B2 adjective /ˈplɛʒərəbl/

pleasurable

楽しませる、快適な

Meaning

giving pleasure or enjoyment

Example

Reading a good book is a pleasurable activity.

良い本を読むことは楽しい活動です。

B1 verb /ˈpʌnɪʃ/

punish

罰する

Meaning

to give a penalty for wrongdoing; to discipline

Example

The teacher will punish students who cheat.

先生はカンニングした生徒を罰します。

B2 noun /præŋk/

prank

いたずら

Meaning

A trick that is intended to be funny but not harmful.

Example

They played a harmless prank on their friend during the party.

彼らはパーティーで友達と無害ないたずらをしました。

B2 noun /plæˈtoʊ/

plateau

高原、平坦な土地、変化の少ない時期

Meaning

an elevated flat area of land or a period of little change

Example

After months of growth, sales reached a plateau.

数ヶ月の成長の後、売上はプラトーに達した。

A2 adjective /ˈpiːs.fəl/

Peaceful

平和

Meaning

free from disturbance; calm and quiet; not involving war or violence

Example

The garden is a peaceful place to relax.

庭はリラックスするための平和な場所です。

A2 noun, verb /pəʊst/

post

ポスト

Meaning

a job or position, or to send something by mail

Example

She posted a letter to her friend yesterday.

彼女は昨日友達に手紙をポストした。

B2 adjective /ˈprɛf(ə)rəb(ə)l/

preferable

好ましい

Meaning

more desirable or suitable; better than something else

Example

It is preferable to take the train rather than drive in heavy traffic.

渋滞時には車を運転するより、電車を利用する方が好ましい。

B1 noun /ˈpɜr.fjuːm/

Perfume

香水

Meaning

a fragrant liquid made from essential oils and alcohol; a pleasant smell

Example

She wore her favorite perfume to the party.

彼女はパーティーにお気に入りの香水をつけて行きました。

C2 verb /ˌpriːɪnˈɡeɪdʒ/

preengage

事前契約

Meaning

To contract or engage beforehand; to arrange in advance.

Example

The workers were preengaged before the project officially started.

プロジェクトが公式に開始される前に、作業員はすでに前もって契約されていました。

C1 verb /pɜːrdʒ/

purge

浄化する

Meaning

To remove unwanted feelings, people, or things; to cleanse or purify.

Example

The new leader promised to purge corruption from the government.

新しいリーダーは政府から腐敗を一掃することを約束しました。

C1 noun /ˈpoʊtənsi/

potency

効力

Meaning

The power or ability of something to affect or influence; strength or effectiveness.

Example

The potency of the new medicine amazed the doctors.

新薬の効力に医者たちは驚きました。

B2 adjective /prɪˈpærəˌtɔːri/

Preparatory

準備的な; 入門的な; 準備のための

Meaning

preliminary; introductory; intended as preparation

Example

She attended preparatory classes before the final exam.

彼女は最終試験の前に準備クラスに参加しました。

C2 noun /ˌpriːpəˈzɛʃən/

prepossession

先入観

Meaning

An opinion or feeling formed beforehand; a prejudice or preoccupation.

Example

His prepossession in favor of tradition made him resist change.

彼の伝統への先入観は彼を変化に抵抗させました。

B2 noun /ˈprɛsɪdənt/

precedent

前例

Meaning

An earlier event or decision that serves as a guide or example for future similar situations.

Example

The judge’s ruling set a new precedent for similar cases.

裁判官の判決は、同様の事件のための新たな前例を設定した。

B1 noun /paɪl/

pile

山積み

Meaning

a large amount of something stacked or placed in a heap

Example

He placed the books in a pile on the table.

彼はテーブルの上に本を山積みにしました。

C1 noun /ˌprɒk.ləˈmeɪ.ʃən/

Proclamation

布告

Meaning

an official public announcement, especially one made by someone in authority

Example

The king issued a proclamation declaring peace.

王は平和を宣言する布告を出した。

B2 adjective /pəˈθet.ɪk/

Pathetic

哀れな; 惨めな

Meaning

arousing pity; extremely poor or inadequate

Example

His pathetic attempt to apologize made things worse.

彼の悲惨な謝罪の試みは事態をさらに悪化させた。

C1 adjective /pɪˈkjuːniˌɛri/

pecuniary

財政的な

Meaning

relating to money or financial matters

Example

They faced pecuniary difficulties after the business failed.

