addiction
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B2 noun /əˈdɪkʃən/

addiction

Meaning
A strong and harmful need to regularly have or do something, such as drugs, alcohol, or habits.
Example
His addiction to video games affected his studies.
C2 adverb /əˈsɪdʒuəsli/

assiduously

Meaning
with great care and persistence
Example
He worked assiduously to complete the project before the deadline.
C2 noun /ɑːmz/

alms

Meaning
Money, food, or goods given to the poor as charity.
Example
The monk distributed alms to the needy villagers.
B1 verb /əˈtætʃ/

attach

Meaning
to join or fasten something to another thing
Example
Please attach the document to the email before sending.
C1 adjective /əˈdɒptɪv/

adoptive

Meaning
relating to the adoption of a child or the act of taking something as one’s own
Example
She grew up in a loving adoptive family.
C2 adverb /əˈbæk/

Aback

Meaning
by surprise; unexpectedly
Example
I was taken aback by his sudden announcement.
C1 noun /ˈælɪbaɪ/

alibi

Meaning
A claim or piece of evidence that one was elsewhere when an act, typically a crime, was committed.
Example
She had a strong alibi that proved she was at the cinema during the theft.
B2 adjective /ˈɑːrbɪˌtrɛri/

arbitrary

Meaning
based on random choice or personal whim, rather than reason or system
Example
The teacher's arbitrary grading upset many students.
B1 noun /əkˈsɛptəns/

acceptance

Meaning
the act of agreeing to receive or undertake something offered
Example
Her acceptance of the award was met with applause.
B2 noun/verb /ɔːˈdɪʃən/

audition

Meaning
A trial performance by an actor, singer, or musician to demonstrate suitability for a role.
Example
She auditioned for the lead role in the school play.
C2 noun/adjective /ˈæl.əˌbæs.tər/

alabaster

Meaning
A fine-grained, usually white variety of gypsum, often used for carving; also describes something smooth and pale like alabaster.
Example
The statue was carved from pure alabaster.
B2 noun ˈæsɛt

asset

Meaning
A useful or valuable thing, person, or quality.
Example
Real estate is one of the most valuable assets.
B2 verb /əˈstɒnɪʃ/

astonish

Meaning
to surprise someone greatly; to fill with sudden wonder or amazement
Example
The magician’s final trick astonished the entire audience.
A2 noun /ænt/

Ant

Meaning
a small insect that lives in organized colonies and is known for hard work
Example
The ant carried a crumb that was twice its size.
B1 noun /ˈeɪ.dʒən.si/

Agency

Meaning
a business or organization that provides a particular service
Example
She works for a travel agency downtown.
C2 verb /əˈbɛt/

abet

Meaning
to encourage or assist someone to commit a crime or wrongdoing
Example
He was accused of abetting the criminals in their escape.
C2 noun /əˈdɛpt.nəs/

adeptness

Meaning
Skill and dexterity in a task.
Example
His adeptness in negotiations helped close the deal successfully.
C2 adjective /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈdʒen.ɪk/

anthropogenic

Meaning
Originating in human activity; caused by humans.
Example
Climate change is largely due to anthropogenic activities.
C1 adjective /ˈeɪmləs/

Aimless

Meaning
without purpose or direction; lacking a goal
Example
He wandered around the city in an aimless manner.
C1 noun, adjective /ˌæntiˈsɛptɪk/

antiseptic

Meaning
A substance that prevents the growth of disease-causing microorganisms; clean and free from germs.
Example
The nurse applied an antiseptic to the wound.
B2 adjective /ˈærəɡənt/

Arrogant

Meaning
having an exaggerated sense of one's importance; proud
Example
His arrogant behavior made him very unpopular.
B1 noun /əˈtæʧmənt/

attachment

Meaning
a strong feeling of affection or connection
Example
The attachment he felt to his hometown was undeniable.
C1 adjective ˈɑː.dʒu.əs

arduous

Meaning
Involving or requiring strenuous effort; difficult and tiring.
Example
The trek through the mountains was an arduous journey.
B1 noun /ˈædʒɪktɪv/

adjective

Meaning
a word that describes or modifies a noun by giving more information about its quality, quantity, or state
Example
The adjective in the sentence adds more detail to the noun.
C1 adverb /əˈtroʊʃəsli/

atrociously

Meaning
in a very cruel, shocking, or extremely bad manner
Example
The service at the restaurant was atrociously slow.
C2 adjective /əˈpɜːrtənənt/

appurtenant

Meaning
Belonging to or associated with something, often used in legal/property contexts.
Example
The right of way is appurtenant to the landowner’s property.
C2 adjective /ˌæntɪdəˈluːviən/

antediluvian

Meaning
extremely old-fashioned; belonging to the time before the biblical flood
Example
His views on women are positively antediluvian.
C1 noun /əˈrɪs.tə.kræt/

