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B1 noun /prəˈduː.sər/

Producer

プロデューサー
Meaning
a person who supervises the making of a film, play, or broadcast program; someone who creates or manufactures goods
Example
The film producer invested millions in the new movie project.
映画のプロデューサーは新しい映画プロジェクトに何百万ドルも投資しました。
C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.di/

Parody

パロディ
Meaning
an imitation of a particular style for comic effect; a humorous exaggerated copy
Example
The comedy show featured a parody of famous politicians.
そのコメディ番組は有名な政治家のパロディを特集した。
C1 verb /prɒd/

prod

突っつく
Meaning
to poke or push someone or something with a finger, foot, or pointed object
Example
She prodded him in the arm to get his attention.
彼女は彼の腕を突いて注意を引こうとした。
C2 noun /pluːˈtɒkrəsi/

plutocracy

富裕層による支配
Meaning
a system of government where the wealthy hold power
Example
The country was ruled as a plutocracy.
その国はプルトクラシーとして支配されていた。
C1 adjective pərˈnɪʃəs

pernicious

有害な, 致命的な
Meaning
Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.
Example
The pernicious effects of smoking are well-documented.
喫煙の有害な影響は十分に記録されています。
C2 adjective /ˈpjuːtətɪv/

putative

推定の
Meaning
commonly accepted or supposed; generally regarded as such
Example
He is the putative father of the child.
彼は子供の推定父親です。
C2 noun /ˈproʊbɪti/

probity

誠実
Meaning
The quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency.
Example
The judge was admired for his integrity and probity.
その裁判官は、誠実さと正直さで賞賛されました。
B2 adjective /ˈprɒb.ə.bəl/

Probable

可能性がある
Meaning
likely to happen; expected; plausible
Example
It is probable that it will rain tomorrow according to the weather forecast.
天気予報によると、明日は雨が降る可能性が高いです。
B2 noun /ˈprɒs.pekts/

prospects

見通し
Meaning
The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.
Example
The prospects for growth look promising.
成長の見通しは有望に見えます。
C1 verb /ˈprɪkəl/

prickle

Meaning
to cause a slight stinging or tingling sensation on the skin
Example
Her skin began to prickle in the cold wind.
C2 verb /ˈprɛsɪdʒ/

presage

予兆
Meaning
to be a sign or warning that something will happen; to foreshadow
Example
Dark clouds presage a storm.
暗い雲が嵐を予告する。
C2 noun /fɪˈlæt.əl.ɪst/

philatelist

切手収集家
Meaning
a person who collects or studies postage stamps
Example
The philatelist spent years building a rare stamp collection.
そのフィラテリストは、希少な切手コレクションを作るために何年も費やしました。
C2 noun /prɪˈpɒndərəns/

preponderance

優位性
Meaning
The quality or fact of being greater in number, quantity, or importance.
Example
There was a preponderance of evidence against the defendant.
被告に対する証拠の優位性があった。
B2 adjective /poʊˈɛt.ɪk/

poetic

詩的な
Meaning
having qualities of poetry; expressive, beautiful, or imaginative
Example
Her speech had a poetic rhythm that captivated the audience.
彼女のスピーチには、観客を魅了する詩的なリズムがあった。
C2 noun /ˈpjuːdʒɪlɪst/

pugilist

ボクサー
Meaning
A professional or skilled boxer.
Example
The pugilist entered the ring with confidence.
ボクサーは自信を持ってリングに上がった。
A1 noun /ˈpɑːti/

party

パーティー
Meaning
a social gathering of people, typically for entertainment
Example
We had a great time at the birthday party.
私たちは誕生日パーティーで素晴らしい時間を過ごしました。
C2 noun /ˈprɛʃəns/ or /ˈpriːʃəns/

prescience

予知
Meaning
the ability to know or predict what will happen in the future
Example
Her prescience about market trends saved the company.
彼女の市場動向に対する予見は会社を救った。
C2 noun /ˈplɔːdɪt/

plaudit

賞賛
Meaning
an expression of praise or approval
Example
The actor received plaudit for his outstanding performance.
俳優は彼の優れた演技に対して賞賛を受けました。
B2 adjective /ˈpraɪ.ər/

Prior

事前の
Meaning
existing or coming before in time; previous; earlier
Example
You need prior approval before making any changes to the system.
システムに変更を加える前には、事前の承認が必要です。
B1 noun /preɪz/