彼らはビジネスが失敗した後、財政的な困難に直面しました。

B2 noun pərˈsweɪ.ʒən

persuasion

論理や感情で誰かを説得する

Meaning

The act of convincing someone to change their viewpoint through reasoning or emotion.

Example

Effective persuasion is key to a successful speech.

効果的な説得は、成功したスピーチの鍵です。

B1 noun /pəˈsɪf.ɪk ˈoʊ.ʃən/

Pacific Ocean

太平洋

Meaning

The largest and deepest ocean on Earth, stretching from Asia to the Americas.

Example

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.

太平洋は地球上で最大の海洋です。

B1 verb /pɑːrˈtɪsɪpeɪt/

participate

参加する

Meaning

to take part in or become involved in an activity

Example

Students are encouraged to participate in extracurricular activities.

学生は課外活動に参加するよう奨励されています。

B2 noun /ˌpɪə.riˈɒd.ɪ.kəl/

periodical

雑誌

Meaning

a magazine or journal published at regular intervals

Example

She subscribed to a science periodical.

彼女は科学雑誌を購読しました。

B2 noun /ˈpɪlər/

pillar

柱

Meaning

a strong vertical support or mainstay of a structure or system

Example

The ancient temple was supported by massive stone pillars.

古代の寺院は巨大な石の柱によって支えられていました。

C1 adjective /ˈpaɪ.əs/

Pious

敬虔な

Meaning

devoutly religious; showing reverence for God

Example

The pious monk spent hours in prayer every day.

敬虔な修道士は毎日何時間も祈りに捧げた。

A1 verb /pʊt/

put

置く

Meaning

to place something in a particular position; to move to a location

Example

Please put the book on the table.

本をテーブルに置いてください。

B2 noun/verb /ˈpriːfɪks/

prefix

接頭辞; 前に何かを追加する

Meaning

a word, letter, or number placed before another; as a verb, to add something in front of something else

Example

Developers often prefix variables with an underscore.

開発者はしばしば変数にアンダースコアをプレフィックスとして追加します。

C2 noun /ˈpɒtˌbɔɪlə/

potboiler

安物の作品

Meaning

a book, play, or film produced quickly to make money rather than for artistic value

Example

The novel was dismissed by critics as a mere potboiler.

その小説は批評家によってただの安物の作品だと退けられた。

C1 noun /ˈpæstər/

pastor

牧師

Meaning

a minister in charge of a Christian church or congregation

Example

The pastor delivered a heartfelt sermon on compassion.

牧師は思いやりのある説教をしました。

B2 verb /piːp/

peep

覗く

Meaning

to look quickly or secretly; to make a short high sound

Example

The child tried to peep through the keyhole.

子供は鍵穴から覗こうとした。

C1 verb /plʌm/

plumb

深さを測るまたは詳細に調べる

Meaning

to measure the depth of water or examine closely

Example

They used a line to plumb the depth of the lake.

彼らは湖の深さを測るためにラインを使いました。

A2 noun ˈprɒdʒ.ekts

projects

プロジェクト

Meaning

Individual or collaborative enterprises that are carefully planned to achieve a particular aim.

Example

These projects aim for technological breakthroughs.

これらのプロジェクトは技術革新を目指しています。

B2 noun /ˌpiːdiəˈtrɪʃən/

pediatrician

小児科医

Meaning

a doctor who specializes in the medical care of children

Example

The pediatrician examined the child carefully.

小児科医は子供を慎重に診察しました。

C1 noun /ˌplɔː.zəˈbɪl.ə.ti/

plausibility

信頼性

Meaning

The quality of being reasonable or probable.

Example

The plausibility of his explanation convinced the jury.

彼の説明の信頼性は陪審員を納得させました。

B2 adjective + noun ˈpraɪməri əbˈdʒektɪv

primary objective

主要な目標

Meaning

The main goal or chief aim of an activity, project, or endeavor.

Example

The primary objective of the event was to promote recycling.

イベントの主要な目標はリサイクルの推進でした。

C1 noun /ˈpriːˌkɜrsər/

precursor

前兆

Meaning

Something or someone that comes before another and indicates the approach of something else.

Example

The steam engine was a precursor to modern trains.

蒸気機関車は現代の列車の前兆でした。

C2 verb /prəˈpaʊnd/

propound

提案する

Meaning

To put forward an idea, theory, or point for consideration.