Aristocrat

Meaning
a member of the aristocracy; a person of noble rank or birth
Example
The aristocrat lived in a magnificent castle.
C2 noun (plural) /əˈspɜːr.ʒənz/

aspersions

Meaning
Critical or slanderous remarks; multiple attacks on reputation.
Example
The politician rejected the aspersions cast against him.
C2 noun /əˈsɛt.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

asceticism

Meaning
The practice of severe self-discipline and abstaining from indulgence, typically for religious or spiritual reasons.
Example
Asceticism has been a part of many religious traditions throughout history.
C2 noun /əbˈhɒrəns/

abhorrence

Meaning
a feeling of strong disgust or hatred
Example
He expressed his abhorrence of racial discrimination.
B2 adjective /əˈtɒm.ɪk/

Atomic

Meaning
relating to atoms or atomic energy; extremely small
Example
The atomic structure of hydrogen is the simplest.
C2 noun /ˈæpəfθɛm/

apophthegm

Meaning
A short, pithy, and instructive saying or maxim.
Example
She always had a witty apophthegm to share at meetings.
A1 preposition, conjunction, adverb /ˈæftər/

after

Meaning
in the time following an event or another action
Example
We went for ice cream after the movie.
C2 noun /ˈɑːrtɪfɪs/

artifice

Meaning
clever or cunning devices or tricks used to deceive others
Example
The politician's charm was nothing but artifice.
C1 noun /ˌævɒ̃ˈɡɑːrd/

avantgarde

Meaning
people or works that are innovative, experimental, and ahead of their time
Example
The avantgarde of the 20th century reshaped modern art.
C1 adjective /əˈluːf/

aloof

Meaning
Not friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant.
Example
He remained aloof during the entire discussion.
B2 adjective /əˈlɛdʒd/

alleged

Meaning
said or thought to be true, but not proven
Example
The alleged thief was caught by the police.
C2 adjective /əˈkɜːrsɪd/

accursed

Meaning
Doomed, detestable, or under a curse.
Example
The villagers avoided the accursed house on the hill.
C1 adjective /əˈsɛndənt/

ascendant

Meaning
Rising in power or influence; dominant.
Example
She is an ascendant leader in the political party.
C2 noun ˌæɡ.roʊˈfɔːr.ɪ.stri

agroforestry

Meaning
A land use management system in which trees or shrubs are grown around or among crops or pastureland.
Example
Agroforestry improves soil quality and crop yield.
C2 noun /əˈnækrəˌnɪzəm/

anachronism

Meaning
something that is out of its proper time period, especially something old-fashioned in a modern context
Example
Using a typewriter today feels like an anachronism.
C2 adjective/adverb /ˌæ.prəˈpoʊ/

apropos

Meaning
Appropriate to the situation; relevant. As an adverb, it means 'with reference to' or 'regarding'.
Example
His comments were not apropos of the discussion.
A2 verb /əˈvɔɪd/

avoid

Meaning
To keep away from or stop oneself from doing something.
Example
He tries to avoid junk food.
C2 noun /ˌæbnɪˈɡeɪʃən/

abnegation

Meaning
the act of renouncing or rejecting something, especially self-denial
Example
The monk’s life was one of complete abnegation of worldly pleasures.
C2 verb /əˈkuːtə/

accoutre

Meaning
to dress or equip, especially in something impressive or elaborate
Example
The knight was accoutred in shining armor.
B2 noun /ˈæli/

alley

Meaning
a narrow passageway between or behind buildings
Example
They walked through a dark alley to reach the main road.
C1 noun, verb /ˈɔːtɒpsi/

autopsy

Meaning
a post-mortem examination to discover the cause of death or the extent of disease
Example
The autopsy revealed that the victim had died from poisoning.
C1 adjective /ˌærɪˈstɒkrætɪk/

