adversity
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B2 noun ədˈvɜː.sɪ.ti

adversity

Meaning
Difficulties; misfortune; a difficult or unpleasant situation.
Example
He remained strong in the face of adversity.
B2 adjective + noun əˈdæptɪv ˈfiːtʃərz

adaptive features

Meaning
Characteristics that help organisms adjust to their environment
Example
Plants' adaptive features help them grow in winter.
C1 noun /ænˈtæɡənɪzəm/

antagonism

Meaning
active hostility or opposition
Example
There was clear antagonism between the two political parties.
B2 noun /əˈsɜːʃən/

assertion

Meaning
a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief
Example
Her assertion that she was right was met with silence.
B2 adverb /əˈkɔːr.dɪŋ.li/

Accordingly

Meaning
in a way that is appropriate to the particular circumstances; therefore; consequently
Example
The weather was bad, so the event was cancelled accordingly.
B2 adjective /ɔːˈθen.tɪk/

Authentic

Meaning
genuine; real; not fake or copied
Example
The museum displays only authentic artifacts from ancient civilizations.
B2 adjective /ˈænɪmeɪtɪd/

animated

Meaning
Full of life or excitement; made using animation techniques.
Example
The animated film was loved by children and adults alike.
B2 noun ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən

aspiration

Meaning
A hope or ambition of achieving something, a strong desire or goal to achieve something.
Example
His aspiration is to become a successful entrepreneur.
C2 noun /ˈæmpərˌsænd/

ampersand

Meaning
The symbol '&' used to represent the word 'and'.
Example
Use an ampersand instead of writing the word 'and' in the company name.
C2 verb /əˈdʒʊər/

adjure

Meaning
to urge or command someone solemnly, often under oath or a strong sense of duty
Example
The witness was adjured to tell the truth in court.
C1 noun /ˌɑːr.kəˈpɛl.əˌɡoʊ/

archipelago

Meaning
A group of islands clustered together in a body of water.
Example
Indonesia is an archipelago with thousands of islands.
B1 noun /ədˈmɪʃ.ən/

Admission

Meaning
the process of entering or being allowed to enter a school or organization; accepting that something is true
Example
She gained admission to Harvard University.
B2 noun /əˈnætəmi/

anatomy

Meaning
the study of the structure of living things, especially the human body
Example
She is studying human anatomy at medical school.
C2 noun /ˈæl.ɪ.mənt/

aliment

Meaning
food or nourishment that sustains life
Example
Fruits and vegetables are important aliments for a healthy body.
B2 adjective /æʃ ˈkʌl.ər/

Ash-colour

Meaning
a grayish color resembling ash
Example
The old building had ash-colour walls that needed painting.
C1 noun /əˈrɪs.tə.kræt/

Aristocrat

Meaning
a member of the aristocracy; a person of noble rank or birth
Example
The aristocrat lived in a magnificent castle.
C2 adverb /əˈbɛd/

abed

Meaning
in bed
Example
She stayed abed all day due to illness.
B2 noun ˌɔː.təˈmeɪ.ʃən

automation

Meaning
Replacing manual work with machines or software.
Example
Automation increases efficiency and reduces errors in production.
A2 adjective ˈæv.ər.ɪdʒ

average

Meaning
A number expressing the central or typical value in a set of data; constituting the result obtained by adding together several amounts and then dividing this total by the number of amounts.
Example
The average score reflects overall performance.
C1 noun /ˈæd.və.ser.i/

adversary

Meaning
One's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute.
Example
The boxer faced a strong adversary in the ring.
C2 noun /ˈæktʃuˌɛri/

actuary

Meaning
A professional who analyzes financial risk using mathematics, statistics, and financial theory, especially in insurance and pensions.
Example
The actuary calculated the risk before finalizing the insurance policy.
B1 noun /ˈæmətər/

amateur

Meaning
A person who engages in a pursuit, especially a sport or art, on an unpaid basis.
Example
The painting looked impressive, even though it was done by an amateur.
A1 verb (first person singular of 'be') /æm/

am

Meaning
the first person singular present tense of 'be'
Example
I am happy today.
A2 verb /əˈnɔɪ/

annoy

Meaning
to irritate or bother someone and make them feel a little angry or uncomfortable
Example
His constant humming started to annoy everyone in the room.
B2 noun /əˈbjuːs/