Praise

賞賛
Meaning
words that show approval or admiration; to express approval or admiration
Example
The teacher gave praise to the students for their hard work.
教師は学生たちの努力を賞賛しました。
C1 verb /ˈpærəlaɪz/

paralyze

麻痺させる
Meaning
to cause someone or something to lose the ability to move or function normally
Example
The sudden shock seemed to paralyze him.
突然の衝撃が彼を麻痺させたようだった。
C2 noun /ˈpɔːrtɛnt/

portent

前兆
Meaning
A sign or warning that something, especially something momentous or calamitous, is likely to happen.
Example
The sudden drop in stock prices was seen as a portent of economic trouble.
株価の急落は、経済的な問題の前兆として見なされました。
C1 noun /pəˈraɪə/

pariah

社会的に追放された人
Meaning
An outcast; someone who is rejected by society or a social group.
Example
After the scandal, he became a social pariah.
スキャンダルの後、彼は社会的なパリアになった。
C2 noun /ˈpæn.θi.ɪ.zəm/

pantheism

汎神論
Meaning
The belief that God and the universe are identical, or that everything is a manifestation of God.
Example
Spinoza’s philosophy is often associated with pantheism.
スピノザの哲学はしばしば汎神論と関連付けられます。
B1 verb /piːl/

peel

皮をむく
Meaning
to remove the outer covering or skin from a fruit or vegetable
Example
She peeled the mango before eating it.
彼女は食べる前にマンゴーの皮をむいた。
C2 verb /ˈpɛkjʊˌleɪt/

peculate

横領する
Meaning
To embezzle or steal money, especially public funds.
Example
The corrupt official was found guilty of peculating government funds.
汚職の役人は政府の資金を横領したとして有罪となった。
C2 adjective /ˈpɛktərəl/

pectoral

胸筋
Meaning
Relating to the chest or breast.
Example
The athlete focused on strengthening his pectoral muscles.
アスリートは自分の胸筋を強化することに集中していました。
B1 noun /pəˈpaɪə/

Papaya

パパイヤ
Meaning
a large orange tropical fruit with sweet orange flesh and black seeds
Example
Papaya is rich in vitamins and very good for health.
パパイヤはビタミンが豊富で、健康に非常に良いです。
C1 noun /ˈpɒ̃ʃɒ̃/

penchant

傾向
Meaning
a strong or habitual liking for something or tendency to do something
Example
She has a penchant for collecting rare books.
彼女は珍しい本を集める傾向がある。
B1 noun ˈpɒdkɑːsts

podcasts

ポッドキャスト
Meaning
A digital audio or video file or recording, usually part of a themed series, that can be downloaded from a website to a media player or computer.
Example
Podcasts are great for improving listening.
ポッドキャストはリスニング力向上に最適です。
C2 verb /priːˈfɪɡjər/

prefigure

前兆を示す
Meaning
to represent, show, or foreshadow something in advance
Example
The economic reforms prefigure major social changes.
経済改革は大きな社会変革を予兆しています。
A1 noun /ˈpæstə/

pasta

パスタ
Meaning
an Italian food made from flour and water, typically shaped into noodles or sheets
Example
We had creamy pasta for dinner last night.
昨晩、私たちはディナーにクリーミーパスタを食べました。
C2 noun, adjective /pəˈtrɪʃən/

patrician

貴族
Meaning
A person of noble rank or high social standing; relating to aristocracy.
Example
The patrician families of Rome wielded great power in politics.
ローマの貴族の家族は政治で大きな力を持っていた。
A2 noun /ˈprɪzən/

prison

刑務所
Meaning
a building where people are kept as punishment for a crime or while waiting for trial
Example
He was sent to prison for his crimes.
彼は犯罪のために刑務所に送られた。
B2 verb /ˈpɛrɪʃ/

perish

死ぬ
Meaning
To die, especially in a sudden or violent way.
Example
Many soldiers perished in the war.
多くの兵士は戦争で死んだ。
C1 noun /ˈpʌntʃ laɪn/

punch line

パンチライン
Meaning
The final part of a joke or story that makes it funny.
Example
Everyone laughed loudly at the punch line of his joke.
みんな彼のジョークのパンチラインで大笑いした。
C2 noun /ˈpɜːrljuː/

