a flood or overflow of water.

Example

The river’s alluvion added new fertile land to the village fields.

B1 adverb /ˌɔːl.təˈɡeð.ər/

Altogether

Meaning

completely; in total; considering everything

Example

The project cost altogether five thousand dollars.

C2 adverb /əˈmʌk/

amuck

Meaning

in a frenzied, uncontrolled, or chaotic manner

Example

The bull ran amuck through the village.

B2 adjective/verb /əˈprɒksɪmət/

approximate

Meaning

close to the actual but not exact; to estimate or calculate roughly

Example

The cost is approximate and may change later.

B2 adjective /əˈlɛdʒd/

alleged

Meaning

said or thought to be true, but not proven

Example

The alleged thief was caught by the police.

C1 adjective /əˈluːf/

aloof

Meaning

Not friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant.

Example

He remained aloof during the entire discussion.

C2 noun /əˈmæl.ɡəm/

amalgam

Meaning

a mixture or blend of different things

Example

The new policy is an amalgam of several previous laws.

A1 noun /ɑːrt/

art

Meaning

the expression or application of human creative skill and imagination

Example

She studied art at the university.

C2 noun /ˈæntɪk/

antic

Meaning

a playful, funny, or silly act or gesture

Example

The children laughed at the clown’s antics.

C1 noun /ˌɑːr.kəˈpɛl.əˌɡoʊ/

archipelago

Meaning

A group of islands clustered together in a body of water.

Example

Indonesia is an archipelago with thousands of islands.

B2 adjective ænˈtɪsɪpeɪtɪd

anticipated

Meaning

Expected or predicted to happen; foreseen in advance.

Example

The anticipated growth exceeded the city's capacity.

B2 noun ˈæmbɪəns

ambience

Meaning

The character and atmosphere of a place.

Example

The restaurant's ambience was relaxed and inviting, perfect for a casual dinner.

B1 verb /əˈkjuːz/

accuse

Meaning

to charge someone with a crime or wrongdoing

Example

She accused him of stealing her wallet.

C1 noun /ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/

arbitration

Meaning

the process of resolving a dispute through an impartial third party whose decision is binding; formal judgment outside a court

Example

The contract requires arbitration to settle any disputes.

C1 adjective /ˌæl.ɡəˈrɪð.mɪk/

algorithmic

Meaning

Based on or using algorithms; relating to mathematical rules or procedures.

Example

Algorithmic processes power artificial intelligence systems.

B2 noun ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən

adaptation

Meaning

The action or process of adapting or being adapted.

Example

Adaptation to climate change is critical for resilience.

C1 adjective /əˈrɛstɪŋ/

arresting

Meaning

Attracting attention in a striking or impressive way.

Example

The actress gave an arresting performance.

C1 noun /əˈkwɪtl/

acquittal

Meaning

a judgment that a person is not guilty of the crime with which they have been charged

Example

The acquittal of the accused shocked the public.

C1 noun /ˈælɪbaɪ/

alibi

Meaning

A claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a crime, was committed.

Example

She had a strong alibi that proved she was at the cinema during the theft.

C2 noun /əˈstɪɡmətɪzəm/

astigmatism

Meaning

An eye defect causing blurred vision due to irregular curvature of the cornea or lens.

Example

She wears glasses to correct her astigmatism.

C1 noun /əˈstuːt.nəs/

astuteness

Meaning

The ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage.

Example

His astuteness helped in negotiations.

C2 adjective /ˈæpəˌleɪt/

appellate

Meaning

relating to appeals in a court of law

Example

The case was taken to an appellate court.

B2 noun ˈæsɪd reɪn

acid rain

Meaning

Rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution, especially from industrial emissions.

Example

Acid rain damages crops and buildings.

A1 noun/adjective /əˈmerɪkən/

american

Meaning

relating to the United States or its people

Example

She is an American citizen.

C2 noun /ˌækwəˈpɒnɪks/

aquaponics

Meaning

A system of aquaculture in which the waste produced by farmed fish or other aquatic animals supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically.

Example

Aquaponics efficiently utilizes water by integrating fish and plant farming.

