yen
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C1 noun /jɛn/

yen

欲望
Meaning
A deep, strong desire or craving.
Example
She felt a strong yen to travel the world.
彼女は世界を旅したいという強い欲望を感じた。
C1 adjective /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained

制約された、無理に作られた
Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
彼は気まずい会議で強制的な笑顔を見せた。
C1 adverb /ˌðeərəˈpɒn/

Thereupon

その後すぐに;
Meaning
immediately after that; following that event
Example
He finished his speech and thereupon left the stage.
彼はスピーチを終え、その後すぐにステージを離れました。
C1 noun /rɪˈvʌlʃən/

revulsion

嫌悪
Meaning
a strong feeling of disgust or repulsion
Example
She felt revulsion at the sight of the cruel act.
彼女はその残酷な行為を見て嫌悪感を覚えた。
C1 adjective /priːˈɛmɪnənt/

preeminent

卓越した
Meaning
Surpassing all others; very distinguished in some way.
Example
She is a preeminent scientist in the field of genetics.
彼女は遺伝学の分野で卓越した科学者です。
C1 verb /ˈɛkˌsaɪz/

excise

切除する
Meaning
to cut out or remove completely, often by surgery
Example
The surgeon excised the tumor successfully.
外科医は腫瘍を成功裏に切除しました。
C1 noun /fɔːrˈmæl.ə.ti/

Formality

形式
Meaning
the rigid observance of rules of convention or etiquette; a thing done simply to comply with requirements
Example
The signing of the contract was just a formality; the deal was already agreed upon.
契約書にサインすることは単なる形式でした。契約はすでに合意されていました。
C1 noun /fəˈsɑːd/

facade

ファサード
Meaning
The front of a building; a false or superficial appearance
Example
The building's glass facade reflected the sunset.
建物のガラスのファサードは日没を反映していた。
C1 adjective /sɔɪld/

soiled

汚れた
Meaning
dirty or stained; not clean
Example
His clothes were soiled after playing in the mud.
泥遊びをした後、彼の服は汚れていた。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛtʃ.u.əs/

impetuous

衝動的な
Meaning
Acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.
Example
His impetuous decision led to unexpected consequences.
彼の衝動的な決断は予想外の結果を招いた。
C1 noun /ˈvaɪ.pər/

Viper

マムシ
Meaning
a venomous snake with large hinged fangs that typically has a thick body and gives birth to live young
Example
The viper coiled up when it sensed danger.
ヴァイパーは危険を感じると巻きつきます。
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səˈbɔːr.dɪ.nət/

insubordinate

命令不服従
Meaning
Defiant of authority; disobedient to orders.
Example
The insubordinate employee refused to follow the manager's instructions.
命令不服従の従業員は、マネージャーの指示に従うことを拒否した。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl/

unsociable

非社交的な
Meaning
not enjoying the company of others; avoiding social interaction
Example
He became unsociable after moving to a new city.
新しい街に引っ越してから、彼は非社交的になった。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt/

indulgent

寛容な
Meaning
Having a tendency to be overly generous or lenient with someone.
Example
The indulgent mother allowed her child to stay up late.
寛容な母は子供を遅くまで起きていることを許しました。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛn.ɪ.trə.bəl/

impenetrable

Meaning
Impossible to pass through or enter; impossible to understand.
Example
The dense forest was nearly impenetrable.
C1 adjective /ˌəʊ.vərˈɑː.tʃɪŋ/

overarching

全体的な, 包括的な, 包み込む
Meaning
Comprehensive or all-embracing; forming an arch over something.
Example
The overarching theme of the book is human resilience.
その本の大きなテーマは人間の回復力です。
C1 adjective /rɪˈpjuː.t̬ɪd/