purlieu

周辺地域
Meaning
The area near or surrounding a place; an outlying or neighboring district.
Example
They spent the afternoon exploring the purlieus of the ancient city.
彼らは古代都市のパーリューを探索して午後を過ごした。
C2 noun /ˌpɑːrtjʊˈrɪʃən/

parturition

分娩
Meaning
The act of giving birth; childbirth.
Example
The doctor explained the stages of parturition to the students.
医者は学生たちに分娩の段階を説明しました。
C1 verb /ˌpriːdɪˈspoʊz/

predispose

予備的にする
Meaning
To make someone more likely to behave in a certain way or be affected by something.
Example
His genetics may predispose him to diabetes.
彼の遺伝子は、彼が糖尿病になる可能性を高めるかもしれません。
C2 noun /ˈfɪl.ɪ.staɪn/

philistine

文化や芸術に無関心または敵対的な人
Meaning
a person who is indifferent or hostile to culture and the arts
Example
He was criticized as a philistine for dismissing modern art.
彼は現代アートを拒否したことでフィリスティンと批判された。
C2 noun /ˈpɜːrtnəs/

pertness

生意気
Meaning
boldness or forwardness in speech or behavior; sauciness
Example
Her pertness during the meeting surprised everyone.
会議中の彼女の生意気さは、みんなを驚かせた。
B2 noun ˈprɑː.sest fuːdz

processed foods

加工食品
Meaning
Foods that have been altered from their natural state through various methods such as canning, freezing, refrigeration, dehydration and aseptic processing.
Example
Excessive consumption of processed foods leads to health issues.
加工食品の過剰摂取は健康問題を引き起こします。
B1 noun /ˈpɪdʒ.ən/

Pigeon

鳩
Meaning
a grey and white bird with a fat body that is common in cities
Example
The pigeon pecked at breadcrumbs on the sidewalk.
鳩は歩道でパンのクズをついばんでいた。
C2 verb /ˈpɜː.fə.reɪt/

perforate

穴を開ける
Meaning
to make a hole or holes through something
Example
The machine can perforate sheets of paper for easy tearing.
その機械は紙を簡単に引き裂くために穴を開けることができます。
B2 noun /ˌprɒp.əˈɡæn.də/

Propaganda

プロパガンダ; 噂
Meaning
information spread to promote a particular political cause or point of view
Example
The government used propaganda to influence public opinion during the war.
政府は戦争中に世論に影響を与えるためにプロパガンダを使用した。
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

フィランソロピー
Meaning
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
Example
Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.
フィランソロピーは多くの発展途上国で医療を改善するのに役立っています。
B1 adjective /pleɪn/

plain

簡単な
Meaning
simple or clear, without decoration or complexity
Example
She wore a plain white dress to the ceremony.
彼女は式典にシンプルな白いドレスを着ていました。
B1 noun /piː/

Pea

エンドウ豆
Meaning
a small round green seed eaten as a vegetable
Example
The children enjoyed eating sweet peas with dinner.
子供たちはディナーで甘いエンドウ豆を食べるのが好きでした。
C1 noun /ˈpærəbl/

parable

寓話
Meaning
A simple story used to illustrate a moral or spiritual lesson.
Example
Jesus often taught using a parable to convey deeper truths.
イエスはしばしば深い真理を伝えるために寓話を使って教えていました。
C1 verb /pɜːrtʃ/

perch

Meaning
To sit or rest on something high or narrow.
Example
The bird perched on the fence.
C2 noun /ˌpɛkjʊˈleɪʃən/

peculation

横領
Meaning
The act of embezzling or stealing money, especially from public funds.
Example
The minister resigned after being accused of peculation.
大臣は横領の罪で辞任しました。
B2 verb, noun, adjective /prɑːmpt/

prompt

促す / 迅速
Meaning
To cause someone to take action; done without delay.
Example
His speech prompted the audience to ask questions.
彼のスピーチは聴衆に質問を促しました。
C1 noun /ˈpoʊdiətrɪst/

podiatrist

足病医
Meaning
a doctor specializing in foot care
Example
I have an appointment with the podiatrist for my ankle pain.
足首の痛みのためにポディアトリストに予約があります。
B2 noun /ˈplænər/

