zenith
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C1 noun /ˈziːnɪθ/

zenith

頂点
Meaning
The time at which something is most powerful or successful; the highest point.
Example
Her career reached its zenith in the late 1990s.
彼女のキャリアは1990年代後半に頂点に達した。
C1 adjective/noun /ˈsʌkjələnt/

succulent

ジューシーな
Meaning
Juicy or full of juice; also refers to a plant with thick, fleshy leaves adapted to storing water.
Example
The steak was so succulent that everyone enjoyed it.
ステーキはとてもジューシーで、皆が楽しんで食べました。
C1 verb /deɪz/

daze

Meaning
to stun or confuse someone temporarily with a shock or surprise
Example
The bright lights dazed the runners as they entered the stadium.
C1 noun /brɔːl/

brawl

乱闘
Meaning
a noisy fight in a public place
Example
A brawl broke out outside the bar late at night.
夜遅くにバーの外で乱闘が起こった。
C1 noun/verb /fliːs/

fleece

Meaning
The woolly covering of a sheep; as a verb, to swindle or cheat someone.
Example
The farmer sheared the sheep’s fleece carefully.
C1 adjective /kəˈnɒnɪkəl/

canonical

カノニカル / 受け入れられた
Meaning
Conforming to a general rule or accepted standard; officially recognized.
Example
Shakespeare’s works are considered canonical in English literature.
シェイクスピアの作品は英文学においてカノニカルと見なされています。
C1 adjective ˈzɛləs

zealous

熱心な
Meaning
Having or showing great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or objective; fervent.
Example
The zealous volunteers worked tirelessly for the cause.
熱心なボランティアはその目的のために疲れ知らずに働いた。
C1 adjective /ɔːˈtɒn.ə.məs/

autonomous

自律
Meaning
Acting independently or having the freedom to do so.
Example
Autonomous systems ensure greater precision.
自律システムはより高い精度を確保します。
C1 verb /ɡraɪp/

gripe

不満を言う
Meaning
to complain about something in an annoying way
Example
He is always griping about the weather.
彼はいつも天気について不満を言っている。
C1 preposition /əˈtɒp/

atop

上に
Meaning
on the top of something
Example
A flag was placed atop the tower.
旗は塔の上に置かれました。
C1 adjective ˌhaɪ.pəˈθet.ɪ.kəl

hypothetical

仮定的, 想定的, 理論的
Meaning
Based on or serving as a hypothesis; supposed but not necessarily real or true.
Example
The discussion was based on hypothetical scenarios.
議論は仮定的なシナリオに基づいていました。
C1 noun /ˈmɒnəlɪθ/

monolith

モノリス
Meaning
A large single upright block of stone, or a large, powerful, indivisible organization or system.
Example
The ancient monolith stood in the desert for centuries.
古代のモノリスは何世紀にもわたって砂漠に立っていました。
C1 adjective /ɪˈfɛm.ər.əl/

ephemeral

儚い
Meaning
Lasting for a very short time; temporary or transitory.
Example
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
桜の花の美しさは儚い。
C1 noun /kənˈfɛdərəsi/

confederacy

連邦
Meaning
a group of states, people, or organizations united for a common purpose
Example
The southern states formed a confederacy during the civil war.
南部の州は南北戦争中に連邦を結成しました。
C1 adjective /ˌpɜːrpənˈdɪkjələr/

perpendicular

垂直
Meaning
At an angle of 90 degrees to a given line, plane, or surface.
Example
The ladder was placed perpendicular to the ground for safety.
はしごは安全のために地面に対して垂直に配置されました。
C1 verb /rɪˈvɪər/

revere

尊敬する
Meaning
To deeply respect or admire someone or something.
Example
The students revered their teacher for his wisdom.
生徒たちはその知恵に対して教師を崇敬しました。
C1 adjective /ˌsɛlf ɪˈfeɪsɪŋ/

self-effacing

控えめな
Meaning
not drawing attention to oneself; modest
Example
Despite his success, he remained self-effacing and humble.
成功にもかかわらず、彼は控えめで謙虚なままでした。
C1 adjective, noun /ˈbʊrʒ.wɑː/