Abuse

Meaning
cruel and violent treatment; improper use of something
Example
The abuse of power led to his resignation.
A2 verb /əˈtækt/

attacked

Meaning
physically or verbally assaulted someone or something; launched an aggressive action against a target
Example
The soldiers attacked the enemy at dawn.
C1 adverb /əˈtroʊʃəsli/

atrociously

Meaning
in a very cruel, shocking, or extremely bad manner
Example
The service at the restaurant was atrociously slow.
C1 noun ænˈtɪk.wə.ti

antiquity

Meaning
The ancient past, especially the period of classical and other human civilizations before the Middle Ages.
Example
The ruins are a reminder of the city's antiquity.
B2 noun /ˈɔːltər/

Altar

Meaning
a raised structure on which offerings or sacrifices are made to a deity
Example
The bride and groom stood before the altar during the ceremony.
A2 noun /ˈæŋ.ɡər/

Anger

Meaning
a strong feeling of annoyance, displeasure, or hostility
Example
His anger was evident when he slammed the door.
C1 verb /ˈæn.ɛks/

annex

Meaning
To take control of a territory and add it to one's own.
Example
The empire annexed the neighboring kingdom after the war.
C1 verb /ədˈmɪnɪstreɪt/

administrate

Meaning
to manage or supervise the execution of duties, laws, or resources; to formally give or apply something such as a test or medicine
Example
The committee will administrate the new policy across all departments.
C2 noun /ˈæntɪk/

antic

Meaning
a playful, funny, or silly act or gesture
Example
The children laughed at the clown’s antics.
A2 verb /əˈfɔːrd/

afford

Meaning
to have enough money to buy; to be able to spare
Example
I can't afford a new car right now.
C2 noun /ˈiːɒn/ or /ˈiːən/

aeon

Meaning
An indefinitely long period of time; an age or eternity.
Example
Dinosaurs roamed the Earth millions of aeons ago.
C1 noun /ˈæbət/

abbot

Meaning
The head of a monastery for monks.
Example
The abbot welcomed the visitors to the monastery.
C2 verb /əˈbæʃ/

abash

Meaning
to make someone feel embarrassed or ashamed
Example
Her sudden question seemed to abash him.
A1 noun /ˈeɪprɪl/

april

Meaning
the fourth month of the year in the Gregorian calendar
Example
April is known for its pleasant spring weather.
C1 noun ˈælərdʒən

allergen

Meaning
A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
Example
Pollen is a common allergen that affects many people.
C2 noun /ænˈtɪpədiːz/

antipodes

Meaning
places on opposite sides of the Earth; also refers to things that are direct opposites
Example
Australia and Britain are often considered antipodes of each other.
A2 adverb /ˌɛniˈmɔr/

anymore

Meaning
used to refer to the present time, typically to mean no longer
Example
He doesn’t live here anymore.
B2 noun ˈæmbɪəns

ambience

Meaning
The character and atmosphere of a place.
Example
The restaurant's ambience was relaxed and inviting, perfect for a casual dinner.
C1 noun /ˌædməˈnɪʃən/

admonition

Meaning
a firm warning or reprimand; gentle or earnest advice
Example
He received an admonition for his careless work.
A1 verb /əˈɡriː/

agree

Meaning
to have the same opinion; to consent; to be in harmony
Example
We all agree that the plan is excellent.
A2 noun /ækˈtɪv.ə.ti/

Activity

Meaning
something that you do for interest or pleasure, or in order to achieve a particular aim
Example
Physical activity is important for good health.
C1 verb /eɪl/

ail

Meaning
to be ill or suffer from a physical or mental problem; to trouble or afflict
Example
She has been ailing since last winter.
B2 noun /əˌbriːviˈeɪʃən/

abbreviation

Meaning
a shortened form of a word or phrase
Example
NASA is an abbreviation for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
C1 adjective /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/

abiding

Meaning
lasting for a long time; enduring
Example
She had an abiding love for her hometown.
C1 noun /ˈɑː.kɪ.taɪp/

archetype

Meaning
A very typical example of a certain person or thing; an original model or prototype.
Example
This painting is the archetype of modern art.
C2 verb əˈmiːljəreɪt