planner

プランナー
Meaning
a person who makes plans or a book used for organizing schedules and tasks
Example
She uses a daily planner to organize her meetings.
彼女は会議を整理するために毎日のプランナーを使っています。
C2 adjective /prəˈvaɪzəri/

provisory

仮の
Meaning
conditional; depending on certain terms being met
Example
The arrangement was only provisory until the final contract was signed.
その取り決めは、最終契約が署名されるまで仮のものでした。
B2 noun /pərˈsɪstəns/

persistence

粘り強さ
Meaning
the quality of continuing steadily despite problems or difficulties
Example
His persistence finally paid off when he got the job.
彼の粘り強さは最終的に報われ、仕事を得ることができました。
C2 adjective /ˈprɛʃənt/ or /ˈpriːʃənt/

prescient

先見の明がある
Meaning
having or showing knowledge of events before they take place
Example
The prescient investor sold his shares just before the market crashed.
先見の明がある投資家は市場が崩壊する前に株を売却しました。
B2 noun /ˈpɪl.ɡrɪm/

Pilgrim

巡礼者; 旅行者
Meaning
a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons; a traveler
Example
The pilgrim walked for days to reach the holy shrine.
巡礼者は聖なる神殿に到達するために何日も歩きました。
C2 noun /ˈpɑːdreɪ/

padre

神父
Meaning
A title for a priest, especially in the Roman Catholic Church; also used informally for 'father'.
Example
The soldiers attended mass led by the padre.
兵士たちは神父が主催したミサに参加しました。
C1 noun /ˈpriː.tekst/

Pretext

口実
Meaning
a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason
Example
He used illness as a pretext to avoid the meeting.
彼は会議を避けるために病気を口実に使った。
B2 adjective /ˈpæn.ɪ.ki/

Panicky

パニック状態の; 不安と恐怖を示す
Meaning
feeling or showing panic; anxious and fearful
Example
The crowd became panicky when the fire alarm sounded.
火災警報が鳴ると群衆はパニックになった。
C1 noun /ˌpɜːrmjuˈteɪʃən/

permutation

置換
Meaning
An arrangement or reordering of elements, often in mathematics or logic.
Example
The puzzle can be solved by trying all possible permutations of the tiles.
パズルはタイルのすべての可能な置換を試すことで解決できます。
C1 noun /ˈprɒmɪnəns/

prominence

名声
Meaning
The state of being important, famous, or easily noticed.
Example
Her work gained prominence after the award.
彼女の仕事は賞を受けた後、名声を得ました。
B2 adverb /ˈpraɪ.vət.li/

Privately

個人的に; 内密に
Meaning
in a private manner; without others present; confidentially
Example
She spoke to him privately about the matter.
彼女はその問題について彼と個人的に話しました。
A1 noun /pɑːrk/

park

パーク
Meaning
a large public area of land with grass, trees, and paths, where people can walk or relax
Example
The children were playing in the park.
子供たちは公園で遊んでいました。
C1 noun ˌpraɪ.vɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

privatization

民営化
Meaning
The transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.
Example
The privatization of state-owned companies increased efficiency.
国有企業の民営化は効率を高めました。
C1 verb /plɒd/

plod

ゆっくりと働く
Meaning
to work slowly and steadily, often with effort or difficulty
Example
He plodded through his homework despite feeling tired.
疲れていたけど、彼は宿題をゆっくりやっていた。
C2 noun /pɛnˈtæmɪtər/

pentameter

ペンタメーター
Meaning
A line of verse consisting of five metrical feet.
Example
Shakespeare often wrote his plays in iambic pentameter.
シェイクスピアはよくアイアンビック・ペンタメーターで劇を書きました。
B1 noun /'pʌmp.kɪn/

Pumpkin

カボチャ
Meaning
a large round orange fruit with thick skin and edible flesh
Example
We carved a jack-o'-lantern from a big pumpkin.
私たちは大きなカボチャからジャック・オー・ランタンを彫りました。
C1 verb /ˈpleɪdʒəraɪz/

plagiarize

盗作する
Meaning
to take someone else's work or ideas and present them as your own
Example
He was warned not to plagiarize his friend's essay.
彼は友達のエッセイを盗用しないよう警告されました。
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrpɪtreɪtər/

perpetrator

犯人
Meaning
a person who commits a harmful, illegal, or immoral act
Example
The police arrested the perpetrator of the crime.
警察は犯罪者を逮捕した。
C1 noun /ˈpæstər/