bourgeois

ブルジョア
Meaning
Relating to the middle class, often with materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Example
The novel criticizes the bourgeois lifestyle of the city dwellers.
その小説は都市住民のブルジョア生活様式を批判している。
C1 noun /ˈʌp.tɜːn/

upturn

改善
Meaning
An improvement or upward trend in a situation, especially in business or economy.
Example
The company experienced an upturn in sales last quarter.
その会社は先月、売上の改善を経験しました。
C1 adjective /skəˈlæstɪk/

scholastic

学問的な
Meaning
Relating to schools, education, or academic learning.
Example
The school organizes scholastic competitions every year.
学校は毎年学問的な競技を開催します。
C1 noun /ˈɡaɪ.zər/

geyser

間欠泉
Meaning
A natural hot spring that intermittently ejects a column of water and steam into the air.
Example
The geyser erupted, shooting water high into the sky.
そのガイザーが噴火し、水を空高く吹き上げました。
C1 noun ˈlaɪv.li.hʊd

livelihood

生計
Meaning
A means of securing the necessities of life; a way of making a living.
Example
Fishing is the primary livelihood of coastal communities.
漁業は沿岸地域の主な生計手段です。
C1 adjective /ɪˈræʃənəl/

irrational

非合理的
Meaning
not logical or reasonable; lacking clear thought
Example
His fear of the dark was completely irrational.
彼の暗闇への恐れは完全に非合理的でした。
C1 adjective /əˈdɒptɪv/

adoptive

養子の
Meaning
relating to the adoption of a child or the act of taking something as one’s own
Example
She grew up in a loving adoptive family.
彼女は愛情深い養子の家族で育った。
C1 adjective /ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/

autocratic

独裁的
Meaning
Relating to a ruler who has absolute power and does not consult others.
Example
The manager’s autocratic style discouraged employees from sharing their ideas.
マネージャーの独裁的なスタイルは、従業員が自分の考えを共有することを思いとどまらせました。
C1 noun kənˈfɔː.mə.ti

conformity

順応、適合、従順
Meaning
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws. Behavior in accordance with socially accepted conventions.
Example
Strict conformity to the rules ensures order in society.
規則の厳格な順守は社会の秩序を保証します。
C1 adjective /ˈsʌn.dri/

sundry

雑多な
Meaning
Various or miscellaneous.
Example
The shop sells fruits, clothes, and sundry items.
その店は果物、衣類、そして雑多な商品を販売しています。
C1 verb /ɪmˈbrɔɪl/

embroil

巻き込む
Meaning
to involve someone deeply in a conflict, argument, or difficult situation
Example
The politician was embroiled in a major corruption scandal.
その政治家は大規模な汚職スキャンダルに巻き込まれました。
C1 noun /əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃən/

assassination

暗殺
Meaning
The act of killing someone important, often for political or ideological reasons.
Example
The assassination of the president shocked the nation.
大統領の暗殺は国全体を驚かせた。
C1 verb /əˈskraɪb/

ascribe

帰属する、割り当てる
Meaning
To attribute something to a cause, source, or person.
Example
Many scholars ascribe the poem to an unknown author.
多くの学者はこの詩を未知の作者に帰属させている。
C1 noun /ænˈθɒlədʒi/

anthology

アンソロジー
Meaning
A collection of literary works, such as poems, short stories, or essays, compiled into one volume.
Example
She contributed a poem to the new poetry anthology.
彼女は新しい詩のアンソロジーに詩を寄稿した。
C1 adjective /ˌɛnɪɡˈmætɪk/

enigmatic

謎めいた
Meaning
mysterious and difficult to interpret or understand
Example
He gave me an enigmatic smile.
彼は私に謎めいた笑顔を見せた。
C1 noun /ˈsɛntɪnəl/

sentinel

衛兵
Meaning
A soldier or guard whose job is to stand and keep watch.
Example
A sentinel stood at the entrance of the camp.
一人の衛兵がキャンプの入り口に立っていた。
C1 noun /ˌdaɪəˈrɑːmə/

diorama

ジオラマ
Meaning
a three-dimensional model representing a scene, often with miniature figures
Example
The museum displayed a diorama of an ancient village.
博物館に古代の村のジオラマが展示されていました。
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