ameliorate

Meaning
To make better; improve or enhance something.
Example
The new policies are designed to ameliorate living conditions.
B2 verb /əˈbændən/

abandon

Meaning
to give up completely; to leave permanently
Example
They had to abandon their house due to flooding.
A1 adjective /ˈeɪbl/

able

Meaning
having the power, skill, or means to do something
Example
She is able to speak three languages fluently.
A2 noun ˈɑːrɡjumənt

argument

Meaning
A reason or set of reasons given with the aim of persuading others that an action or idea is right or wrong.
Example
His argument was based on majority.
C1 noun /ˌæn.əˈnɪm.ə.ti/

anonymity

Meaning
The state of being anonymous; having one's identity kept secret or unknown.
Example
Online anonymity protects users from cyber threats.
B2 verb /ˈɔːdɪt/

audit

Meaning
to examine and verify financial records or accounts officially
Example
The accountant will audit the company's books next month.
C1 adjective ɔːɡˈmen.tɪd

augmented

Meaning
having been made greater in size or value.
Example
The new software provided augmented reality features.
C2 adjective /ˈædɪˌpoʊs/

adipose

Meaning
Relating to or consisting of animal fat; fatty.
Example
The doctor explained that the tissue was mainly adipose in nature.
C1 noun /ɔːˈtɒmətən/

automaton

Meaning
A machine that works automatically; also refers to a person who behaves like a machine, without thinking.
Example
He worked like an automaton, without showing any emotion.
A2 verb /əˈtend/

attend

Meaning
to be present at; to give attention to; to take care of
Example
I will attend the conference next week.
C2 verb /ˌæd ˈlɪb/

ad-lib

Meaning
to speak or perform without preparation; to improvise
Example
The comedian ad-libbed a joke when the microphone failed.
C2 verb /əˈsɛvəˌreɪt/

asseverate

Meaning
to affirm or declare positively and earnestly
Example
He asseverated that he had never seen the man before.
C1 noun ˈæ.sɛt ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən

asset allocation

Meaning
An investment strategy that aims to balance risk and reward by apportioning a portfolio's assets according to an individual's goals, risk tolerance, and investment horizon.
Example
Proper asset allocation is key to financial growth.
C2 adjective /ˈækwɪˌlaɪn/

aquiline

Meaning
curved like an eagle's beak; hooked
Example
He had an aquiline nose that gave him a distinguished appearance.
A1 adjective /ˈæŋ.ɡri/

Angry

Meaning
feeling or showing strong displeasure; furious; irritated
Example
She was angry because someone had broken her favorite vase.
C2 noun /əˈplɒm/

aplomb

Meaning
Complete and confident self-assurance or poise.
Example
She handled the difficult questions with aplomb.
B2 noun ˈæsɪd reɪn

acid rain

Meaning
Rainfall made acidic by atmospheric pollution, especially from industrial emissions.
Example
Acid rain damages crops and buildings.
C2 adjective /ˌæntɪˈmʌndeɪn/

antemundane

Meaning
Existing or occurring before the creation of the world.
Example
Some myths speak of an antemundane chaos before order was established.
C1 adjective ˌæd.vɚˈser.i.əl

adversarial

Meaning
Involving or characterized by conflict or opposition.
Example
The two companies have an adversarial relationship in the market.
C2 noun /ˈɔːrɪkl̩/

auricle

Meaning
The external part of the ear; also an upper chamber of the heart in anatomy.
Example
The doctor examined the patient’s auricle for signs of infection.
B2 noun, verb /ˈɑːrkaɪv/

archive

Meaning
A collection of historical documents or records; to store or preserve information for future use.
Example
The library decided to archive all the old manuscripts.
C1 noun /ˌænəsˈθetɪk/

anesthetic

Meaning
A substance that causes loss of sensation or consciousness, especially used during surgery.
Example
The doctor administered a local anesthetic before stitching the wound.
C1 adjective /əˈɡæst/

aghast

Meaning
filled with shock or horror
Example
The audience was aghast at the tragic scene.
C2 adjective /əˈluːsɪv/

allusive

Meaning
Making indirect references or hints; suggestive without being explicit.
Example
The novel is full of allusive passages that point to classical literature.
B1 noun /ˈær.əb/