pastor

牧師
Meaning
a minister in charge of a Christian church or congregation
Example
The pastor delivered a heartfelt sermon on compassion.
牧師は思いやりのある説教をしました。
C2 noun /ˌfəʊ.təʊ.sen.sɪˈtɪv.ɪ.ti/

photosensitivity

光感受性
Meaning
Sensitivity to light, especially abnormal sensitivity that may cause discomfort or damage.
Example
Overrubbing can increase photosensitivity.
過度の摩擦は光感受性を増加させる可能性があります。
B2 noun ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪdz

pesticides

農薬
Meaning
Substances used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
Example
Excessive pesticides use can harm the environment.
過剰な農薬の使用は環境に害を及ぼす可能性があります。
C1 noun /ˌsaɪkoʊˈθɛrəpi/

psychotherapy

心理療法
Meaning
The treatment of mental disorder by psychological rather than medical means.
Example
She attended weekly psychotherapy sessions to cope with her anxiety.
彼女は不安に対処するために、毎週心理療法のセッションに参加しました。
B2 noun, adjective /prɪˈmɪər/ or /ˈpriːmiər/

premier

首相 / 主要
Meaning
the head of government in some countries; first in importance or rank
Example
The French premier addressed the nation.
フランスの首相が国民に演説を行った。
C2 noun /ˈpɛtrəˌɡræf/

petrograph

岩石の説明
Meaning
a description or representation of rocks, especially in detailed scientific writing
Example
The scientist studied the petrograph to understand the rock composition.
科学者は岩石の組成を理解するためにペトログラフを研究しました。
B2 adjective /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/

Primitive

原始的; 基本的; 粗野; 未発達; 単純
Meaning
ancient; basic; crude; undeveloped; simple
Example
The tribe still uses primitive tools for hunting and farming.
部族は狩猟と農業のために未開の道具を使用し続けています。
C1 adjective /pəˈroʊkiəl/

parochial

狭い
Meaning
Having a limited or narrow outlook; relating to a parish.
Example
His parochial view prevented him from understanding global issues.
彼の狭い視点は、彼が世界的な問題を理解するのを妨げました。
B2 adjective /ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk/

psychiatric

Meaning
relating to mental illness or its treatment
Example
The psychiatric hospital provides care for those with severe conditions.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
C1 noun /ˈpiː.hən/

Peahen

メスのクジャク
Meaning
female peacock
Example
The peahen is less colorful than the male peacock.
メスのクジャクはオスよりも色が少ない。
B2 verb /piːp/

peep

覗く
Meaning
to look quickly or secretly; to make a short high sound
Example
The child tried to peep through the keyhole.
子供は鍵穴から覗こうとした。
B2 adjective /prɪˈventɪv/

Preventive

予防的; 何かが起こるのを防ぐために設計された
Meaning
designed to prevent something from happening; protective against disease
Example
Regular exercise is a preventive measure against heart disease.
定期的な運動は心臓病予防の手段です。
C1 verb /prəˈfes/

profess

告白する
Meaning
to declare or claim openly; to state one's belief
Example
He professes his love for classical music.
彼はクラシック音楽への愛を告白する。
A1 noun /peɪdʒ/

page

ページ
Meaning
one side of a sheet of paper, or a single sheet of paper in a book or document
Example
Turn to the next page for more information.
次のページに進んで、詳細情報を取得してください。
B1 noun ˈplæt.fɔːrmz

platforms

プラットフォーム、ソフトウェアまたはハードウェア環境
Meaning
Computing environments where software applications can be developed and run.
Example
Different platforms offer diverse digital solutions.
さまざまなプラットフォームが多様なデジタルソリューションを提供しています。
C1 noun /ˈfiː.nɪks/

phoenix

フェニックスの鳥
Meaning
a mythical bird that is reborn from its ashes; symbol of immortality or renewal
Example
The legend says the phoenix rises from its ashes every 500 years.
伝説によると、フェニックスは500年ごとに灰から蘇ると言われています。
C1 noun /ˌtɛrəˈdæktɪl/

pterodactyl

絶滅した飛行爬虫類
Meaning
An extinct flying reptile of the Jurassic period, with a long slender head and wings formed by a membrane stretching along the body.
Example
The museum displayed a fossil of a giant pterodactyl.
博物館には巨大なプテロダクティルの化石が展示されていた。
C2 noun /ˌpætrəˈnɪmɪk/