光合成効率
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
光合成効率を改善すると、作物の収量を増やすことができます。
C1 adjective /ˈnjuː.ɑːnst/

nuanced

微妙な
Meaning
Characterized by subtle shades of meaning or expression; having fine gradations of meaning, tone, or feeling.
Example
His analysis of the novel was highly nuanced.
彼の小説の分析は非常に微妙でした。
C1 noun /ˈæd.vənt/

advent

到来
Meaning
The arrival of a notable person, thing, or event.
Example
The advent of the internet changed the way people communicate.
インターネットの到来は人々のコミュニケーション方法を変えました。
C1 noun /ɡʌl/

Gull

カモメ
Meaning
a seabird with webbed feet, long wings, and usually white and gray feathers
Example
The gull swooped down to grab the fish from the water.
カモメは水から魚をつかむために急降下した。
C1 noun /ˈkæmi.oʊ/

cameo

カメオ
Meaning
a small but significant role in a play, film, or show, often performed by a well-known person
Example
The actor made a surprise cameo in the movie.
その俳優は映画でサプライズのカメオを果たした。
C1 noun /ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i ˈbreɪk.θruː/

revolutionary breakthrough

革命的な発見
Meaning
A sudden, dramatic, and important discovery or development that changes everything.
Example
Robotic surgery is a revolutionary breakthrough in healthcare.
ロボット手術は医療分野での革命的な発見です。
C1 noun ˈoʊʃən əˌsɪdɪfɪˈkeɪʃən

ocean acidification

海洋酸性化
Meaning
The ongoing decrease in the pH of the Earth's oceans, caused by the absorption of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Example
Ocean acidification is caused by atmospheric CO2 absorption.
海洋酸性化は、大気中のCO2の吸収によって引き起こされます。
C1 adjective ˈɪn.tər.ɪm

interim

暫定的
Meaning
In or for the intervening period; provisional or temporary.
Example
Interim governments manage transitional phases.
暫定政府は移行段階を管理します。
C1 noun /ɪnˈsæn.ə.ti/

Insanity

狂気; 精神疾患
Meaning
the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme foolishness or irrationality
Example
The defense lawyer argued that his client was not guilty by reason of insanity.
弁護人は、被告人が狂気によって無罪であると主張した。
C1 verb /lʊər/

lure

誘惑する
Meaning
to attract or tempt someone, often by offering something appealing
Example
The advertisement lured customers with promises of discounts.
広告は割引の約束で顧客を引き寄せました。
C1 noun /ˌɪnfɪˈdɛləti/

infidelity

不倫
Meaning
the act of being unfaithful to a spouse or partner
Example
Their marriage ended due to his infidelity.
彼らの結婚は彼の不倫が原因で終わった。
C1 verb /səbˈsaɪd/

subside

収束する
Meaning
to become less intense, violent, or severe; to sink or fall to a lower level
Example
After the storm, the floodwaters began to subside.
嵐の後、洪水は収束し始めました。
C1 noun /ˈprɒk.tər/

proctor

試験監督者
Meaning
a person who supervises students during an examination
Example
The proctor reminded students to keep their phones switched off.
試験監督者は学生に携帯電話を切るように注意しました。
C1 noun /ˈvaɪəˌleɪtər/

violator

違反者
Meaning
A person who breaks or disregards a law, rule, or agreement.
Example
The police caught the traffic violator at the intersection.
警察は交差点で交通違反者を捕まえました。
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrtɪnənt/

pertinent

関連する
Meaning
Relevant or applicable to a particular matter.
Example
She asked a pertinent question during the meeting.
彼女は会議中に関連する質問をしました。
C1 verb /proʊˈtruːd/

protrude

突き出る
Meaning
To stick out or extend beyond a surface.
Example
A nail was protruding from the wooden board.
釘が木の板から突き出していた。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