Reputed

評判の良い; 有名な
Meaning
generally said or believed to be; having a particular reputation
Example
He is reputed to be one of the best doctors in the country.
彼はその国で最高の医者の一人と見なされています。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːm/

infirm

虚弱
Meaning
Weak, especially due to old age or illness.
Example
The infirm old man needed assistance to walk.
その虚弱な老人は歩くために助けが必要でした。
C1 noun vaɪˈtæləti

vitality

活力, エネルギー
Meaning
The state of being strong and active; energy.
Example
The vitality of the team helped them succeed in the competition.
チームの活力は、競技で成功を収める手助けとなった。
C1 adjective ˌɡæs.troʊ.ɪnˈtes.tɪ.nəl

gastrointestinal

胃腸の
Meaning
Relating to the stomach and intestines.
Example
Spicy food can cause gastrointestinal issues.
辛い食べ物は胃腸に問題を引き起こすことがあります。
C1 noun /sɪr/

seer

予言者
Meaning
A person who is supposed to be able to see what will happen in the future; a prophet.
Example
The seer predicted a great change in the kingdom.
予言者は王国の大きな変化を予測しました。
C1 noun, verb /klɒt/

clot

血栓
Meaning
a thick mass of coagulated liquid, especially blood; to form such a mass.
Example
The doctor removed a blood clot from the patient.
医者は患者から血栓を取り除きました。
C1 verb /prɪˈdɒmɪneɪt/

predominate

支配する
Meaning
To be the strongest, most common, or most influential element.
Example
Traditional values still predominate in the community.
伝統的な価値観はコミュニティ内で依然として支配的です。
C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

鋭い
Meaning
Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.
Example
His incisive comments revealed the core issues.
彼の鋭いコメントは核心的な問題を明らかにしました。
C1 noun ˌmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

marginalization

周縁化
Meaning
The treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.
Example
Economic policies should address the marginalization of the poor.
経済政策は貧困層の周縁化に対処すべきです。
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈɡɒrɪkəl/

categorical

カテゴリー的
Meaning
Absolute and without exception; expressed clearly and directly.
Example
She gave a categorical denial of the allegations.
彼女はその告発に対してカテゴリー的な否定をした。
C1 verb /ˈdaʊn.pleɪ/

downplay

軽視する
Meaning
to make something seem less important than it really is
Example
The company tried to downplay the risks of the new product.
会社は新しい製品のリスクを軽視しようとしました。
C1 noun /ˌɪm.pəˈzɪʃ.ən/

Imposition

課税; 負担; 不公平な要求
Meaning
the action or process of imposing something or of being imposed; an unfair burden or demand
Example
The imposition of new taxes without consultation angered the citizens greatly.
相談なしに新しい税金が課され、市民は非常に怒りました。
C1 noun /ˈtʌɡboʊt/

tugboat

タグボート
Meaning
a small, powerful boat used for towing or pushing ships
Example
The tugboat guided the massive ship safely into the harbor.
タグボートは巨大な船を安全に港に案内しました。
C1 adjective ɪˈveɪ.sɪv

evasive

回避的な, 狡猾な, 曖昧な
Meaning
Tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation, especially by responding only indirectly.
Example
He gave an evasive answer to avoid trouble.
彼は問題を避けるために回避的な答えをしました。
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪ.li/

Scaly

鱗状の
Meaning
covered with scales; having a rough surface like scales
Example
The fish has scaly skin.
その魚はうろこ状の皮膚を持っています。
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

地域の調和
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
地域の調和を維持するには、相互の尊重と理解が必要です。
C1 noun /bəˈbuːn/

Baboon

バブーン
Meaning
a large African and Arabian primate with a dog-like snout and colorful buttocks
Example
The baboon troop gathered around the watering hole in the savanna.
バブーンの群れはサバンナの水場の周りに集まりました。
C1 adjective /ˈsɜːrvɪsəbl/

serviceable

使用可能
Meaning
fit for use; usable; in working order
Example
The old bicycle is still serviceable despite its age.
その古い自転車は年齢に関係なく、まだ使用可能です。
C1 verb /pərˈteɪn/

pertain

関係する
Meaning
to relate or have reference to something
Example
The rules pertain to all students in the school.
その規則は学校のすべての生徒に関係しています。
C1 noun /prɪˈdɒmɪnəns/

predominance

優越性
Meaning
The state of being greater in number, strength, or importance.
Example
The predominance of online shopping has changed retail forever.
オンラインショッピングの優越性が小売業を永遠に変えました。
C1 verb /kriːk/

creak

高い音できしむ音を立てる
Meaning
to make a high-pitched, squeaking noise when moved
Example
The old door creaked as she opened it.
古いドアは彼女が開けるときにきしんだ。
C1 adverb /ˈɡeɪ.li/