Example

The professor propounded a new theory on climate change.

教授は気候変動に関する新しい理論を提案しました。

C1 noun /ˈprəʊsiːdz/

proceeds

収益

Meaning

money obtained from an event, activity, or sale

Example

The proceeds from the charity event were donated to the orphanage.

チャリティイベントの収益は孤児院に寄付されました。

B2 adverb /prɪˈzjuːməbli/

presumably

おそらく

Meaning

used to convey that something is assumed to be true though not known for certain

Example

Presumably, he forgot to send the email.

おそらく、彼はメールを送るのを忘れた。

C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

フィランソロピー

Meaning

the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes

Example

Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.

フィランソロピーは多くの発展途上国で医療を改善するのに役立っています。

C2 verb /prəˈpɪʃieɪt/

propitiate

なだめる

Meaning

to win or regain the favor of someone by doing something that pleases them

Example

He offered gifts to propitiate the angry gods.

彼は怒った神々をなだめるために贈り物を捧げました。

A2 noun /ˈprɪzən/

prison

刑務所

Meaning

a building where people are kept as punishment for a crime or while waiting for trial

Example

He was sent to prison for his crimes.

彼は犯罪のために刑務所に送られた。

C1 adjective /ˈpen.ɪ.ləs/

Penniless

無一文; 極貧; 完全に金がない

Meaning

having no money; extremely poor; completely without funds

Example

After losing his job, he became penniless.

仕事を失った後、彼は無一文になった。

C2 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːɡrəfi/

physiography

地理学

Meaning

the study of the physical features of the earth's surface

Example

He specialized in physiography to understand the landscape of the region.

彼は地域の風景を理解するためにフィジオグラフィーを専門にしていました。

C2 noun /ˈpɛrɪstaɪl/

peristyle

柱で囲まれた回廊

Meaning

A continuous porch formed by a row of columns surrounding the perimeter of a building or courtyard.

Example

The Roman villa featured a beautiful peristyle garden.

ローマの別荘には美しいペリスタイル庭園がありました。

C2 adjective /ˈpʌkɪʃ/

puckish

いたずら好き

Meaning

playfully mischievous

Example

The child gave a puckish grin before hiding the toy.

子供はおもちゃを隠す前にいたずらっぽい笑顔を見せました。

B2 noun /ˈpɪl.ɡrɪm/

Pilgrim

巡礼者; 旅行者

Meaning

a person who journeys to a sacred place for religious reasons; a traveler

Example

The pilgrim walked for days to reach the holy shrine.

巡礼者は聖なる神殿に到達するために何日も歩きました。

B1 noun /peɪs/

pace

ペース

Meaning

the speed at which something happens or is done

Example

She walked at a slow pace.

彼女はゆっくりとペースで歩いていました。

C1 adjective /pərˈvɜːrs/

perverse

倒錯

Meaning

showing a deliberate desire to behave in a way that is unreasonable, contrary, or unacceptable

Example

He took a perverse pleasure in upsetting his colleagues.

彼は同僚を困らせることに倒錯した喜びを感じていた。

C1 noun /poʊˈlær.ɪ.ti/

polarity

極性

Meaning

the state of having two opposite or contradictory tendencies, opinions, or aspects

Example

The polarity between the two political parties is growing stronger.

二つの政治党派の間の極性は強くなりつつあります。

B2 verb /ˈpɑːlɪʃ/

polish

磨く

Meaning

to make smooth and shiny by rubbing; to improve or refine

Example

She needs to polish her shoes before the interview.

面接前に靴を磨かなければならない。

C1 noun /ˈpɒp.i siːdz/

Poppy Seeds

ケシの実

Meaning

tiny round seeds from the poppy plant used as a spice or garnish in cooking

Example

Poppy seeds are sprinkled on top of breads and used in Bengali curries.

ケシの実はパンの上に振りかけられ、ベンガルカリーに使われます。

B1 adverb /prɪˈsaɪs.li/

precisely

正確に

Meaning

In an exact and accurate manner, with attention to detail.

Example

The robotic arm performed the operation precisely.

ロボットアームは手術を正確に行いました。

C2 noun /ˈprɒm.ən.tɔːr.i/

promontory

岬

Meaning

A high point of land or rock projecting into a body of water.

Example

The lighthouse stood on a promontory overlooking the sea.