不随意
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
彼は大きな音を聞いたとき、不随意に震えた。
C1 noun /ɡəˈrɪlə/

guerrilla

Meaning
a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger forces
Example
The guerrilla fighters used ambushes to attack enemy positions.
C1 adjective /ˌiːvænˈdʒɛlɪkəl/

evangelical

福音主義
Meaning
Relating to the Christian gospel, especially the teachings that emphasize personal faith and the authority of the Bible.
Example
She grew up in an evangelical church community.
彼女は福音主義の教会コミュニティで育ちました。
C1 noun /ˈstəʊ.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/

stoicism

ストイック主義
Meaning
The endurance of pain or hardship without the display of feelings and without complaint.
Example
His stoicism during hardship was admirable.
困難な時に彼のストイック主義は賞賛に値した。
C1 noun /brɛdθ/

breadth

幅
Meaning
The distance or measurement from side to side; width; a wide range.
Example
The breadth of his knowledge impressed everyone.
彼の知識の幅は皆に感銘を与えました。
C1 noun ɪnˈdʌldʒəns

indulgence

嗜好
Meaning
The practice of allowing oneself to enjoy the pleasure of something.
Example
His indulgence in junk food affected his health.
彼のジャンクフードへの過度の嗜好は健康を害した。
C1 adjective /ˈfeɪl.seɪf/

fail-safe

故障防止
Meaning
designed to prevent failure or accidents; guaranteed to work correctly
Example
The engineers installed a fail-safe mechanism in the nuclear plant.
エンジニアは原子力発電所に故障防止メカニズムを設置しました。
C1 verb /səˈplænt/

supplant

取って代わる
Meaning
To take the place of something or someone, often by force or strategy.
Example
Digital platforms have supplanted traditional newspapers.
デジタルプラットフォームは伝統的な新聞を取って代わった。
C1 adjective /ˈstʌm.pi/

Stumpy

短くて太い
Meaning
short and thick; having a short, thick appearance
Example
The stumpy little dog wagged its tail enthusiastically.
その短くて太い小さな犬は、興奮して尾を振っていました。
C1 adjective /ˈstɛr.aɪl/

sterile

無菌
Meaning
Free from bacteria or other living microorganisms; incapable of producing offspring.
Example
The surgeon worked in a sterile environment to avoid infection.
外科医は感染を防ぐために無菌環境で働いた。
C1 noun /krʌks/

crux

核心
Meaning
the most important or decisive point of an issue
Example
The crux of the problem lies in poor communication.
問題の核心はコミュニケーション不足にあります。
C1 noun ɪkˌstræp.əˈleɪ.ʃən

extrapolation

外挿
Meaning
The action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue.
Example
His extrapolation of market trends helped in financial planning.
市場動向の彼の外挿は、財務計画に役立ちました。
C1 adjective /ˈkæn.dɪd/

Candid

率直な; 正直な; 直言
Meaning
truthful and straightforward; frank and honest in expression
Example
I appreciate your candid opinion about the project.
プロジェクトに関するあなたの率直な意見に感謝します。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnkɒnstɪˈtuːʃənəl/

Unconstitutional

違憲の
Meaning
not in accordance with a political constitution; violating constitutional principles
Example
The court declared the new law unconstitutional.
裁判所は新しい法律が違憲であると宣言しました。
C1 noun /ˈɛskəpeɪd/

escapade

冒険
Meaning
an adventurous, exciting, or reckless act
Example
Their summer escapade included camping and mountain climbing.
彼らの夏の冒険にはキャンプと山登りが含まれていました。
C1 adjective /ˈdʒeɪ.dɪd/

jaded

疲れた, 無関心
Meaning
Tired, bored, or lacking enthusiasm, typically after having had too much of something.
Example
After years of traveling, she felt jaded by the constant movement.
何年もの旅行の後、彼女は絶え間ない移動に疲れを感じた。
C1 noun /ˌæɡ.rəˈveɪ.ʃən/

aggravation

悪化, 増悪
Meaning
The act of making a situation worse or the state of being worsened.
Example
The delay caused great aggravation for the passengers.
遅延は乗客に大きな不快感を引き起こしました。
C1 adjective /kweɪnt/

quaint

古風で魅力的な
Meaning
attractively unusual or old-fashioned
Example
They stayed in a quaint little cottage by the sea.
彼らは海の近くの趣のある小さな小屋に泊まりました。
C1 adjective ˈmær.ɪ.taɪm