C2 adjective /ˈæfəbəl/

affable

Meaning

friendly, easy to talk to, and pleasant in manner

Example

He is such an affable host that everyone feels comfortable at his parties.

B2 noun (plural) /ˈɑːrtɪˌfæks/

artifacts

Meaning

objects made by humans, often of historical or cultural importance

Example

Archaeologists discovered valuable artifacts in the ruins.

C1 noun /ˌæbəˈrɪdʒəniːz/

aborigines

Meaning

The original inhabitants of a land, especially in Australia.

Example

The aborigines have preserved their traditions for thousands of years.

C2 noun /ˌænəlˈdʒiːziə/

analgesia

Meaning

The inability to feel pain while still conscious.

Example

The doctor induced analgesia before performing the procedure.

A2 noun /əˈbɪləti/

Ability

Meaning

the power or skill to do something; capacity

Example

She has the ability to solve complex problems.

C2 verb /əˈdjuːs/

adduce

Meaning

To provide evidence or reasons to support an argument or idea.

Example

The lawyer adduced several examples to support his case.

B2 verb /əˈbɒlɪʃ/

abolish

Meaning

to formally end or stop something; to cancel or eliminate completely

Example

The government decided to abolish the old tax system.

C2 noun /əˈdjuː/

adieu

Meaning

A farewell or goodbye, often used in a formal or poetic sense.

Example

She bid her friends adieu before leaving for France.

C2 adjective /ˌænθrəpəˈmɔːrfəs/

anthropomorphous

Meaning

having the form or attributes of a human

Example

The statue had an anthropomorphous shape resembling a human.

B2 noun /əkˈnɒlɪdʒmənt/

acknowledgement

Meaning

the act of recognizing or accepting something as true or valid; an expression of gratitude or recognition

Example

She received an acknowledgement for her contribution to the project.

C1 adjective /ɑːrˈkeɪn/

arcane

Meaning

understood by few; mysterious or secret

Example

The professor’s lecture was full of arcane details that only specialists could follow.

C1 noun /ˌætəˈʃeɪ/

attache

Meaning

A person officially assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission, often with a specific area of responsibility.

Example

The cultural attache organized an art exhibition in the embassy.

B1 noun /əˈkaʊntənt/

accountant

Meaning

a person whose job is to keep or check financial accounts

Example

The accountant prepared the financial reports for the company.

B2 noun /əˈkaʊntɪŋ/

accounting

Meaning

the process of recording, summarizing, and reporting financial transactions

Example

She works in the accounting department of a large firm.

C2 verb /ˈæntɪdeɪt/

antedate

Meaning

to be earlier in time; to assign a date earlier than the actual one

Example

The manuscript antedates the modern printing press.

C1 noun, adjective /ˌæntiˈsɛptɪk/

antiseptic

Meaning

A substance that prevents the growth of disease-causing microorganisms; clean and free from germs.

Example

The nurse applied an antiseptic to the wound.

C1 adjective ɔːˈspɪʃ.əs

auspicious

Meaning

Favorable or bringing good luck and success

Example

The wedding was held on an auspicious day.

C1 noun /əˈlɒt.mənt/

allotment

Meaning

The distribution or allocation of something, especially resources or portions.

Example

Each department received an allotment of resources.

A2 adverb /ˈæktʃuəli/

actually

Meaning

used to emphasize that something is true, especially when surprising

Example

She actually completed the project ahead of schedule.

B2 adverb /əˈlɛdʒɪdli/

allegedly

Meaning

used to say that something is claimed to be true, though not proven

Example

He was allegedly involved in the robbery.

A1 preposition /æt/

at

Meaning

used to indicate a specific time, place, or direction

Example

She arrived at the airport on time.

C1 verb ˌæs.ɚˈteɪn

ascertain

Meaning

To find out or discover something with certainty; to verify.

Example

The police tried to ascertain the cause of the accident.

A2 adjective, adverb, interjection /ɔːlˈraɪt/

alright

Meaning

satisfactory or acceptable; safe or unharmed; used to express agreement or acknowledgment

Example

Everything is going to be alright.