灯台は海を見渡す岬の上に立っていた。

B2 adjective /ˈplen.tɪ.fəl/

Plentiful

豊富な; 大量の

Meaning

abundant; existing in large quantity

Example

The harvest was plentiful this year due to good weather.

今年は良い天気のおかげで収穫が豊富でした。

C1 noun /pɪˈtaɪə/

Pitaya / Dragon fruit

ドラゴンフルーツ

Meaning

a tropical fruit with bright pink or red skin and white flesh speckled with black seeds

Example

The pitaya has a mild, sweet flavor and a unique appearance.

ピタヤは、まろやかで甘い味とユニークな外見を持っています。

B2 adjective /ˈpæʃənət/

passionate

情熱的な

Meaning

showing or caused by strong feelings or a strong belief

Example

He is passionate about environmental conservation.

彼は環境保護に情熱を注いでいます。

C2 noun prəˈklɪv.ə.ti

proclivity

傾向

Meaning

A tendency to choose or do something regularly; an inclination or predisposition toward a particular thing.

Example

She has a proclivity for learning new languages.

彼女は新しい言語を学ぶ傾向があります。

C1 adjective /ˈpɒs.tʃə.məs/

Posthumous

死後

Meaning

occurring or continuing after death; published after the author's death

Example

The author received a posthumous award for his last novel.

作者は最後の小説に対して死後の賞を受け取りました。

C2 noun /ˈpɜːrvjuː/

purview

範囲

Meaning

the scope or range of authority, responsibility, or knowledge

Example

The case does not fall within the purview of this court.

この事件はこの裁判所の管轄外です。

C2 adjective /ˈpɔːrtli/

portly

ぽっちゃり

Meaning

Having a stout or somewhat fat body, often implying dignity or authority.

Example

The portly man entered the room with confidence.

ぽっちゃりな男性は自信を持って部屋に入った。

C1 verb /ˈpoʊ.lə.raɪz/

polarize

極化する

Meaning

to divide or cause to divide into two sharply contrasting groups or sets of opinions or beliefs

Example

The controversial decision polarized public opinion.

論争を呼んだ決定は世論を二つの対立する意見に分けた。

C2 noun /ˈfeɪlæŋks/

phalanx

ファランクス

Meaning

A group of people or things arranged in a compact, close formation; also an ancient Greek military formation.

Example

A phalanx of reporters waited outside the courthouse.

報道陣のファランクスが裁判所の外で待っていた。

C1 noun /pəˈræl.ə.sɪs/

Paralysis

麻痺

Meaning

the loss of the ability to move part or all of the body; complete inability to act or function

Example

The accident left him with paralysis in his legs.

事故は彼に足の麻痺を残した。

C1 noun /ˈplɛθərə/

plethora

過剰な量

Meaning

an excessive amount of something

Example

She has a plethora of books on her shelf.

彼女の棚には過剰な量の本があります。

C1 verb /ˈpɛdəl/

peddle

売る

Meaning

To sell goods, often by going from place to place; sometimes used negatively to mean promoting an idea or product in a pushy way.

Example

Street vendors peddle handmade jewelry to tourists.

ストリートの販売員は観光客に手作りのジュエリーを売っている。

C2 adjective /ˌpɜːrtɪˈneɪʃəs/

pertinacious

頑固な

Meaning

holding firmly to an opinion, purpose, or course of action; stubbornly persistent

Example

The pertinacious lawyer refused to give up the case.

頑固な弁護士は事件を諦めることを拒否しました。

C2 verb /pɑːrtʃ/

parch

乾かす

Meaning

to make something extremely dry, especially by exposure to heat

Example

The scorching sun began to parch the fields.

焼けつくような太陽が畑を乾かし始めました。

C2 adjective /prɪˈsɛnʃənt/

presentient

予感

Meaning

Having a feeling or sense of something about to happen; predictive.

Example

She was presentient of the coming disaster.

彼女は迫り来る災害を予感していた。

C2 adjective /pruːˈdɛnʃəl/

prudential

慎重な

Meaning

involving or showing prudence, especially in financial or business matters

Example

The bank has set prudential rules to protect depositors.

銀行は預金者を保護するために慎重な規則を設定しました。

C2 noun /ˈprɒvəndər/

provender

家畜用の餌

Meaning

food or provisions, especially for livestock

Example

The barn was filled with provender for the cattle.

納屋は家畜用の餌でいっぱいだった。

C1 noun /ˈpoʊʃən/

potion

薬の飲み物

Meaning

a liquid with healing, magical, or poisonous properties

Example

The witch gave the hero a healing potion.