Maritime

海事の
Meaning
Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.
Example
Maritime trade enhances the economy.
海上貿易は経済を促進する。
C1 noun prəˈpʌl.ʃən

propulsion

推進力
Meaning
The action of driving or pushing forward.
Example
Jet engines provide propulsion for aircraft to travel long distances.
ジェットエンジンは航空機に長距離を移動させるための推進力を提供します。
C1 adverb /ˌɪn.dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.nət.li/

Indiscriminately

無差別に
Meaning
without making careful distinctions; randomly; without discrimination
Example
The company fired employees indiscriminately without considering their performance.
会社は従業員を彼らのパフォーマンスを考慮せずに無差別に解雇しました。
C1 noun /ˈtɛstəmənt/

testament

遺言 / 証拠
Meaning
a person's will; or strong evidence of something
Example
His success is a testament to his hard work and dedication.
彼の成功は彼の努力と献身の証です。
C1 noun /ˈfoʊk.lɔːr/

folk-lore

民間伝承
Meaning
The traditional beliefs, customs, stories, songs, and practices of a community, passed down through generations.
Example
Bangladeshi folk-lore is rich with myths and legends.
日本の民間伝承は神話や伝説で豊かです。
C1 noun/adjective /ˈbaɪ.ɡɒn/

bygone

過ぎ去った
Meaning
Something belonging to an earlier time; past and no longer existing.
Example
He often talks about the traditions of bygone days.
彼はよく過去の日々の伝統について話します。
C1 noun /kwɔːrˈtɛt/

quartet

カルテット
Meaning
A group of four people playing music or singing together.
Example
The string quartet performed beautifully at the concert.
弦楽四重奏団はコンサートで素晴らしい演奏をしました。
C1 adjective, verb (past tense/participle of mire) /ˈmaɪərd/

mired

困難な状況に巻き込まれる
Meaning
Trapped or entangled in something, typically a difficult situation.
Example
The politician was mired in scandal.
その政治家はスキャンダルに巻き込まれていた。
C1 noun /rɪˈpɑːzɪtɔːri/

repository

リポジトリ
Meaning
a place where things are stored or kept for safekeeping
Example
The library serves as a repository of knowledge.
図書館は知識のリポジトリとして機能します。
C1 verb /ɪnˈsjuː/

ensue

結果として起こる
Meaning
to happen as a result or consequence
Example
After the argument, silence ensued.
議論の後、沈黙が続いた。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/

instinctive

本能的, 自然な, 自動的
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
彼の本能的な反応は彼の命を救った。
C1 noun flɛər

flair

才能
Meaning
A natural ability to do something well.
Example
She has a flair for design, always creating visually stunning work.
彼女はデザインに才能があり、常に視覚的に印象的な作品を作り出します。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtɛnəbl/

untenable

維持できない
Meaning
not able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection
Example
The politician resigned when his position became untenable.
政治家は彼の立場が維持できなくなったときに辞職しました。
C1 verb /ˈmɜːrmər/

murmur

つぶやく
Meaning
To say something in a low, soft, or indistinct voice.
Example
She murmured a prayer before going to sleep.
彼女は寝る前に祈りをささやきました。
C1 noun (plural) /ˈɪndɪˌsiːz/

indices

インデックス
Meaning
plural form of index; statistical measures or reference points used for comparison
Example
Stock market indices fell sharply after the announcement.
発表後、株式市場のインデックスは急落しました。
C1 verb /ˈmedɪkeɪt/

medicate

薬を与える
Meaning
to treat with medicine; to give drugs to someone for medical purposes
Example
The doctor will medicate the patient to reduce inflammation.
医師は患者に炎症を減らすために薬を処方します。
C1 verb /dɪˈzɪst/

desist

Meaning
to stop doing something, especially an action considered wrong or undesirable
Example
The judge ordered the company to desist from unfair practices.
C1 adjective /ˈraʊzɪŋ/

rousing

興奮させる
Meaning
Exciting, inspiring, or stirring.
Example
The speaker delivered a rousing speech that moved the audience.
スピーカーは聴衆を感動させる興奮させるスピーチをしました。
C1 noun əˈtrɒs.ɪ.tiz

atrocities

残虐行為
Meaning
Extremely wicked or cruel acts, typically involving physical violence or injury.
Example
The atrocities shocked the international community.
その残虐行為は国際社会を震撼させた。
C1 adjective /ˈmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl/