Gaily

陽気に; 楽しげに
Meaning
in a cheerful and lively manner
Example
The children danced gaily at the festival.
子供たちはお祭りで陽気に踊りました。
C1 verb /ˌriːɪmˈbɜːrs/

reimburse

払い戻す
Meaning
to pay back money to someone who has spent it or lost it
Example
The company reimbursed him for travel expenses.
会社は彼に旅行費用を払い戻しました。
C1 adjective /bəˈzɜːrk/

berserk

狂気
Meaning
Out of control with anger or excitement; wild or frenzied.
Example
The fans went berserk when their team won the championship.
ファンはチームが優勝したとき、狂気になった。
C1 noun /ˌkɒnfɪˈdɑːnt/

confidante

信頼できる友人
Meaning
A woman with whom one shares a secret or private matter, trusting her not to repeat it.
Example
The queen’s maid became her most trusted confidante.
女王の侍女は最も信頼された友人になった。
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl̩ ˈkɒmpɪtənsi

indispensable competency

不可欠な能力
Meaning
Essential skill or ability that cannot be done without; a crucial capability that is absolutely necessary.
Example
Digital literacy is an indispensable competency in the 21st century.
デジタルリテラシーは21世紀のインディスペンセブルなコンピテンスです。
C1 adjective /ˈhiːdləs/

heedless

無頓着
Meaning
showing a reckless lack of care or attention
Example
He drove with heedless disregard for the rules.
彼はルールを無視して運転した。
C1 verb /raɪð/

writhe

身をよじる
Meaning
To twist or squirm in pain or discomfort.
Example
He writhed in pain after twisting his ankle.
彼は足首を捻った後、痛みで身をよじっていた。
C1 adjective /ˈnæs.ənt/

nascent

発展途上の
Meaning
Emerging, developing, or in the early stages of formation
Example
The nascent technology is revolutionizing industries.
発展途上の技術が産業を革新しています。
C1 noun /ɪnˈsæn.ə.ti/

Insanity

狂気; 精神疾患
Meaning
the state of being seriously mentally ill; extreme foolishness or irrationality
Example
The defense lawyer argued that his client was not guilty by reason of insanity.
弁護人は、被告人が狂気によって無罪であると主張した。
C1 noun /ˈkɒmən kɑːp/

Common Carp

コイ
Meaning
A large freshwater fish widely cultivated for food
Example
Common carp is an important fish in aquaculture.
コイは養殖業で重要な魚です。
C1 noun /rɪˈmɪʃən/

remission

Meaning
A temporary or permanent decrease or disappearance of disease symptoms; forgiveness of sins or debts.
Example
The patient’s cancer is in remission after the treatment.
C1 verb ɪmˈbjuː

Imbue

誰かの心にアイデアや感情を深く浸透させる
Meaning
Mixing some idea or feeling deeply into someone's mind
Example
The teacher tried to imbue students with a love for learning.
教師は学生に学びへの愛を伝えようとした。
C1 adjective /əˈlʊr.ɪŋ/

Alluring

魅力的で誘惑的; 魅力的な
Meaning
attractive and tempting; fascinating
Example
The alluring fragrance of roses filled the garden.
バラの魅力的な香りが庭を満たしました。
C1 adjective /ˈnɒnʃələnt/

nonchalant

Meaning
Appearing calm, casual, and unconcerned.
Example
He gave a nonchalant shrug and walked away.
C1 noun /kriːd/

creed

信条, 原則
Meaning
A system of religious or spiritual beliefs or a guiding principle.
Example
Freedom of speech is part of his personal creed.
言論の自由は彼の個人的な信条の一部です。
C1 adjective /ˈfɪɡərətɪv/

figurative

比喩的
Meaning
not literal; using figures of speech or symbolic representation
Example
She used figurative language to describe her feelings.
彼女は感情を表現するために比喩的な言葉を使いました。
C1 noun /mæɡˈnɪfɪsəns/