patronymic

父系姓
Meaning
a name derived from the name of a father or ancestor
Example
In many cultures, surnames are patronymic in origin.
多くの文化では、姓は父系姓に由来します。
C1 adjective /ˌsaɪkoʊsəˈmætɪk/

psychosomatic

心理的身体的
Meaning
Relating to a physical illness or condition caused or aggravated by mental factors such as stress.
Example
Her stomach pain was diagnosed as psychosomatic, linked to stress.
彼女の腹痛は心理的身体的なものとして診断され、ストレスに関連していました。
C1 noun /ˈpeɪθɒs/

pathos

パトス
Meaning
a quality in speech, writing, or events that evokes pity or deep emotion
Example
The documentary balanced pathos with hope, making the audience both weep and think.
ドキュメンタリーは、パトスと希望をうまくバランスさせ、観客を泣かせ、考えさせました。
B2 adjective /ˌpeɪ.triˈɑː.tɪk/

Patriotic

愛国的な
Meaning
showing love for one's country
Example
The patriotic citizens celebrated Independence Day with great enthusiasm.
愛国的な市民たちは独立記念日を大きな熱意で祝いました。
C2 noun /ˈpiːs ɡʊdz/

Piece-goods

布地
Meaning
textiles or fabrics sold by the yard or meter; cloth materials
Example
The tailor bought piece-goods from the wholesale market to make custom dresses.
仕立屋は卸売市場から布地を購入してカスタムドレスを作りました。
A2 verb /prɪˈfɜːr/

prefer

好む
Meaning
to like better; to choose as more desirable
Example
I prefer tea over coffee in the morning.
私は朝にコーヒーよりもお茶を好みます。
B1 verb /prəˈsiːd/

proceed

進む
Meaning
to continue with a course of action; to move forward
Example
Let's proceed with the meeting as planned.
計画通りに会議を進めましょう。
C1 noun /ˈpaɪ.ə.ti/

Piety

信仰心
Meaning
the quality of being religious or reverent; devout religious belief and practice
Example
His piety was evident in his daily prayers.
彼の信仰心は毎日の祈りに明らかでした。
C1 noun /prəˈpoʊnənt/

proponent

支持者, 提案者
Meaning
a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan
Example
She is a strong proponent of renewable energy.
彼女は再生可能エネルギーの強い支持者です。
C1 noun /ˈpɑːr.keɪ/

parquet

木製の床
Meaning
A floor made of wooden blocks arranged in a geometric pattern.
Example
The old mansion had a beautiful parquet floor.
その古い邸宅には美しい木製の床がありました。
B2 noun /ˌpɛnɪˈtreɪʃən/

penetration

浸透
Meaning
The act of piercing or entering into something.
Example
The company's market penetration grew rapidly.
その企業の市場浸透は急速に成長した。
C1 noun /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsɪnθɛtɪk ɪˈfɪʃənsi/

photosynthetic efficiency

光合成効率
Meaning
The measure of how effectively plants convert light energy into chemical energy through the process of photosynthesis, directly affecting plant growth and crop yield.
Example
Improving photosynthetic efficiency can increase crop yields.
光合成効率を改善すると、作物の収量を増やすことができます。
B2 adjective /prɛsˈtɪdʒəs/

prestigious

名誉ある
Meaning
having a high reputation; respected
Example
Harvard University is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
ハーバード大学は世界で最も名誉ある大学の一つです。
C1 noun /ˈpræɡmətɪst/

pragmatist

実利主義者
Meaning
A person who deals with things in a practical and realistic way.
Example
He is a true pragmatist who values results over ideals.
彼は結果を理想よりも重視する真の実利主義者です。
B1 noun prəˈpoʊzəl

proposal

提案
Meaning
A plan or suggestion, especially a formal or written one, put forward for consideration or discussion by others.
Example
The proposal was not sustained.
その提案は受け入れられませんでした。
C1 noun ˈpɛd.ə.ɡɒ.dʒi

pedagogy

教育学
Meaning
The method and practice of teaching, especially as an academic subject or theoretical concept.
Example
Modern pedagogy focuses on student-centered learning.
現代の教育学は学生中心の学習に焦点を当てています。
C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ə.bəl/

pitiable

哀れな
Meaning
deserving sympathy or compassion
Example
The stray dog looked pitiable in the rain.
その迷子の犬は雨の中で哀れに見えた。
B2 noun /ˌpʌɪ.əˈnɪr/

