obstacles
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B1 noun /ˈɒbstəkəlz/

obstacles

障害物
Meaning
Things that block one's way or prevent or hinder progress.
Example
Obstacles in life can often lead to valuable lessons.
人生の障害物はしばしば貴重な教訓に繋がる。
B1 noun /ˈkɒliːɡ/

colleague

同僚
Meaning
a person with whom one works, especially in a profession or business
Example
She invited her colleagues to the office party.
彼女はオフィスパーティーに同僚を招待しました。
C2 noun /ˈlaɪtoʊtiːz/

litotes

緩和表現
Meaning
a figure of speech in which an affirmative is expressed by the negative of its contrary
Example
Saying 'not bad' as a compliment is an example of litotes.
'悪くない'と言うことは、緩和表現の一例です。
C1 adjective /əˈluːf/

aloof

距離を置いた
Meaning
Not friendly or forthcoming; cool and distant.
Example
He remained aloof during the entire discussion.
彼は議論の間ずっと距離を置いていました。
A2 noun /ˈnɛtˌwɜrk/

network

ネットワーク
Meaning
A system of interconnected people, things, or computers.
Example
She built a strong professional network.
彼女は強力なプロフェッショナルネットワークを作り上げた。
C2 adjective /əˈbɔːrtɪv/

abortive

失敗した
Meaning
Failing to produce the intended result; unsuccessful.
Example
Their abortive attempt to climb the mountain ended in retreat.
彼らの山登りの試みは、撤退で終わった。
B2 noun /kənˈfɛʃən/

confession

告白
Meaning
a statement admitting that one is guilty of a crime or has done something wrong
Example
The suspect made a full confession to the police.
容疑者は警察に完全な告白をした。
C1 noun /ˈpɛnɪtəns/

penitence

懺悔
Meaning
The action or feeling of showing sorrow and regret for having done wrong.
Example
His eyes were full of penitence after realizing his mistake.
自分の間違いに気づいた後、彼の目は懺悔に満ちていた。
A2 noun /stoʊn/

stone

石
Meaning
a hard, naturally occurring mineral material found in the earth
Example
He threw a stone into the lake.
彼は湖に石を投げました。
B2 verb /dɪˈmɒlɪʃ/

demolish

取り壊す
Meaning
to destroy completely, especially a building or structure
Example
The city decided to demolish the old stadium to build a new one.
その都市は新しいものを作るために古いスタジアムを取り壊すことに決めました。
C1 verb /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/

contextualize

文脈化する
Meaning
to place something in a context or interpret it in relation to its surroundings
Example
The teacher contextualized the historical event to make it more relevant for students.
先生は歴史的な出来事を学生にとってより関連性のあるものにするために文脈化しました。
B1 adverb /ˈɡlæd.li/

Gladly

喜んで、楽しんで
Meaning
willingly and with pleasure
Example
I would gladly help you with your homework.
私は喜んで宿題を手伝います。
C1 verb /proʊˈtruːd/

protrude

突き出る
Meaning
To stick out or extend beyond a surface.
Example
A nail was protruding from the wooden board.
釘が木の板から突き出していた。
A1 adjective /ˈsɪmpəl/

Simple

簡単な; シンプル; 複雑でない
Meaning
easy to understand or do; not complicated
Example
This is a simple recipe that anyone can follow.
これは誰でもフォローできる簡単なレシピです。
B2 verb /reɪd/

raid

踏み込む
Meaning
to attack suddenly; to search and seize
Example
Police raid the illegal gambling house.
警察は違法なギャンブルの家に踏み込む。
B1 noun /ˈkemɪst/

chemist

化学者; 薬剤師
Meaning
a scientist who studies chemistry; a person trained to prepare and dispense medicines
Example
The chemist analyzed the sample to determine its composition.
化学者は成分を特定するために試料を分析した。
B2 noun /slæŋ/