Marginal

周辺の; 最小の; わずかな
Meaning
relating to or situated at the edge; minimal; slight
Example
The marginal improvement in sales was barely noticeable.
売上のわずかな改善はほとんど気づかれませんでした。
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈtɜːrmɪn/

predetermine

予め決定する
Meaning
to establish or decide something in advance
Example
The outcome of the match seemed predetermined.
試合の結果は予め決められていたようだった。
C1 noun /hjuːˈmɪl.ɪ.ti/

humility

Meaning
The quality of having a modest or low view of one's importance.
Example
She accepted the award with grace and humility.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrmfʊl/

armful

腕いっぱい
Meaning
As much as can be carried in one or both arms.
Example
She carried an armful of books into the library.
彼女は図書館に腕いっぱいの本を持っていった。
C1 adjective /oʊˈbiːs/

obese

肥満
Meaning
Extremely overweight; having an excessive amount of body fat.
Example
The doctor advised the obese patient to adopt a healthier lifestyle.
医者は肥満患者に健康的な生活様式を採用するように勧めました。
C1 noun /ˈpʊlpɪt/

pulpit

説教台
Meaning
a raised platform in a church from which the preacher delivers a sermon
Example
The pastor stood at the pulpit to address the congregation.
牧師は説教台の前に立って、会衆に向かって話した。
C1 verb /ˌriːəˈdʒʌst/

readjust

再調整
Meaning
To change or move something again in order to achieve a better fit, condition, or balance.
Example
He readjusted the chair to make it more comfortable.
彼は椅子をもっと快適にするために再調整しました。
C1 noun, verb /ˈtætər/

tatter

Meaning
A torn piece of cloth or clothing; to become ragged or torn.
Example
The old flag hung in tatters after the storm.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrdər/

ardor

情熱、熱意
Meaning
Great enthusiasm or passion.
Example
She spoke with ardor about her new project.
彼女は新しいプロジェクトについて情熱をもって話していました。
C1 noun /ˈwɪmzi/

whimsy

奇抜さ
Meaning
playful or fanciful behavior or humor
Example
Her stories were full of whimsy and imagination.
彼女の話は奇抜さと想像力にあふれていました。
C1 noun /hɑːrp/

Harp

ハープ
Meaning
a large triangular musical instrument with strings that are plucked
Example
The angel played a beautiful melody on the harp.
天使はハープで美しいメロディーを奏でました。
C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

非効率
Meaning
The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
Example
Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.
政府の非効率性がプロジェクトの完了を遅らせる。
C1 adjective /ˈrɪkɪti/

rickety

ぐらつく
Meaning
Poorly made and likely to collapse; shaky.
Example
They crossed a rickety wooden bridge over the river.
彼らは川を越える不安定な木製の橋を渡りました。
C1 verb /tiːm/

teem

溢れる
Meaning
to be full of or swarming with
Example
The forest teems with wildlife.
森は動物で溢れている。
C1 verb /ˈhaɪbərˌneɪt/

hibernate

冬眠する
Meaning
To spend the winter in a dormant state, as some animals do.
Example
Bears hibernate in caves during the winter.
クマは冬に洞窟で冬眠します。
C1 adjective /ɑːrˈkeɪɪk/

archaic

Meaning
very old or old-fashioned; belonging to an earlier time
Example
Some laws are considered archaic and no longer relevant.
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɪkəbl/

despicable

卑劣な
Meaning
Deserving hatred and contempt; vile or shameful.
Example
His despicable actions shocked the entire community.
彼の卑劣な行動はコミュニティ全体を驚かせました。
C1 noun /ˈnoʊmæd/

nomad

ノマド
Meaning
A person who has no permanent home and moves from place to place.
Example
The desert was once home to nomads who lived by herding animals.
砂漠はかつて動物を飼うことで生きていたノマドの家だった。
C1 noun /ɡəˈzet/