magnificence

壮麗
Meaning
splendor, grandeur, or impressive beauty
Example
The magnificence of the palace left everyone speechless.
宮殿の壮麗さに誰もが言葉を失った。
C1 noun ˌpriː.dɪs.pəˈzɪʃ.ən

predisposition

素因
Meaning
A natural tendency or inclination toward a particular behavior or condition.
Example
Genetic factors can influence a person's predisposition to diseases.
遺伝的要因は、病気に対する人の素因に影響を与える可能性があります。
C1 noun /ˈsuːdənɪm/

pseudonym

筆名
Meaning
a fictitious name used by an author instead of their real name
Example
Mark Twain was the pseudonym of Samuel Clemens.
マーク・トウェインはサミュエル・クレメンスの筆名でした。
C1 noun /ˈsed.ɪ.mənt/

Sediment

堆積物
Meaning
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; particles deposited by water or wind
Example
The river carried sediment downstream during the flood.
川は洪水の間に堆積物を下流へ運んだ。
C1 adjective /trænsˈluːsənt/

translucent

半透明
Meaning
allowing light to pass through, but not clearly enough to see detailed images
Example
She placed the flower in a translucent vase.
彼女は花を半透明の花瓶に入れた。
C1 noun /pərˈveɪər/

purveyor

Meaning
a person or business that supplies goods, services, or information
Example
He is a well-known purveyor of fine wines.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmiːvəl/

primeval

原始的
Meaning
Relating to the earliest ages in history; ancient and primitive.
Example
The explorers ventured into the primeval forest untouched by humans.
探検者たちは、人間によって手つかずの原始的な森に踏み込んだ。
C1 adjective ˌkɑːr.sɪ.nəˈdʒen.ɪk

carcinogenic

発癌性の
Meaning
Having the potential to cause cancer in living tissue.
Example
Processed meat contains carcinogenic compounds.
加工肉には発癌性の化合物が含まれています。
C1 adjective /ˈlɔːf.ti/

Lofty

高い; 崇高な性格; 高貴なスタイル
Meaning
of great height; noble in character; elevated in style
Example
He has lofty ideals about making the world a better place.
彼は世界をより良い場所にするという高い理想を持っています。
C1 adjective ˈtæktɪkəl

tactical

戦術的
Meaning
Relating to or constituting actions carefully planned to gain a specific military or political end.
Example
Tactical thinking is crucial in business negotiations.
戦術的思考はビジネス交渉において重要です。
C1 verb /ˈdʒʌk.stə.poʊz/

juxtapose

異なる二つの物を並べて置く
Meaning
To place two different things close together to show how they are different or similar.
Example
The artist juxtaposed traditional and modern elements in his painting.
アーティストは彼の絵画で伝統的と現代的な要素を並べて置きました。
C1 adverb /ˌmæθəˈmætɪkli/

mathematically

数学的に
Meaning
in a way that relates to mathematics; using numbers, formulas, or logical calculation
Example
The problem can be solved mathematically rather than by guesswork.
その問題は推測ではなく数学的に解決できる。
C1 noun dɪˌlɪb.əˈreɪ.ʃən

deliberation

熟考
Meaning
Long and careful consideration or discussion.
Example
The agreement was finalized after much deliberation.
その合意は多くの熟考の末に最終決定されました。
C1 noun /pərˈkʌʃən/

percussion

打楽器
Meaning
Musical instruments that are played by striking, shaking, or scraping, such as drums or cymbals.
Example
The percussion section added rhythm and energy to the orchestra.
打楽器セクションはオーケストラにリズムとエネルギーを加えました。
C1 adjective /ˈblʌdləs/

bloodless

血のない
Meaning
without bloodshed; lacking violence or vitality
Example
The revolution was surprisingly bloodless.
革命は驚くべきことに血を流さなかった。
C1 verb /ˈrævɪdʒ/

ravage

荒廃させる
Meaning
to cause severe and extensive damage or destruction
Example
The hurricane ravaged the coastal villages.
ハリケーンは沿岸の村を荒廃させた。
C1 adjective /dɪˈfɛnsəbəl/

defensible

守ることができる / 正当化できる
Meaning
Capable of being protected against attack or criticism; justifiable.
Example
Her decision was legally defensible.
彼女の決定は法的に守ることができた。
C1 noun /ˈɡoʊld.smɪθ/