Slang

スラング; 不正な言葉
Meaning
very informal language that is usually spoken rather than written
Example
The teenagers used slang that their parents couldn't understand.
ティーンエイジャーは親が理解できないスラングを使いました。
C2 noun /ˈəʊpəs/

opus

創作作品
Meaning
A creative work, especially a large and important piece of music or art.
Example
The composer considered the symphony his greatest opus.
作曲家は交響曲を自分の最も偉大な創作作品と見なしていました。
C2 noun /ˈpɛnjʊri/

penury

極貧
Meaning
extreme poverty or destitution
Example
He grew up in penury but became successful later in life.
彼は貧困の中で育ちましたが、その後、人生で成功しました。
C1 noun /ˈkɔːkəs/

caucus

政治的集会
Meaning
A meeting of members of a political party to select candidates or decide policy.
Example
The party held a caucus to nominate their candidate for president.
党は大統領候補者を指名するために集会を開いた。
B1 noun/adjective /ˈɪnstənt/

instant

瞬間
Meaning
A very short period of time; happening immediately.
Example
He replied in an instant without hesitation.
彼は躊躇うことなく瞬時に返答した。
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɪ.prə.kəl/

Reciprocal

相互の; 互恵的な; 両者で平等に分け合う;
Meaning
given or done in return; mutual; shared equally by both parties;
Example
The two countries have a reciprocal trade agreement.
二国間には相互の貿易協定があります。
A2 noun /biːn/

Bean

豆
Meaning
an edible seed, typically kidney-shaped, growing in long pods on certain leguminous plants
Example
We planted green beans in our vegetable garden this spring.
私たちはこの春に私たちの野菜庭に緑の豆を植えました。
C1 adjective /ˈmaɪzərli/

miserly

けちな
Meaning
Unwilling to spend money; stingy.
Example
She lived a miserly life, refusing to buy anything new.
彼女はけちな生活を送り、新しいものを買うことを拒んでいた。
B2 noun/verb /ˈaʊtreɪdʒ/

outrage

憤慨
Meaning
A strong feeling of anger and shock; to arouse anger or shock.
Example
The unfair decision caused public outrage.
不公平な決定が公共の憤慨を引き起こしました。
B2 noun /ˈpeɪtrən/

patron

後援者
Meaning
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause
Example
The library is supported by generous patrons.
図書館は寛大な後援者によって支えられています。
B1 noun, verb /eɪd/

aid

援助
Meaning
help or support, typically of a practical nature
Example
The volunteers provided aid to the flood victims.
ボランティアは洪水の被害者に援助を提供しました。
C1 adjective /ˈeɪmləs/

Aimless

無目的; 目標なし
Meaning
without purpose or direction; lacking a goal
Example
He wandered around the city in an aimless manner.
彼は無目的に街を歩いていた。
C2 noun /ɜːrˈbænɪti/

urbanity

都会的な気品
Meaning
refined courtesy, elegance, and sophistication in manner
Example
Her urbanity made her popular among diplomats and leaders.
彼女の都会的な気品は、外交官やリーダーの間で人気を集めました。
C1 adjective /ˈraɪ.tʃəs/

Righteous

正義の; 公正な; 道徳的な
Meaning
morally right or justifiable; virtuous; having strong moral principles
Example
She felt righteous anger at the unfair treatment of workers.
彼女は労働者の不当な扱いに対して正義の怒りを感じました。
B2 noun /vaɪˈbreɪ.ʃən/

Vibration

振動
Meaning
a rapid back and forth movement; oscillation
Example
The phone's vibration woke me up.
電話の振動で目が覚めた。
A1 adjective ˈdɪfɪkəlt

difficult

難しい
Meaning
Needing much effort or skill to accomplish, deal with, or understand; hard.
Example
Managing urban challenges has become increasingly difficult.
都市の課題を管理することはますます難しくなっている。
B2 noun /ˈset.əl.mənt/