魔女はヒーローに治療用のポーションを渡しました。

B2 noun /ˈprɒs.pekts/

prospects

見通し

Meaning

The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.

Example

The prospects for growth look promising.

成長の見通しは有望に見えます。

B2 noun /saɪˈkaɪətrɪst/

psychiatrist

精神科医

Meaning

a medical doctor specializing in the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness

Example

The psychiatrist prescribed medication for the patient’s anxiety.

精神科医は患者の不安に対して薬を処方しました。

B2 noun /ˈpriːmiəm/

premium

プレミアム

Meaning

an amount of money paid regularly for an insurance policy; something of superior quality or value

Example

You need to pay your insurance premium every year.

あなたは毎年保険料を支払う必要があります。

B2 verb /prɪˈveɪl/

prevail

勝つ

Meaning

To prove more powerful or superior; to be widespread or common.

Example

Justice will always prevail over injustice.

正義は常に不正に勝る。

C2 noun /ˈpɒliˌkreɪsi/

polycracy

多権主義

Meaning

rule by many; government by multiple authorities

Example

The nation experienced a polycracy after decentralization reforms.

国は分権改革後、多権主義を経験しました。

B1 noun /pruːf/

proof

証拠

Meaning

evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement

Example

The detective presented proof of the suspect's guilt.

探偵は容疑者の有罪の証拠を提示しました。

C2 noun /ˈpɛntæd/

pentad

五つ組

Meaning

A group or set of five things.

Example

The committee was divided into a pentad of working groups.

委員会は五つの作業グループに分けられました。

B2 noun /ˈpæs.taɪm/

Pastime

余暇

Meaning

an activity done regularly for enjoyment; a hobby or recreational activity

Example

Reading books is her favorite pastime during weekends.

読書は週末の彼女のお気に入りの余暇活動です。

B1 noun /ˈprəʊsesɪŋ/

processing

処理

Meaning

the series of actions or steps taken to achieve a particular end, especially in data or food handling

Example

Data processing takes place in the server.

データ処理はサーバーで行われます。

B2 adjective /ˈpɑːr.ʃəl/

Partial

部分的; 偏見のある;

Meaning

incomplete; showing bias or prejudice

Example

The judge gave a partial decision in favor of the defendant.

裁判官は被告人に有利な部分的な決定を下した。

B1 verb /pərˈsweɪd/

persuade

幸せ

Meaning

to convince someone to do or believe something through reasoning or argument

Example

He persuaded his friend to join the club.

彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、自分の幸せを隠せなかった。

B2 adjective /ˈpəʊstwɔːr/

postwar

戦後

Meaning

occurring or existing after a war

Example

The postwar period saw significant economic growth.

戦後の時期には、顕著な経済成長が見られました。

C1 noun /pərˈvɜːrʒən/

perversion

歪曲

Meaning

The act of distorting or corrupting the original meaning, purpose, or state of something.

Example

The regime’s censorship was seen as a perversion of free speech.

政権の検閲は、自由な言論の歪曲と見なされていました。

C2 verb /prəˈroʊɡ/

prorogue

議会を延期する

Meaning

to discontinue a session of a parliament or assembly without dissolving it

Example

The president decided to prorogue parliament until the crisis was resolved.

大統領は、危機が解決するまで議会を延期することを決定しました。

C2 verb /pərˈtɪkjələrˌaɪz/

particularize

詳細に述べる

Meaning

to mention or describe something in detail

Example

The witness was asked to particularize the events of that night.

証人はその夜の出来事を詳細に説明するように求められました。

C2 verb /ˈpælieɪt/

palliate

和らげる

Meaning

to make a disease, symptoms, or problem less severe without removing the cause

Example

The doctor prescribed medicine to palliate the patient's pain.

医者は患者の痛みを和らげるために薬を処方しました。

C1 adjective /prɪˈsɪpɪtəs/

precipitous

急なまたは突然の

Meaning

Extremely steep or sudden; done quickly without careful consideration.

Example

The hikers struggled to climb the precipitous slope.

ハイカーたちは急な坂道を登るのに苦労していました。

C2 noun /ˈpɒlɪti/

polity

政治、政府の形態

Meaning

an organized society or form of government

Example

The ancient Greek polity had a system of city-states.