C2 noun /əˈvɪdəti/

avidity

Meaning

extreme eagerness or enthusiasm

Example

He accepted the offer with avidity.

C1 adverb /əˈfrɛʃ/

afresh

Meaning

From the beginning, in a new way.

Example

After the failure, they started the project afresh.

B1 noun /əˈsaɪnmənt/

assignment

Meaning

a task or piece of work given to someone as part of their duties

Example

The students completed their homework assignment on time.

B2 verb /əˈbændən/

abandon

Meaning

to give up completely; to leave permanently

Example

They had to abandon their house due to flooding.

C1 noun /əˈsem.bli ˈseʃ.ən/

assembly session

Meaning

A formal meeting where representatives gather to discuss and make decisions on important matters.

Example

The assembly session discussed global challenges.

C1 adjective ˌæv.ɒ̃ˈɡɑːd

avant-garde

Meaning

New and experimental; characterized by departure from or rejection of accepted standards.

Example

Avant-garde designs redefine the dining experience.

A1 noun /ˈɛər.pɔːrt/

airport

Meaning

A place where airplanes take off and land, with buildings for passengers and cargo.

Example

We arrived at the airport two hours before the flight.

C1 noun əˈtrɪʃ.ən

attrition

Meaning

The process of reducing something's strength or effectiveness through sustained attack or pressure.

Example

The company faced high employee attrition due to job dissatisfaction.

B2 verb əˈpɔɪn.tɪd

appointed

Meaning

Assign a job or role to someone; designate someone to a position.

Example

Appointed officials carry significant responsibilities.

B2 noun /ˈærəɡəns/

Arrogance

Meaning

having or revealing an exaggerated sense of one's own importance or abilities

Example

His arrogance made him unpopular among his colleagues.

A2 noun /ˈɔːdiəʊ/

audio

Meaning

sound, especially when recorded or transmitted

Example

The audio quality of the podcast was excellent.

B2 noun /əkˌsɛs.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

accessibility

Meaning

Accessibility or availability, easy availability of any place or service.

Example

Improved accessibility helps people with disabilities.

C1 noun /ˌædʒ.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

agitation

Meaning

a state of nervousness, excitement, or unrest; or action of stirring up public concern

Example

There was visible agitation among the crowd.

C2 adjective /əˈsɛt.ɪk/

ascetic

Meaning

Practicing strict self-denial and abstaining from worldly pleasures, often for religious reasons.

Example

He lived an ascetic life in the mountains, far from worldly comforts.

C2 noun /ˈæf.ə.rɪ.zəm/

aphorism

Meaning

a short, witty saying that expresses a general truth or principle

Example

He began his speech with an aphorism about life and success.

C1 noun /əˈrɪəz/

arrears

Meaning

Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier.

Example

She was months in arrears with her electricity bill.

A2 noun /əˈpɔɪnt.mənt/

Appointment

Meaning

an arrangement to meet someone at a particular time and place; the action of appointing someone to a job or position

Example

I have a doctor's appointment at 3 PM.

C2 adjective /ˌækrəˈmætɪk/

achromatic

Meaning

without color; free from color

Example

The designer chose an achromatic palette of black, white, and gray.

A2 noun (plural) /ædz/

ads

Meaning

short for advertisements; promotional messages intended to sell products or services

Example

I often skip ads when watching videos online.

C2 noun əˌdʌl.təˈreɪ.ʃən

adulteration

Meaning

The action of making something poorer in quality by the addition of another substance.

Example

Adulteration of food is a serious health risk.

C2 verb /ˌæpərˈteɪn/

appertain

Meaning

to relate to or be connected with something

Example

The rules only appertain to members of the club.

C2 verb /ˈædjʊˌleɪt/

adulate

Meaning

to praise or flatter excessively

Example

The fans adulated the actor after his performance.

A1 pronoun /ˈɛniwʌn/

anyone

Meaning

any person at all; used to refer to an unspecified person

Example

Does anyone know the answer to this question?

C1 adjective /ɔːˈdeɪ.ʃəs/

Audacious

Meaning

showing willingness to take bold risks; daring

Example

His audacious plan to climb the mountain without proper equipment shocked everyone.