Goldsmith

金細工師
Meaning
a person who makes or repairs articles of gold
Example
The goldsmith crafted a beautiful wedding ring.
金細工師は美しい結婚指輪を作りました。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəˈfɛktɪd/

unaffected

無影響な, 自然な
Meaning
Not influenced or touched by something; genuine and natural.
Example
He remained unaffected by the criticism and kept working hard.
彼は批判に動じることなく、懸命に働き続けました。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛnsəbl/

insensible

無意識
Meaning
Unconscious; unaware of or indifferent to something.
Example
He was insensible to the cold as he lay in the snow.
彼は雪の中で横たわっているとき、寒さに無意識でした。
C1 noun /ˌɛks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/

exhalation

息を吐くこと
Meaning
The action of breathing out.
Example
Slow exhalation calms the nervous system.
ゆっくりした息を吐くことは神経系を落ち着かせます。
C1 adjective /trænˈsen.dənt/

transcendent

通常のまたは単に物理的な人間の経験の範囲を超えている
Meaning
Beyond or above the range of normal or merely physical human experience.
Example
His art has a transcendent quality.
彼の芸術は超越的な品質を持っています。
C1 noun ˈklaɪmət ˌrɛɡjʊˈleɪʃən

climate regulation

気候調整
Meaning
The moderation of climate conditions through natural or artificial processes.
Example
Forests help in climate regulation by stabilizing local temperatures.
森林は地域の温度を安定させることで気候調整に役立ちます。
C1 noun /ˈroʊdənt/

rodent

齧歯類
Meaning
a small mammal such as a mouse, rat, or squirrel, characterized by constantly growing incisors
Example
The farmer set traps to catch the rodents in his barn.
農場主は納屋の中でロデントを捕まえるために罠を設置しました。
C1 adjective /nɪˈɡlɛktfʊl/

neglectful

無関心
Meaning
Failing to give proper care or attention.
Example
The neglectful parent left the child alone for hours.
無関心な親は子供を何時間も一人で放置した。
C1 adjective /ˈɪmpətənt/

impotent

無力
Meaning
Lacking power, ability, or strength to take effective action.
Example
The citizens felt impotent against the corrupt system.
市民は腐敗したシステムに対して無力だと感じた。
C1 adjective /ˈsʌn.dri/

sundry

雑多な
Meaning
Various or miscellaneous.
Example
The shop sells fruits, clothes, and sundry items.
その店は果物、衣類、そして雑多な商品を販売しています。
C1 adjective /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊzd/

predisposed

傾向
Meaning
Likely or inclined to be affected by something in advance.
Example
She is predisposed to trust people easily.
彼女は人々を簡単に信頼する傾向があります。
C1 noun ˌræʃ.ən.əl.ɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

rationalization

合理化
Meaning
The practice of finding reasons for behavior or actions that are not the real reasons.
Example
His rationalization of the mistake was not convincing.
彼の間違いの合理化は説得力がなかった。
C1 adjective ˈser.ɪ.brəl

cerebral

大脳の
Meaning
Of the cerebrum of the brain.
Example
Cerebral functions regulate thoughts.
大脳機能は思考を調整します。
C1 adjective ˈfɔːr.mɪ.də.bəl

formidable

手ごわい
Meaning
Inspiring fear or respect through being impressively large, powerful, intense, or capable.
Example
The boxer was a formidable opponent in the ring.
そのボクサーはリングで手ごわい相手だった。
C1 verb /əˈdʒɔɪn/

adjoin

隣接する
Meaning
To be next to and joined with something.
Example
Their house adjoins the park.
彼らの家は公園に隣接しています。
C1 noun /ˈprɒksi/

proxy

代理人
Meaning
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
Example
She voted by proxy at the meeting.
彼女は会議で代理投票を行った。
C1 noun /pəˈzɛsər/

possessor

所有者
Meaning
A person who owns or holds something.
Example
The possessor of the land built a new house.
土地の所有者は新しい家を建てました。
C1 verb /əˈpɛnd/