Settlement

定住; 合意
Meaning
a place where people establish a community; an agreement that ends a dispute
Example
The early settlement was built near the river for easy access to water.
初期の定住地は川の近くに建設され、水を簡単に取り入れるようにされていました。
C2 adjective /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪbəl/

exhaustible

使い果たせる
Meaning
able to be used up completely; not infinite
Example
Coal and oil are exhaustible resources.
石炭と石油は使い果たせる資源です。
C2 noun /ɡəˈruːlɪti/

garrulity

おしゃべり
Meaning
Excessive talkativeness, especially about trivial matters.
Example
His garrulity made it hard to focus during the meeting.
彼の多弁は会議中に集中するのを難しくした。
A2 noun /ˈruːlər/

ruler

支配者; 定規
Meaning
A person who governs or controls a country; a straight-edged tool used for measuring or drawing lines
Example
The ruler drew a straight line on the paper while the king was a powerful ruler of his kingdom.
ルーラーは紙にまっすぐな線を引き、王は自分の王国の強力な支配者でした。
B2 noun /ɪnˌtɜːrprəˈteɪʃən/

interpretation

解釈
Meaning
the action of explaining the meaning of something
Example
The teacher gave her own interpretation of the poem.
教師は詩の自分の解釈を示しました。
C1 noun /ˌɪnkwɪˈzɪʃən/

inquisition

尋問
Meaning
A prolonged and intense questioning or investigation, often harsh in nature.
Example
The journalist faced an inquisition from the panel about his sources.
ジャーナリストは、自分の情報源に関するパネルからの厳しい尋問に直面した。
C2 verb /ˈæpɪtaɪz/

appetize

食欲をそそる
Meaning
to stimulate the appetite; to make someone eager or interested
Example
The aroma of fresh bread will appetize the guests before dinner.
焼きたてのパンの香りが客の食欲をそそる。
C2 verb /ˈmiːliəˌreɪt/

meliorate

改善する
Meaning
To make something better or improve a condition.
Example
The new policies aim to meliorate the living conditions of the poor.
新しい政策は貧しい人々の生活条件を改善することを目指しています。
A2 adverb /ˈiːzɪli/

Easily

簡単に; 労力をかけずに
Meaning
without difficulty; in a simple or effortless manner
Example
She easily solved the math problem in minutes.
彼女は数分で数学の問題を簡単に解決しました。
C1 noun /ˈmjuːtɪni/

mutiny

反乱
Meaning
an open rebellion against authority, especially by soldiers or sailors
Example
The sailors staged a mutiny against their captain.
船員たちはキャプテンに対して反乱を起こした。
C1 verb məˈtæb.ə.laɪz

metabolize

成長のために食物を処理して利用する
Meaning
Process and use food for growth and to replace tissue, or process other substances in the body.
Example
The liver helps to metabolize toxins.
肝臓は毒素をメタボライズするのを助けます。
C2 noun /ˈsʌbtrəˌhɛnd/

subtrahend

引数
Meaning
a number that is to be subtracted from another number
Example
In the equation 10 - 4, the number 4 is the subtrahend.
方程式 10 - 4 では、4 は引数です。
B2 noun /ˌek.əˈnɒm.ɪk səˌsteɪ.nəˈbɪl.ə.ti/

economic sustainability

経済の持続可能性
Meaning
The ability of an economy to support a defined level of economic production indefinitely.
Example
Economic sustainability drives long-term growth.
経済の持続可能性は長期的な成長を促進する。
A2 noun /ˈmɛs.ɪdʒ/

Message

メッセージ
Meaning
A written, spoken, or electronic communication sent from one person to another
Example
I received your message and will reply soon.
私はあなたのメッセージを受け取り、すぐに返信します。
A2 noun /ˈbʊkɪŋ/

booking

予約
Meaning
the act of reserving accommodations, tickets, etc.
Example
I made a booking for a hotel room in advance.
私は事前にホテルの部屋を予約しました。
C1 adjective /ˈtɪp.tɒp/