arab

Meaning
a person belonging to the Semitic people of the Middle East and North Africa
Example
He is an Arab living in Dubai.
A2 adjective /əˈwɛər/

aware

Meaning
having knowledge or perception of a situation or fact
Example
She is aware of the risks involved.
C1 noun /əˈsɪdɪti/

acidity

Meaning
the quality or degree of being acidic; the amount of acid present in a substance
Example
The acidity of the soil affects how well crops grow.
C2 adjective /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈdʒen.ɪk/

anthropogenic

Meaning
Originating in human activity; caused by humans.
Example
Climate change is largely due to anthropogenic activities.
B1 verb /əˈweɪk/

awake

Meaning
to stop sleeping; to become conscious or alert
Example
I awake every morning at six o'clock.
C2 noun /ˈɔːldərmən/

alderman

Meaning
An elected member of a municipal council in certain cities and towns.
Example
The alderman proposed a new plan for community parks.
B2 noun ˈæsɛt

asset

Meaning
A useful or valuable thing, person, or quality.
Example
Real estate is one of the most valuable assets.
C2 noun /əˈfleɪtəs/

afflatus

Meaning
a sudden divine inspiration or creative impulse
Example
The poet wrote the verses under a sudden afflatus of inspiration.
C2 noun /əˈpɜːrtənəns/

appurtenance

Meaning
an accessory or supplementary part of something
Example
The garage is an appurtenance of the main house.
C1 noun əbˈzɔːrp.ʃən

absorption

Meaning
The process or action by which one thing absorbs or is absorbed by another.
Example
Plants help in the absorption of carbon dioxide.
B2 adjective ˌæs.trəˈnɒm.ɪ.kəl

astronomical

Meaning
Relating to astronomy; extremely large in amount or extent.
Example
The astronomical price reflects its exclusivity.
C2 noun /ˈæl.kə.laɪ ækt/

Alkali Act

Meaning
A British law passed in 1863 to regulate the emission of hydrochloric acid gas from alkali works, representing one of the first pieces of environmental legislation.
Example
The Alkali Act of 1863 was one of the first environmental laws.
C1 adjective /əˈpriː.ʃə.bəl/

Appreciable

Meaning
noticeable; significant; considerable in amount
Example
There was an appreciable improvement in his test scores.
B1 adverb /əˈperəntli/

Apparently

Meaning
seemingly; as far as one knows or can see; clearly; evidently
Example
Apparently, the meeting has been postponed to next week.
C2 noun /ˌɛərəˈstætɪks/

aerostatics

Meaning
The branch of physics that deals with the equilibrium of air and gases and the forces acting on bodies in them.
Example
Aerostatics is essential for understanding how balloons float.
B2 noun /əkˌseləˈreɪʃən/

acceleration

Meaning
the rate at which velocity changes over time; the act of speeding up
Example
The car showed rapid acceleration as it entered the highway.
C1 verb /əˈkrɛdɪt/

accredit

Meaning
to officially recognize, authorize, or approve someone or something
Example
The university is accredited by the national education board.
B2 adjective /əˈdʒʌstəbəl/

Adjustable

Meaning
নিয়মযোগ্য; পরিবর্তন-সাধ্য; সমন্বয়যোগ্য;
Example
This chair has an adjustable height feature.
C2 noun ˌæm.ɔː.tɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

amortization

Meaning
The process of paying off debt with regular payments over time.
Example
The amortization schedule showed a 10-year repayment plan.
B2 noun (plural) /ˈɑːrtɪˌfæks/

artifacts

Meaning
objects made by humans, often of historical or cultural importance
Example
Archaeologists discovered valuable artifacts in the ruins.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪpəˈlɪtɪkəl/

apolitical

Meaning
not interested in or not connected with politics
Example
She prefers to stay apolitical and focus on her work.
C2 noun /ˈæsənəns/

assonance

Meaning
the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words in poetry or prose
Example
The poet used assonance to create a musical effect in his verse.
B2 adjective /əˈsɜːr.tɪv/