append

追加する
Meaning
to add something as an attachment or supplement, usually at the end of a document or list
Example
She decided to append a note to the end of the report.
彼女は報告書の最後にメモを追加することに決めました。
C1 adjective /kənˈtɛmptʃuəs/

contemptuous

軽蔑的, 侮辱的
Meaning
showing or expressing contempt; scornful
Example
She gave him a contemptuous glance.
彼女は彼に軽蔑のまなざしを向けた。
C1 noun /ˌfæb.rɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

fabrication

虚偽の発明
Meaning
The invention of false or misleading information; a lie or falsehood.
Example
The article was full of fabrication and misleading claims.
その記事は虚偽の発明と誤解を招く主張で満ちていました。
C1 verb /ˈlʌmbər/

lumber

重い足取りで歩く
Meaning
to move in a slow, heavy, awkward way
Example
The bear lumbered through the forest in search of food.
クマは食べ物を探して森を重い足取りで歩いた。
C1 noun /wɪsp/

wisp

小さな束や部分
Meaning
A small thin or twisted bunch, piece, or amount of something.
Example
A wisp of smoke rose from the chimney.
煙のウィスプが煙突から上がった。
C1 noun /ˈstaɪpend/

Stipend

奨学金
Meaning
a fixed regular sum paid as a salary or allowance
Example
The research student receives a monthly stipend for living expenses.
研究学生は生活費のために毎月奨学金を受け取ります。
C1 adjective /ˌɒstɛnˈteɪʃəs/

ostentatious

見せびらかしの
Meaning
Characterized by a showy or pretentious display intended to impress others.
Example
He wore an ostentatious gold chain to the party.
彼はパーティーで見せびらかしの金のチェーンをしていました。
C1 adjective ɪn ˈfleɪ.ʃə.ner.i

inflationary

インフレ的
Meaning
Characterized by or tending to cause monetary inflation; relating to rising prices.
Example
The government took measures to control inflationary pressures.
政府はインフレ圧力を制御するために措置を講じた。
C1 verb /dɪsˈpruːv/

disprove

反証する
Meaning
to show that something is false or wrong
Example
The scientist worked hard to disprove the old theory.
科学者は古い理論を反証するために一生懸命働いた。
C1 noun, verb /fɔːrd/

ford

浅瀬
Meaning
A shallow place in a river where one can cross; to cross a river at such a place.
Example
The travelers decided to ford the river at dawn.
旅行者たちは夜明けに川を渡ることに決めました。
C1 noun /ˈprɑːtɪstənt/

protestant

プロテスタント
Meaning
a member of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
Example
Martin Luther was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
マルティン・ルターはプロテスタント改革の鍵となる人物でした。
C1 noun /ˈbjuːɡəl/

Bugle

バグル
Meaning
a brass musical instrument similar to a trumpet but without valves, used especially for military calls
Example
The soldier played the bugle to signal the start of the ceremony.
兵士は式典の開始を合図するためにバグルを吹いた
C1 adjective /kənˈsɛntrɪk/

concentric

同心円の
Meaning
having a common center, as in circles or spheres
Example
The artist drew concentric circles on the canvas.
アーティストはキャンバスに同心円を描きました。
C1 noun /ˈkuːdɒs/

kudos

賛辞
Meaning
Praise and honor received for an achievement.
Example
She received kudos for her excellent performance.
彼女は素晴らしいパフォーマンスで賛辞を受けた。
C1 noun /ˈmænəˌrɪzəm/

Mannerism

癖
Meaning
A habitual gesture or way of speaking or behaving; an idiosyncrasy
Example
His constant throat clearing had become an annoying mannerism.
彼の絶え間ない喉の清掃は迷惑な癖になっていた。
C1 noun /mɔːrˈfɑːlədʒi/

morphology

形態学
Meaning
the study of the form and structure of things, especially in language and biology
Example
Morphology studies the structure of words and how they are formed.
形態学は、単語の構造とその形成方法を研究します。
C1 noun /ˈnoʊ.və/