Tiptop

最高の; 完璧な状態
Meaning
of the highest quality; excellent; in perfect condition
Example
The car is in tiptop condition.
車は最高の状態です。
A2 noun /haɪt/

height

高さ
Meaning
the measurement of someone or something from base to top
Example
The height of the tower impressed the visitors.
塔の高さは訪問者を感動させました。
B2 noun /ˈprɛdətər/

predator

捕食者
Meaning
An animal that hunts and kills other animals for food.
Example
Lions are powerful predators in the savannah.
ライオンはサバンナで強力な捕食者です。
A2 noun /teɪl/

Tail

尾
Meaning
the rear part of an animal that extends from the back or bottom
Example
The dog wagged its tail happily when it saw its owner.
犬は飼い主を見て嬉しそうに尾を振った。
C2 verb /ˈblækˌbɔːl/

blackball

排除する
Meaning
to exclude someone socially or vote against their membership in a group or club
Example
He was blackballed from the club after the controversy.
彼は論争の後、クラブから排除された。
C1 noun /ˈtriːkəl/

treacle

濃厚で甘いシロップ
Meaning
A thick, sweet syrup; excessively sentimental speech or writing.
Example
She poured treacle over the pancakes.
彼女はパンケーキにシロップをかけた。
B2 adjective /ˈræp.ɪd/

Rapid

迅速な；急速な；素早い；
Meaning
happening in a short time or at a fast pace
Example
The rapid growth of technology has changed our daily lives.
テクノロジーの急速な成長は私たちの日常生活を変えました。
C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪzɛnˈteɪʃənl̩/

representational

表現的
Meaning
Relating to or depicting something in a realistic or symbolic way.
Example
The artist preferred a representational style of painting.
アーティストは表現的な絵画スタイルを好んでいました。
A1 verb /ˈwɔːtər/

water

水やり
Meaning
to give water to plants or animals; to irrigate
Example
She waters the plants every morning.
彼女は毎朝植物に水をやります。
C1 verb ˈflʌk.tʃu.eɪt

fluctuate

変動する
Meaning
To regularly increase or decrease.
Example
Stock prices fluctuate due to market conditions.
株価は市場の状況によって変動します。
B2 noun /əˈɡrɛʃən/

aggression

攻撃性
Meaning
hostile or violent behavior towards others
Example
His sudden aggression surprised everyone in the meeting.
彼の突然の攻撃性は会議で誰もが驚いた。
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈlæps/

relapse

再発
Meaning
to return to a worse condition, especially after improvement; a deterioration after recovery
Example
After months of progress, he suffered a relapse.
数ヶ月の進歩の後、彼は再発しました。
C2 noun /ˌluːkjʊˈbreɪʃən/

lucubration

夜間学習
Meaning
study or meditation, especially at night
Example
His novel was the result of long lucubration.
彼の小説は長い夜間学習の結果でした。
B2 noun /vaɪn/

vine

つる植物
Meaning
a climbing or trailing plant with long stems; a plant that produces grapes
Example
The vine climbed up the wall and covered it with green leaves.
そのつる植物は壁を登り、緑の葉で覆った。
B1 noun /ˈtʃɛərˌwʊmən/

chairwoman

女性議長
Meaning
a woman who presides over a meeting, committee, or organization; a female leader of a board or council
Example
She was elected chairwoman of the company after years of experience.
彼女は長年の経験の後、その会社の女性議長に選ばれた。
C1 noun ˌfɔːtɪfɪˈkeɪʃn

fortification

要塞化
Meaning
A defensive wall or other reinforcement built to strengthen a place against attack.
Example
The fortifications protected the city.
要塞化は都市を守った。
C1 verb /ˌdɪskənˈsɜːrt/

disconcert

動揺させる
Meaning
To unsettle, confuse, or disturb the composure of someone.
Example
The sudden change of plans disconcerted the team.
突然の計画変更がチームを混乱させた。
C1 adverb /ˈnæroʊli/