C2 adjective /eɪˈsɛptɪk/

aseptic

Meaning

Free from contamination caused by harmful microorganisms; sterile.

Example

Surgeons must work in an aseptic environment to prevent infection.

B2 adverb /əˈtræktɪvli/

attractively

Meaning

in a pleasing or appealing way; in a manner that draws interest or admiration

Example

The room was attractively decorated with soft lights and plants.

C1 adjective /əˈdɒptɪv/

adoptive

Meaning

relating to the adoption of a child or the act of taking something as one’s own

Example

She grew up in a loving adoptive family.

B2 noun /ˈɑːrm.pɪt/

Armpit

Meaning

the hollow area under the arm where it joins the shoulder

Example

He applied deodorant to his armpit.

C2 verb /əˈdʌltəreɪt/

adulterate

Meaning

to make something poorer in quality by adding another substance, usually of lower quality

Example

The company was fined for adulterating its products with cheap chemicals.

C2 noun /əkˈsɛʃən/

accession

Meaning

the attainment of a position of rank or power, especially a monarch or president; the formal acceptance of an agreement or treaty

Example

The king's accession to the throne was celebrated with great ceremony.

C2 noun /ˈɑːrbər/

arbor

Meaning

a shady garden shelter formed by trees, climbing plants, or latticework

Example

They rested under the arbor covered with roses.

C1 noun ˌæmbɪˈɡjuːɪti

ambiguity

Meaning

The quality of being open to more than one interpretation; inexactness.

Example

The ambiguity of the statement caused confusion among the team.

C2 noun /ˌɑːrtʃˈdiːkən/

archdeacon

Meaning

A senior clergyman in the Christian Church ranking below a bishop.

Example

The archdeacon assisted the bishop in administrative duties.

A2 verb /ˈædɪd/

added

Meaning

to join something to something else to increase its size, number, or amount

Example

She added sugar to her coffee.

B1 noun /əˈfek.ʃən/

Affection

Meaning

a feeling of liking or caring for someone or something

Example

She has deep affection for her grandmother.

C2 verb /əˈkuːtər/

accouter

Meaning

to equip or outfit, typically with military or ceremonial attire

Example

The soldiers were accoutered in full battle gear.

B2 noun /eɪk/

Ache

Meaning

a continuous or prolonged dull pain in a part of one's body

Example

He had a terrible headache after working late.

C1 noun /əˈrɪs.tə.kræt/

Aristocrat

Meaning

a member of the aristocracy; a person of noble rank or birth

Example

The aristocrat lived in a magnificent castle.

C2 verb /ˌænɪmədˈvɜːt/

animadvert

Meaning

To comment critically or unfavorably.

Example

The teacher animadverted on the student's careless mistakes.

C2 noun /ˈæbɪs/

abbess

Meaning

the woman in charge of a convent of nuns

Example

The abbess welcomed the visitors to the convent.

C2 noun /ˌæk.rəˈfoʊ.bi.ə/

acrophobia

Meaning

An extreme or irrational fear of heights.

Example

Her acrophobia prevented her from climbing the tall building.

B2 noun /ˈɑː.mənd/

Almond

Meaning

edible seed of the almond tree

Example

Almonds are a healthy snack rich in protein and good fats.

C1 noun /ɑːrˈmɑːdə/

armada

Meaning

A large fleet of warships.

Example

The Spanish Armada sailed against England in 1588.

B2 noun /əˈstrɒnəmər/

astronomer

Meaning

a scientist who studies the stars, planets, and the universe

Example

The astronomer observed the new comet through his telescope.

C1 adjective /əˈlʊr.ɪŋ/

Alluring

Meaning

attractive and tempting; fascinating

Example

The alluring fragrance of roses filled the garden.

C1 noun ˌæprɪˈhɛnʃən

apprehension

Meaning

Anxiety or fear that something bad or unpleasant will happen.

Example

There is an apprehension about the depletion of fish stocks.

C2 adjective /əˈmɔːrfəs/

amorphous

Meaning

Lacking a clear shape or form; without a defined structure.