Pioneer

新しい領域を探索または定住する最初の人；新しいアイデアや方法を開発する人
Meaning
a person who is among the first to explore or settle a new area; someone who develops new ideas or methods
Example
She was a pioneer in the field of computer science.
彼女はコンピュータサイエンスの分野で先駆者でした。
B2 noun /pəˈtɪʃən/

petition

請願書
Meaning
a formal written request, typically signed by many people, appealing to authority about a cause
Example
They signed a petition to improve road safety in the area.
彼らはその地域の道路安全を改善するために請願書に署名しました。
C2 noun /ˈpælɪmpsɛst/

palimpsest

パリンプセスト
Meaning
a manuscript or document that has been written over but still bears traces of earlier writing; something reused or altered but still retaining traces of its earlier form
Example
The ancient manuscript was a palimpsest, showing faint traces of previous texts beneath the new writing.
その古代の写本はパリンプセストであり、新しい文字の下に以前のテキストの微弱な痕跡が見られた。
B2 noun /fəˈnɒmɪnən/

phenomenon

現象
Meaning
an observable event, fact, or occurrence, often unusual or remarkable
Example
The Northern Lights are a natural phenomenon.
オーロラは自然現象です。
C2 noun /ˌfɑːsfəˈrɛsəns/

phosphorescence

フォスフォレッセンス
Meaning
the property of emitting light without noticeable heat
Example
The deep-sea creatures displayed a beautiful phosphorescence.
深海の生物は美しいフォスフォレッセンスを示しました。
C1 noun /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd ˈrɛz.ɪ.djuː/

pesticide-residue

農薬残留物
Meaning
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
Example
Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health.
食物中の農薬残留物が過剰だと健康に害を与える可能性があります。
C2 noun /pəˈræm.bjə.leɪ.tər/

Perambulator

ベビーカー
Meaning
a four-wheeled carriage for a baby; baby stroller or pram
Example
She pushed the perambulator through the park while the baby slept peacefully.
彼女は公園を通り抜けながら、赤ちゃんが静かに寝ている間にペランブレータを押していました。
B2 verb /priːtʃ/

preach

説教する
Meaning
to deliver a religious or moral talk, often in a church setting
Example
The pastor preached about forgiveness and kindness.
牧師は許しと親切について説教しました。
C2 verb /prəˈpaʊnd/

propound

提案する
Meaning
To put forward an idea, theory, or point for consideration.
Example
The professor propounded a new theory on climate change.
教授は気候変動に関する新しい理論を提案しました。
C2 noun ˌpɜː.tɪˈnæs.ɪ.ti

pertinacity

固い決意と粘り強さ
Meaning
Firm determination and persistence in achieving something.
Example
His pertinacity in achieving his goals was inspiring.
彼の目標達成への固い決意は感動的でした。
B2 noun ˈpærəˌlɛlz

parallels

類似点
Meaning
Similarities or comparisons between two different things or situations
Example
There are parallels between Japan's aging issues and Bangladesh's situation.
日本の高齢化問題とバングラデシュの状況にはパラレルが存在します。
B2 noun /saɪˈkɒlədʒi/

psychology

心理学
Meaning
the scientific study of the mind and behavior
Example
Psychology helps us understand how people think and act.
心理学は人々がどのように考え、行動するかを理解するのに役立ちます。
B2 adjective /ˈpɒlɪʃt/

polished

洗練された、精巧で優雅
Meaning
refined, sophisticated, and elegant in appearance or behavior
Example
She gave a polished performance at the recital.
彼女はリサイタルで洗練されたパフォーマンスを披露しました。
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrsənəbl/

personable

魅力的
Meaning
having a pleasant appearance and manner; attractive and friendly
Example
The new teacher is very personable and easy to talk to.
新しい先生はとても魅力的で話しやすいです。
C2 noun /ˈpɒntɪf/

pontiff

教皇または高位の司教
Meaning
the pope or a high-ranking bishop in the Christian church
Example
The pontiff addressed the nation in a televised speech.
教皇はテレビで国民に向けて演説を行いました。