Narrowly

かろうじて; 辛うじて
Meaning
by a small margin; barely; in a limited way
Example
She narrowly escaped the accident.
彼女は事故をかろうじて避けた。
B2 verb /kəmˈpraɪz/

comprise

構成する
Meaning
To consist of or be made up of something.
Example
The committee comprises five members.
委員会は五人のメンバーで構成されています。
C1 noun/verb /snɛər/

snare

罠
Meaning
a trap for catching animals; to catch or trap
Example
The hunter set a snare to catch rabbits.
ハンターはウサギを捕まえるために罠を仕掛けました。
B2 verb /ˈresəl/

wrestle

レスリング
Meaning
to fight by grappling and trying to throw down an opponent; to struggle with a problem
Example
The children like to wrestle on the playground.
子供たちは遊び場でレスリングするのが好きです。
B2 verb /əˈkweɪnt/

acquaint

親しくする
Meaning
to make someone familiar with something; to inform or introduce
Example
Please acquaint yourself with the safety guidelines before operating the machine.
機械を操作する前に、安全ガイドラインを確認してください。
C2 adjective /ˌdaɪəˈlɛktɪkəl/

dialectical

弁証法的
Meaning
Relating to the logical discussion of ideas and opinions.
Example
She took a dialectical approach to solve the complex issue.
彼女は複雑な問題を解決するために弁証法的なアプローチを取りました。
C2 noun /stɒˈkeɪd/

stockade

木製の塀
Meaning
a defensive barrier made of strong posts or timbers, often around a fort or prison
Example
The prisoners were kept inside the wooden stockade.
囚人は木製の塀の中に閉じ込められていました。
A2 noun ˈsaɪən.tɪst

scientist

科学者
Meaning
A person who is studying or has expert knowledge of one or more of the natural or physical sciences.
Example
The scientist proposed data-driven reforms.
その科学者はデータ駆動型の改革を提案しました。
C2 adjective /ˈkʌmli/

comely

美しい
Meaning
Attractive or pleasant in appearance.
Example
The actress was known for her comely features.
女優は彼女の美しい特徴で知られていました。
C2 noun /ˈprɒvəndər/

provender

家畜用の餌
Meaning
food or provisions, especially for livestock
Example
The barn was filled with provender for the cattle.
納屋は家畜用の餌でいっぱいだった。
C2 noun /fækˈsɪmɪli/

facsimile

コピー
Meaning
an exact copy or reproduction of a document
Example
He sent a facsimile of the contract to the client.
彼は契約書のコピーをクライアントに送った。
B2 noun /ˈoʊtˌmiːl/

oatmeal

オートミール
Meaning
A type of porridge made from ground oats, often eaten for breakfast.
Example
She eats a bowl of oatmeal every morning for breakfast.
彼女は毎朝、朝食にオートミールを一杯食べます。
B2 verb /ˈtɑːləreɪt/

tolerate

容認する
Meaning
to accept or endure something unpleasant without complaining; to allow something to exist
Example
I cannot tolerate such rude behavior in my classroom.
私はクラスでそのような失礼な行動を容認できません。
A1 verb /flaɪ/

fly

飛ぶ
Meaning
to move through the air using wings or in an aircraft
Example
Birds fly south for the winter.
鳥は冬に南へ飛ぶ。
A1 noun /ˈflaʊər/

flower

花
Meaning
the seed-bearing part of a plant, often colorful and fragrant, that blossoms
Example
The garden was full of colorful flowers.
庭はカラフルな花でいっぱいでした。
B2 verb /kənˈfaɪn/

confine

閉じ込める
Meaning
to restrict someone or something within certain limits; to keep someone in a closed space
Example
The prisoner was confined to his cell for 23 hours a day.
囚人は1日に23時間、自分の独房に閉じ込められた。
C1 noun /ˈtæm.ər.ɪnd/