古代ギリシャの政治は都市国家のシステムを持っていました。

A2 noun /pəˈliːsmən/

policeman

警察官

Meaning

a man whose job is to enforce the law and keep public order

Example

The policeman directed the traffic at the intersection.

警察官は交差点で交通を指導しました。

C1 noun /ˈprɒvɪdəns/

providence

神の摂理

Meaning

the protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power; foresight or prudence

Example

They believed their survival was due to divine providence.

彼らは自分たちの生存が神の摂理によるものであると信じていました。

A2 adjective /pəˈlaɪt/

Polite

礼儀正しい; 尊敬すべき; 丁寧

Meaning

having good manners; respectful; courteous

Example

He was very polite and respectful to everyone.

彼は誰に対しても非常に礼儀正しく、尊敬していました。

A2 noun /ˈpoʊɪt/

poet

詩人

Meaning

a person who writes poems

Example

The poet wrote about love and nature.

詩人は愛と自然について書いた。

A1 noun /fəʊn/

phone

電話

Meaning

a device for communication, typically used to make calls or send messages

Example

I need to charge my phone.

私は電話を充電する必要があります。

B2 adjective /ˌprɛzɪˈdɛnʃəl/

presidential

大統領に関連する

Meaning

relating to a president or presidency

Example

The presidential election is scheduled for next month.

大統領選挙は来月に予定されています。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/

pithy

簡潔で意味深い

Meaning

concise and meaningful; full of substance

Example

She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.

彼女は問題を完璧に要約した簡潔なコメントをしました。

C1 adjective /ˈpɪt.i.ə.bəl/

pitiable

哀れな

Meaning

deserving sympathy or compassion

Example

The stray dog looked pitiable in the rain.

その迷子の犬は雨の中で哀れに見えた。

C2 verb /ˈpælpɪˌteɪt/

palpitate

速く脈打つ

Meaning

to beat rapidly and strongly, often because of fear, excitement, or illness

Example

Her heart began to palpitate with fear.

彼女は恐怖で心臓がパルピテイトし始めた。

C1 noun /prəˈdʒɛktaɪl/

projectile

発射体

Meaning

An object fired, thrown, or propelled, especially from a weapon.

Example

The soldier dodged the incoming projectile.

兵士は飛んでくる発射体を避けました。

B2 noun /pɪtʃ/

pitch

音程、投げ

Meaning

the quality of a sound; the level or degree of intensity; a throw or toss

Example

The singer's pitch was perfect during the performance.

歌手の音程はパフォーマンス中完璧でした。

B2 noun ˈprɒs.pekt

prospect

見込み

Meaning

The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.

Example

The project's success holds great prospect for the economy.

プロジェクトの成功は経済にとって大きな見込みを持っています。

C2 noun/verb /ˈpɪləri/

pillory

公開処罰装置

Meaning

a device for publicly punishing someone / to expose to public ridicule

Example

The corrupt official was placed in the pillory for the town to jeer at.

腐敗した役人は町の人々に嘲笑されるためにピロリーに置かれました。

C2 noun /ˈpɜr.kwɪ.zɪt/

Perquisite

特典

Meaning

an additional benefit or privilege given to an employee beyond their regular salary; a special right or advantage

Example

Company car was one of the perquisites of his executive position.

会社の車は彼の役員職の特典のひとつだった。

B2 noun /ˈpɛzənt/

peasant

農民

Meaning

a poor farmer or agricultural laborer who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation

Example

The peasant worked hard in the fields from dawn to dusk.

その農民は夜明けから日暮れまで畑で一生懸命働いていました。

C2 noun /ˈpɪərɪdʒ/

peerage

貴族階級

Meaning

the title or rank of a peer; the nobility as a group

Example

He was elevated to the peerage by the king.

彼は王によって貴族階級に昇進しました。

B2 adjective ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ

pioneering

先駆的

Meaning

Involving new ideas or methods; innovative and original.

Example

Pioneering efforts often lead to success.

先駆的な努力はしばしば成功につながります。

A1 noun /ˈpɪk.tʃər/

Picture

絵

Meaning

a visual representation such as a painting, drawing, or photograph

Example

There is a beautiful picture hanging on the wall.

壁に美しい絵が掛かっています。

不敬な、冒涜的な

Meaning

showing disrespect or contempt for sacred things; irreverent or vulgar

Example

His jokes were considered too profane for the ceremony.

彼のジョークは式典にはあまりにも不敬だと見なされました。