Gazette

公報
Meaning
an official journal or newspaper, especially one published by an organization or government
Example
The promotion was officially announced in the government gazette last week.
昇進は先週、政府の公報で正式に発表されました。
C1 adjective kəʊˈhiː.sɪv

cohesive

結束力のある
Meaning
Characterized by or causing cohesion; forming a united whole.
Example
The team displayed a cohesive strategy.
チームは一体感のある戦略を示しました。
C1 noun /bɪz/

Biz

ビジネス
Meaning
business (informal); commercial enterprise or activity
Example
He's been in the restaurant biz for twenty years.
彼は20年間、レストランのビジネスをしてきました。
C1 verb /ˈstɪɡmətaɪz/

stigmatize

スティグマタイズする
Meaning
to describe or regard someone as worthy of disgrace or disapproval
Example
People with certain illnesses are often unfairly stigmatized.
特定の病気の人々はしばしば不当な方法でスティグマタイズされる。
C1 noun /ˈdræm.ə.tɪst/

dramatist

劇作家
Meaning
a person who writes plays
Example
Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists in history.
シェイクスピアは歴史上最も偉大な劇作家の一人です。
C1 verb, noun /ˈflʌstər/

fluster

困惑させる
Meaning
to make someone agitated or confused
Example
The unexpected question flustered him.
予期しない質問が彼を困惑させた。
C1 adjective /miːk/

Meek

おとなしくて従順; 謙虚; 忍耐強い
Meaning
gentle and submissive; humble; patient
Example
Despite his power, he remained meek and humble.
力があっても、彼は謙虚で優しいままでした。
C1 noun /beɪl/

bale

束
Meaning
A large bundle of goods tightly wrapped and bound.
Example
The workers loaded the bale of cotton onto the truck.
作業員は綿の束をトラックに積み込んだ。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkuːθ/

uncouth

無作法
Meaning
Lacking good manners, refinement, or grace; awkward or rough.
Example
His uncouth behavior shocked the guests at the party.
彼の無作法な行動はパーティーのゲストを驚かせました。
C1 adjective /ˈhær.oʊ.ɪŋ/

harrowing

恐ろしいと苦しみを伴う
Meaning
extremely distressing or upsetting
Example
It was a harrowing experience to witness the accident.
事故を目撃することは恐ろしい経験だった。
C1 verb /əˈbaʊnd/

abound

豊富にある
Meaning
To exist in large numbers or amounts.
Example
Opportunities abound in the field of technology.
テクノロジーの分野では機会が豊富にあります。
C1 noun /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

deprivation

剥奪, 欠乏, 不足
Meaning
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.
Example
Sleep deprivation affects cognitive function.
睡眠不足は認知機能に影響を与えます。
C1 noun /ˈrɛt.ər.ɪk/

rhetoric

効果的または説得力のある話し方または書き方の技術
Meaning
The art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; skillful use of language to influence others.
Example
Political leaders often use rhetoric to influence people.
政治指導者たちはしばしば人々に影響を与えるためにレトリックを使います。
C1 adjective /ˈkɒn.ɪ.fər.əs/

coniferous

針葉樹に関連する
Meaning
Relating to cone-bearing trees that usually have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round.
Example
Pine trees are coniferous and grow in colder climates.
松の木は針葉樹で、寒冷な気候で育ちます。
C1 verb /vaʊtʃ/

vouch

保証する
Meaning
to confirm or assert the truth or reliability of something
Example
I can vouch for his honesty.
彼の誠実さを保証できます。
C1 noun /pʌn/

pun

言葉遊び
Meaning
A humorous use of words that suggests different meanings or words that sound alike.
Example
He made a clever pun about the bakery's bread rising.
彼はベーカリーでパンが膨らんでいることについて巧妙な言葉遊びをしました。