Example

The plan remained amorphous and lacked concrete details.

B2 adjective /ˈæm.pəl/

Ample

Meaning

large in size, extent, or capacity; plentiful; more than enough

Example

We have ample time to finish the project before the deadline.

C2 adjective /ˌæl.ɪˈmen.tər.i/

alimentary

Meaning

relating to nourishment or the organs of digestion

Example

The doctor explained the role of the alimentary canal in digestion.

A2 verb /əˈpɒlədʒaɪz/

apologize

Meaning

to say sorry for something wrong you have done

Example

He apologized for being late to the meeting.

B1 noun /ˈeə.rə.pleɪn/

Aeroplane

Meaning

a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and a weight greater than that of the air it displaces

Example

The aeroplane took off smoothly from the airport runway.

C2 verb /əˈnɔɪnt/

anoint

Meaning

To smear or rub with oil, often as part of a religious ceremony or as a sign of consecration.

Example

The priest anointed the king with holy oil.

C1 noun /ˈeɪ.kər.ɪdʒ/

acreage

Meaning

An area of land measured in acres.

Example

The farmer owns a large acreage of fertile land.

A2 noun /ˈæroʊ/

arrow

Meaning

a thin, straight weapon with a pointed tip, shot from a bow

Example

The hunter shot an arrow at the target.

B2 noun /ˌæbəˈlɪʃən/

abolition

Meaning

the act of formally ending or eliminating a system, practice, or institution

Example

The abolition of slavery was a major milestone in human rights history.

C1 adjective /əˈθɔːrɪtətɪv/

authoritative

Meaning

Having or showing authority; commanding and self-confident; reliable as a source of information.

Example

She spoke in an authoritative tone that silenced the room.

C2 noun /əˈdɛpt.nəs/

adeptness

Meaning

Skill and dexterity in a task.

Example

His adeptness in negotiations helped close the deal successfully.

B2 noun ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən

aspiration

Meaning

A hope or ambition of achieving something, a strong desire or goal to achieve something.

Example

His aspiration is to become a successful entrepreneur.

A2 verb /ˈædvərˌtaɪz/

advertise

Meaning

to promote or publicize a product or service

Example

They advertise their products on television.

C2 noun /əˈbluːʃən/

ablution

Meaning

the act of washing oneself, often for religious purposes

Example

He performed his morning ablution before the prayer.

B2 adjective ədˈmɪn.ɪ.strə.tɪv

administrative

Meaning

Relating to the running of a business, organization, etc.; concerned with or relating to management or administration.

Example

Administrative reforms improve efficiency.

C1 adjective ˈɑː.dʒu.əs

arduous

Meaning

Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.

Example

The trek through the mountains was an arduous journey.

B2 noun /əˈmɛnətiz/

amenities

Meaning

useful or pleasant facilities and services provided for comfort or convenience

Example

The hotel offers modern amenities such as free Wi-Fi and a swimming pool.

B2 adjective /əˈvɔɪdəbl/

avoidable

Meaning

able to be prevented or avoided

Example

Most of the damage was avoidable with proper planning.

B2 verb /əˈkʌmpəni/

accompany

Meaning

to go somewhere with someone as a companion or escort

Example

She asked her friend to accompany her to the concert.

B2 verb /ədˈmɪnɪstər/

administer

Meaning

to manage or control the running of; to give or apply medicine or treatment

Example

The nurse will administer the vaccine to all patients.

B1 adverb /ˈɑːf.tə.wərdz/

Afterwards

Meaning

at a later time; after an event or time that has already been mentioned

Example

We had dinner and afterwards we watched a movie.

C1 adjective ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm drɪv.ən

algorithm-driven

Meaning

Controlled or powered by computer algorithms.

Example

Algorithm-driven systems increase accuracy.

C2 verb /əˈbeɪs/

abase

Meaning

to belittle or degrade someone

Example

He refused to abase himself before the king.

C2 noun /əˈɡrɒnəmɪst/

agronomist

Meaning

A scientist who studies soil management and crop production.

Example

The agronomist suggested new methods to improve rice yields.