Tamarind

タマリンド
Meaning
a brown tropical fruit with a tangy, sour taste used in cooking and beverages
Example
Tamarind is commonly used in Asian and Middle Eastern cuisines for its sour flavor.
タマリンドはその酸っぱい味でアジアや中東の料理でよく使われます。
C2 noun /rɪˈfrækʃən/

refraction

屈折
Meaning
The bending of light, sound, or other waves when they pass from one medium to another of different density.
Example
The refraction of light in water makes objects appear bent.
水中の光の屈折により、物体が曲がって見えます。
B1 adjective /ʌnˈjuː.ʒu.əl/

Unusual

異常な; 奇妙な;
Meaning
not typical; strange; different from what is normal
Example
She wore an unusual dress to the party.
彼女はパーティーに異常なドレスを着ていた。
B2 adjective /dɪˈprɛst/

depressed

落ち込んでいる
Meaning
Feeling very sad and without hope; in a state of unhappiness.
Example
She felt depressed after losing her job.
彼女は仕事を失った後、落ち込んでいました。
C1 verb /ˈpʌlseɪt/

pulsate

脈動する
Meaning
to expand and contract rhythmically; to throb or beat
Example
The neon lights pulsated with a steady rhythm.
ネオンのライトは一定のリズムで脈打っていた。
B2 adjective /ˈɪmpæktfʊl/

impactful

インパクトがある
Meaning
Having a major impact or effect; powerful and forceful.
Example
Her impactful speech moved the audience to take action.
彼女のインパクトのあるスピーチは、聴衆を行動に駆り立てた。
B1 verb /əˈlɑːrm/

alarm

驚かせる
Meaning
to warn of danger; to frighten or disturb
Example
The loud noise alarmed the residents.
大きな音が住民を驚かせた。
C1 verb /θræʃ/

thrash

殴る
Meaning
to beat someone or something violently; to move wildly or violently
Example
The angry man threatened to thrash his opponent.
怒った男は対戦相手を殴ると脅した。
C1 adjective /ˈbaʊn.tɪ.fəl/

bountiful

豊富な / 寛大な
Meaning
Large in quantity; abundant; generous in giving.
Example
The farmer was grateful for the bountiful harvest.
農家は豊富な収穫に感謝していた。
C1 adjective /əˈkʌlt/

occult

オカルト
Meaning
Relating to mysterious, supernatural, or magical powers and practices.
Example
She had always been fascinated by the occult and its hidden knowledge.
彼女は常にオカルトとその隠された知識に魅了されていた。
B1 verb /ˈmoʊtɪˌveɪt/

motivate

やる気を起こさせる
Meaning
to encourage or stimulate interest or enthusiasm for doing something
Example
The coach's speech motivated the team to win the championship.
コーチのスピーチはチームをチャンピオンにするためにモチベートしました。
B1 noun /roʊp/

rope

ロープ
Meaning
a strong, thick cord made of twisted fibers or strands
Example
The climbers used a rope to scale the mountain.
登山者は山を登るためにロープを使いました。
C2 adjective /ˈsɪlieɪtɪd/

ciliated

繊毛を持つ
Meaning
Having minute hairlike projections (cilia) on the surface of cells or organisms.
Example
The ciliated cells in the respiratory tract help move mucus out of the lungs.
呼吸器官の繊毛細胞は粘液を肺から外に出すのを助けます。
C1 adjective /bɪˈleɪtɪd/

belated

遅れた
Meaning
coming or happening later than expected or usual
Example
She sent me a belated birthday card.
彼女は遅れた誕生日カードを送ってくれた。
B2 noun /ˈsoʊlər ɪˈklɪps/

Solar eclipse

日食
Meaning
an eclipse in which the sun is obscured by the moon passing between it and the earth
Example
The solar eclipse will be visible from our city next month.
来月、私たちの街から日食が見ることができます。
B1 noun /ˈɑːrtwɜːrk/

artwork

アート作品
Meaning
a piece of art, such as a painting, sculpture, or drawing
Example
The gallery displayed an impressive artwork by a local artist.
ギャラリーは地元のアーティストによる印象的なアート作品を展示しました。
C2 noun /ˈpjuːdʒɪlɪst/

pugilist

ボクサー
Meaning
A professional or skilled boxer.
Example
The pugilist entered the ring with confidence.
ボクサーは自信を持ってリングに上がった。
B2 noun /æs/