Aristocratic

Meaning
noble; having the manners of the upper class
Example
She had an aristocratic bearing that commanded respect.
B2 adjective /əˈpærənt/

apparent

Meaning
Clearly visible or understood; obvious.
Example
It soon became apparent that he was not telling the truth.
B2 adverb /ˈæŋkʃəsli/

anxiously

Meaning
in a worried, nervous, or uneasy manner; with anxious anticipation
Example
She waited anxiously for the exam results.
B2 noun /ˈæɡ.ə.ni/

Agony

Meaning
extreme physical or mental suffering; intense pain
Example
He was in agony after the accident.
B2 verb /əˈteɪn/

attain

Meaning
to achieve or reach something
Example
She worked hard to attain her goals.
B2 adjective + noun ˈædvɜːrs ɪˈfekts

adverse effects

Meaning
Negative or harmful impacts that result from an action or condition.
Example
Plastic usage has adverse effects on the environment.
A2 adverb /ˈɔːlmoʊst/

almost

Meaning
very nearly, but not exactly or completely
Example
He almost missed the train.
C2 adjective /əˈmɔːrfəs/

amorphous

Meaning
Lacking a clear shape or form; without a defined structure.
Example
The plan remained amorphous and lacked concrete details.
C2 verb /əˈbæʃ/

abash

Meaning
to make someone feel embarrassed or ashamed
Example
Her sudden question seemed to abash him.
C2 adjective /ˌæf.əˈrɪs.tɪk/

aphoristic

Meaning
expressed in the style of a short, witty saying
Example
Her writing style is concise and aphoristic.
B2 noun /əˌdæptəˈbɪləti/

adaptability

Meaning
The quality of being able to adjust to new conditions or circumstances
Example
Adaptability to changing environments is crucial in business.
A1 noun /eər/

Air

Meaning
the invisible gaseous substance surrounding the earth; a mixture mainly of oxygen and nitrogen
Example
Fresh air is essential for good health.
B2 noun ˌæd.æpˈteɪ.ʃən

adaptation

Meaning
The action or process of adapting or being adapted.
Example
Adaptation to climate change is critical for resilience.
B2 noun /ˈɑːrtɪzən/

artisan

Meaning
a skilled craftsperson who makes things by hand
Example
The artisan crafted a beautiful wooden chair.
B1 noun /əˈfek.ʃən/

Affection

Meaning
a feeling of liking or caring for someone or something
Example
She has deep affection for her grandmother.
C1 noun /ˌætəˈʃeɪ/

attache

Meaning
A person officially assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission, often with a specific area of responsibility.
Example
The cultural attache organized an art exhibition in the embassy.
C1 adverb /ˈeɪ.mi.ə.bli/

Amiably

Meaning
in a friendly and pleasant manner
Example
They discussed the issue amiably without any arguments.
B2 adjective /əkˈsel.ə.reɪ.tɪd/

accelerated

Meaning
Happening or developing faster than usual.
Example
The project progressed at an accelerated pace.
C1 adjective /əˈbreɪsɪv/

abrasive

Meaning
harsh, rough, or capable of wearing down by rubbing
Example
His abrasive tone made everyone uncomfortable.
C2 noun /ˈæf.ə.rɪ.zəm/

aphorism

Meaning
a short, witty saying that expresses a general truth or principle
Example
He began his speech with an aphorism about life and success.
B2 adjective /ˌædvənˈteɪdʒəs/