Assertive

Meaning
confident and forceful; having a strong personality
Example
She is very assertive when speaking in meetings.
C2 noun /əˈluːviən/

alluvion

Meaning
The gradual increase of land by the deposit of soil from water; also, a flood or overflow of water.
Example
The river’s alluvion added new fertile land to the village fields.
C2 verb /ˌæpərˈteɪn/

appertain

Meaning
to relate to or be connected with something
Example
The rules only appertain to members of the club.
C2 noun /ˌænəlˈdʒiːziə/

analgesia

Meaning
The inability to feel pain while still conscious.
Example
The doctor induced analgesia before performing the procedure.
A2 verb /əˈvɔɪd/

avoid

Meaning
To keep away from or stop oneself from doing something.
Example
He tries to avoid junk food.
C2 noun /ˌæpəˈleɪʃən/

appellation

Meaning
a name or title
Example
The city has earned the appellation 'The Big Apple'.
C2 noun /ˈɑːrɡoʊ/

argot

Meaning
the specialized vocabulary or jargon of a particular group, especially one with a common interest or occupation
Example
The thieves communicated in an argot that outsiders could not understand.
C2 noun, verb /ˈæseɪ/

assay

Meaning
To test or analyze the quality, purity, or content of a substance; the act of such testing.
Example
The scientists assayed the mineral sample for gold content.
A2 noun /ˈɛər.laɪn/

airline

Meaning
A company that provides regular flights for passengers and goods.
Example
The airline announced a discount on international tickets.
C1 verb /əˈdʒɜrn/

adjourn

Meaning
to suspend a meeting or session to another time or place
Example
The judge decided to adjourn the hearing until next week.
A1 adverb /ˈɔːlsoʊ/

also

Meaning
in addition; too
Example
She sings beautifully and also plays the guitar.
B1 adjective /ədˈvɛnʧərəs/

adventurous

Meaning
Willing to take risks or try out new methods, ideas, or experiences.
Example
They participated in adventurous activities like kayaking and hiking.
C2 noun /ˈænɪ siːd/

Ani seed

Meaning
Small aromatic seeds used as a spice and for medicinal purposes, with a sweet licorice-like flavor
Example
Anise seeds are often used in traditional desserts and teas.
C2 noun /əˈnæθəmə/

anathema

Meaning
something or someone intensely disliked or strongly condemned
Example
Violence is anathema to her peaceful nature.
C2 verb /əˈbɑː.mə.neɪt/

abominate

Meaning
to feel hatred or loathing for something
Example
She abominates cruelty to animals.
C1 noun /ˈælɪbaɪ/

alibi

Meaning
A claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a crime, was committed.
Example
She had a strong alibi that proved she was at the cinema during the theft.
C2 noun /ˌæprəˈbeɪʃən/

approbation

Meaning
approval or praise
Example
The plan won the approbation of the board members.
C2 adjective əˈsɪd.ju.əs

assiduous

Meaning
Showing great care and perseverance; diligent and hardworking.
Example
His assiduous efforts led to a successful career.
B2 noun/verb /eɪp/

ape

Meaning
a large primate similar to a monkey but without a tail; as a verb, to imitate or mimic
Example
Children often ape the behavior of adults.
B2 noun /ˈɑːrkaɪvz/

archives

Meaning
A place or collection where historical records and documents are stored.
Example
She visited the national archives to research her family history.
C1 adjective /əˈwɒʃ/

awash

Meaning
covered or flooded with water or something in large quantities
Example
The market was awash with cheap imported goods.
B1 noun /ˈæʃ.treɪ/

Ash tray

Meaning
a receptacle for tobacco ash and cigarette butts
Example
Please use the ash tray for your cigarette.
A2 noun /əˈtɛnʃən/

attention

Meaning
the act of focusing on something or someone
Example
The teacher asked for the students' attention.
B1 noun, adjective, gerund /ˈæk.tɪŋ/

acting

Meaning
the art or profession of performing in plays, films, or television; temporary performance of duties; the process of performing an action
Example
She is studying acting to become a professional actress.
C2 adjective /ˈeɪ.li.ə.nə.bəl/

alienable

Meaning
Able to be transferred or surrendered, usually referring to rights or property.
Example
Property rights are alienable and can be sold or transferred.
C1 adjective /ˈædʒɪteɪtɪd/

Agitated

Meaning
disturbed; anxious; restless; excited in a negative way
Example
He became agitated when he heard the bad news.