Nova

新星
Meaning
a star that suddenly increases greatly in brightness
Example
Astronomers discovered a new nova in the constellation.
天文学者たちは星座で新しいノヴァを発見しました。
C1 adjective /ˈmɪnəskjuːl/

minuscule

微細
Meaning
extremely small in size or importance
Example
She made only a minuscule contribution to the project.
彼女はプロジェクトにほんのわずかな貢献をしました。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəkˈnɒlɪdʒd/

unacknowledged

認められない
Meaning
Not recognized, admitted, or accepted; ignored or unnoticed
Example
Her contributions to the project went unacknowledged.
彼女のプロジェクトへの貢献は認められなかった。
C1 noun /teɪnt/

Taint

汚点; マーク; 腐敗または汚染
Meaning
a stain or mark that spoils something; corruption or contamination
Example
The scandal left a permanent taint on his reputation.
スキャンダルは彼の評判に永続的な汚点を残しました。
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/

predispose

予備的にする
Meaning
To make someone more likely to behave in a certain way or be affected by something.
Example
His genetics may predispose him to diabetes.
彼の遺伝子は、彼が糖尿病になる可能性を高めるかもしれません。
C1 noun /ˈaʊtpoʊst/

outpost

前哨基地
Meaning
A small military camp or position at some distance from the main force, used especially as a guard.
Example
The soldiers were stationed at a remote outpost.
兵士たちは遠隔地の前哨基地に配置されました。
C1 verb /ˈnuːtər/

neuter

去勢する
Meaning
To remove the reproductive organs of an animal; or having no gender.
Example
They decided to neuter their cat to prevent more kittens.
彼らは、もっと子猫が生まれないように、猫を去勢することに決めました。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkwes.tʃən.ə.bl̩/

Unquestionable

議論の余地がない; 確実な
Meaning
not able to be disputed or doubted; certain and beyond doubt
Example
Her honesty and integrity are unquestionable qualities.
彼女の誠実さと誠意は議論の余地がない特性です。
C1 verb /sɪˈsiːd/

secede

脱退する
Meaning
To formally withdraw from a political or organizational union.
Example
Several states threatened to secede from the union.
いくつかの州は連邦から脱退すると脅迫した。
C1 adjective /ˈnjuː.tri.ənt dɛns/

nutrient-dense

栄養価が高い
Meaning
Rich in nutrients and high nutritional value.
Example
Organic food is often more nutrient-dense than processed food.
オーガニック食品は、加工食品よりも栄養価が高いことがよくあります。
C1 adjective ˌkaʊntəprəˈdʌktɪv

counterproductive

逆効果
Meaning
Having the opposite of the desired effect; tending to hinder rather than help.
Example
Counterproductive activities often stem from dissatisfaction.
反生産的な活動は、不満から生じることが多いです。
C1 adjective /ɪˈnænɪmət/

inanimate

無生物
Meaning
not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans; lifeless
Example
The museum was full of inanimate objects from ancient times.
博物館には古代の無生物がいっぱいだった。
C1 noun /ˈdɒktrɪn/

doctrine

教義
Meaning
A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a religious, political, or other group.
Example
The church follows a strict doctrine on moral values.
教会は道徳的価値に関する厳格な教義を遵守しています。
C1 adjective /ˈdɒdʒi/

Dodgy

疑わしい; 質が悪い; 信頼できない; 危険なまたはリスクのある
Meaning
suspicious; questionable; unreliable; risky or dangerous
Example
That deal sounds dodgy to me.
その取引は私には疑わしく聞こえます。
C1 noun /ˈtændʒənt/

tangent

Meaning
a straight line or plane that touches a curve or curved surface at a point but does not cross it
Example
The teacher drew a tangent to the circle on the board.
C1 verb /ɪkˈspend/

expend

使う
Meaning
to use up or consume; to spend energy or resources
Example
He expended all his energy on the project.
彼はプロジェクトに全てのエネルギーを費やした。
C1 noun ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

valuation

評価
Meaning
An estimation of the worth of something.
Example
The valuation of the property was much higher than expected.
その不動産の評価は予想よりはるかに高かった。
C1 noun ˈflɔː.rə ænd ˈfɔː.nə

flora and fauna

フローラとファウナ
Meaning
The plants and animals of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
Example
The Galápagos Islands have unique flora and fauna.
ガラパゴス諸島には独特のフローラとファウナがあります。