Advantageous

Meaning
beneficial; favorable; profitable
Example
This position offers advantageous opportunities for career growth.
B2 adverb /ˌælfəˈbɛtɪkli/

alphabetically

Meaning
in the order of the letters of the alphabet
Example
The names are listed alphabetically in the register.
B2 noun /ˈælkəhɒlɪzəm/

alcoholism

Meaning
A chronic disease characterized by uncontrolled drinking and preoccupation with alcohol.
Example
His alcoholism affected both his health and his family life.
B2 noun /əkˈsɛsəri/

accessory

Meaning
a thing which can be added to something else to make it more useful, versatile, or attractive; a person who assists in committing a crime
Example
She bought some stylish accessories for her new phone.
C2 noun /ˈæmpərˌsænd/

ampersand

Meaning
The symbol '&' used to represent the word 'and'.
Example
Use an ampersand instead of writing the word 'and' in the company name.
C2 noun /ˈæpədʒiː/

apogee

Meaning
the highest or most distant point; the climax or peak of something
Example
The empire reached its apogee during the 18th century.
B2 noun /ˌɑːrkiˈɑːlədʒi/

archaeology

Meaning
the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts, monuments, and other physical remains
Example
She studied archaeology to learn about ancient civilizations.
C1 noun /əˈseɪlənt/

assailant

Meaning
a person who attacks another
Example
The police arrested the assailant at the scene.
C2 adjective /əˈstrɪndʒənt/

astringent

Meaning
sharp or severe in manner or style; also describes a substance that contracts skin or body tissues
Example
Her astringent tone silenced the noisy class.
A2 noun /əˈdɪʃ.ən/

Addition

Meaning
the process of adding numbers; something that is added
Example
The addition of a new room made the house more spacious.
B2 adjective /ˌæn.tiˈsoʊ.ʃəl/

Antisocial

Meaning
avoiding social interaction; hostile to social order
Example
His antisocial behavior made it difficult for him to make friends.
A2 adjective ˈæktɪv

active

Meaning
Engaging or ready to engage in physically energetic pursuits; characterized by energetic work, participation, etc.
Example
Active participation in education is vital for progress.
A2 noun /ˌænɪˈvɜːrsəri/

anniversary

Meaning
the yearly recurrence of a date marking a past event
Example
They celebrated their wedding anniversary with a dinner.
B2 adverb /ˈæktɪvli/

actively

Meaning
in a way that involves energetic participation or effort
Example
He is actively involved in community service.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrməri/

armory

Meaning
A place where weapons are stored; a supply of resources or skills.
Example
The soldiers kept their weapons in the armory.
C2 noun /əˌkædəˈmɪʃən/

academician

Meaning
a member of an academy; a scholar or expert in a field of study
Example
The academicians gathered to discuss the future of education.
B2 noun əˈmendmənt

amendment

Meaning
A minor change in a document.
Example
The amendment was not supported.
C1 adjective /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/

abiding

Meaning
lasting for a long time; enduring
Example
She had an abiding love for her hometown.
C2 adjective /əˈpɒ.krɪ.fəl/

apocryphal

Meaning
Of doubtful authenticity, though widely circulated as true.
Example
The story about him saving the village is probably apocryphal.
B2 adjective, noun, verb /ˈæb.strækt/

abstract

Meaning
existing in thought or as an idea but not having physical or concrete existence; a summary of a text
Example
The artist is known for her abstract paintings.
C2 noun /ˈɔːspɪs/

auspice

Meaning
A sign, omen, or divine token; also refers to protection or support.
Example
The project was launched under the auspice of the government.
B1 noun /ˌæplɪˈkeɪʃən/

application

Meaning
a formal request for something; the act of putting something into operation; or a software program
Example
She submitted her application for the scholarship.
C1 noun /ˈæd.və.ser.i/

adversary

Meaning
One's opponent in a contest, conflict, or dispute.
Example
The boxer faced a strong adversary in the ring.
A2 noun /əˈsɪstənt/

assistant

Meaning
a person who helps or supports another, often in a job
Example
She works as an assistant in a law firm.
B2 noun, verb /ˈævəlæntʃ/

avalanche

Meaning
(noun) a mass of snow, ice, and rocks falling rapidly down a mountainside; a sudden overwhelming quantity; (verb) to descend like an avalanche
Example
The avalanche buried the mountain road under tons of snow.
C2 adverb /əˈbɛd/

abed

Meaning
in bed
Example
She stayed abed all day due to illness.
C2 noun /ˈeɪ.pi.ə.rɪst/

apiarist

Meaning
a person who keeps and tends bees for honey production
Example
The apiarist collected fresh honey from the hives.
B1 noun /ɑːrmz/

Arms

Meaning
weapons and ammunition; firearms
Example
The soldiers carried their arms into battle.
A2 verb /əˈraɪv/

arrive

Meaning
to reach a destination; to come to a place
Example
The train will arrive at the station in ten minutes.
B2 noun ˈænsɛstərz

Ancestors

Meaning
A person from whom one is descended; a forefather.
Example
The family tree shows the names of all ancestors.
B1 noun /əˌsoʊsiˈeɪʃən/

association

Meaning
an organized group of people who have joined together for a common purpose
Example
She is a member of the local teachers' association.
C2 noun /ˌænɪˈmɒmɪtər/

anemometer

Meaning
An instrument used to measure the speed and direction of wind.
Example
The scientist used an anemometer to record the wind speed during the storm.
C2 verb /əˈvʌls/

avulse

Meaning
to tear away or separate forcibly, especially in medical or geological contexts
Example
The surgeon had to avulse the damaged tissue during the operation.
A2 adjective /ˈæfrɪkən/

african

Meaning
relating to Africa or its people
Example
She studied African culture in university.
C1 adjective /æmˈfɪb.i.əs/

Amphibious

Meaning
able to live both on land and in water; suitable for both land and water operations
Example
The amphibious vehicle can travel on both land and water.
C1 noun əˈrɪd.ɪ.ti

aridity

Meaning
The state of being extremely dry, especially having insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.
Example
The aridity of the land is increasing due to climate change.
C2 adjective /ˈæpəzɪt/

apposite

Meaning
highly appropriate or relevant to what is being discussed
Example
Her remark was particularly apposite to the situation.
B2 noun əˈʃɔː.rəns

assurance

Meaning
A positive declaration intended to give confidence; a promise.
Example
Assurance of quality is a priority for the council.
C1 verb /əˈdʒɜrn/

adjourn

Meaning
to suspend a meeting or session to another time or place
Example
The judge decided to adjourn the hearing until next week.
A2 adverb /ˈæktʃuəli/

actually

Meaning
used to emphasize that something is true, especially when surprising
Example
She actually completed the project ahead of schedule.
C1 verb /ˈæmpjʊteɪt/

amputate

Meaning
to cut off a limb from the body by surgery
Example
The doctors had to amputate his leg after the accident.
C1 noun /ˌɑːr.kəˈpɛl.əˌɡoʊ/

archipelago

Meaning
A group of islands clustered together in a body of water.
Example
Indonesia is an archipelago with thousands of islands.
C1 verb /əˈtoʊn/

atone

Meaning
to make amends for a wrong or injury; to make reparation
Example
He tried to atone for his mistakes by helping others.
B2 noun /ˌɑːr.kiˈɑː.lə.dʒi/

archeology

Meaning
the study of human history and prehistory through excavation and analysis of artifacts and structures
Example
She decided to study archeology to learn about ancient civilizations.
A2 adverb /ˈen.i.weər/

Anywhere

Meaning
in or to any place; wherever
Example
You can sit anywhere you like in this restaurant.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪpəˈlɪtɪkəl/

apolitical

Meaning
not interested in or not connected with politics
Example
She prefers to stay apolitical and focus on her work.
C2 verb /əˈfaɪəns/

affiance

Meaning
to promise or pledge marriage; to formally engage
Example
They decided to affiance after years of friendship.
C2 noun /ˈædʒ.ə.tənt/

Adjutant

Meaning
a large water bird with long legs and neck, also known as adjutant stork
Example
The adjutant stork stood motionless in the shallow water.
B2 noun /ˈɑːr.mər/

Armour

Meaning
protective covering worn by soldiers; metal plating for military vehicles
Example
The knight wore heavy armour to protect himself in battle.
A1 adverb /ɔːlˈredi/

Already

Meaning
before now; by this time; previously
Example
I have already finished my homework for today.
C1 noun /æmˈniːʒə/

amnesia

Meaning
A partial or total loss of memory, usually caused by injury, illness, or psychological trauma.
Example
After the accident, she suffered from amnesia and could not remember her own name.
C1 adjective /ˈædʒ.aɪl/

agile

Meaning
able to move quickly and easily; quick and adaptable in thinking or action
Example
The startup team was agile in responding to market changes.
C1 noun /əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃən/

assassination

Meaning
The act of killing someone important, often for political or ideological reasons.
Example
The assassination of the president shocked the nation.