Ass

ロバ
Meaning
a donkey; a small domesticated animal of the horse family
Example
The farmer used an ass to carry heavy loads.
農夫は重い荷物を運ぶためにロバを使いました。
C2 verb /raɪv/

rive

裂ける
Meaning
to tear apart violently
Example
The earthquake rived the ground in several places.
地震がいくつかの場所で地面を裂けました。
C1 adjective /ˌærɪˈstɒkrætɪk/

Aristocratic

アリストクラティック; 上流階級の
Meaning
noble; having the manners of the upper class
Example
She had an aristocratic bearing that commanded respect.
彼女はアリストクラティックな態度を持っていて、尊敬を集めていた。
C2 adjective /ˈflɒrɪd/

florid

過度に装飾された / 赤みがかった
Meaning
Having a red or flushed complexion; or excessively ornate and intricate.
Example
The speaker’s florid style made the lecture hard to follow.
講演者の過度に装飾されたスタイルは、講義を理解するのを難しくした。
C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈsɛl/

undersell

Meaning
to sell something at a lower price than competitors or to downplay the value of something
Example
The shop undersold its rivals by offering huge discounts.
B2 adjective /rɪˈfaɪnd/

Refined

洗練された; 精製された
Meaning
elegant and cultured in appearance, manner, or taste; purified
Example
She has very refined taste in art and music.
彼女は芸術と音楽に非常に洗練された趣味を持っています。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈprɛsəbl̩/

irrepressible

抑制できない
Meaning
Impossible to control or restrain.
Example
She had an irrepressible urge to laugh during the speech.
彼女はスピーチ中に抑制できない笑いの衝動を隠すことができませんでした。
B1 adjective ˈsʌb.mə.riːn

submarine

潜水艦
Meaning
Existing, occurring, or used underwater, especially in relation to vessels or cables.
Example
Submarine cables facilitate international communication.
潜水艦ケーブルは国際通信を容易にします。
C1 noun /ˌdiː.mɑːˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Demarcation

境界設定
Meaning
the action of fixing the boundary or limits of something; separation or division
Example
The demarcation between public and private land was clearly marked.
公共の土地と私有地の境界設定は明確に示されていた。
B2 noun /beɪ/

Bay

湾
Meaning
a broad inlet of the sea where the land curves inward
Example
The boats are anchored in the bay.
ボートは湾に停泊しています。
A2 noun /skɪn/

Skin

肌
Meaning
the outer covering of the body; the natural outer covering of a fruit or vegetable
Example
Her skin was soft and smooth.
彼女の肌は柔らかくて滑らかでした。
C1 noun /kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfi/

cartography

地図学
Meaning
The science or practice of drawing maps.
Example
She studied cartography at university to learn how to design maps.
彼女は大学で地図学を学び、地図のデザインを学びました。
C2 noun /ˌɛpɪˈdɜːrmɪs/

epidermis

皮膚の外層
Meaning
the outer layer of cells covering the body of an organism, especially the skin
Example
The epidermis protects the body from harmful bacteria.
エピデルミスは有害な細菌から体を守ります。
C1 adverb /ˌðɛərˈɪn/

Therein

その中に;
Meaning
in that place; in that respect
Example
The box contains many treasures, and therein lies its value.
箱には多くの宝物があり、その中にその価値がある。
C2 verb /ˌɛfəˈvɛs/

effervesce

泡立つ
Meaning
To give off bubbles of gas; to show excitement, liveliness, or enthusiasm.
Example
The soda began to effervesce as soon as it was opened.
ソーダは開けるとすぐに泡が立ち始めました。
B2 verb /pəˈluːt/

pollute

汚染する
Meaning
to make air, water, or land dirty and harmful to people, animals, and plants
Example
Factories pollute the environment with toxic chemicals.
工場は有害な化学物質で環境を汚染します。
A1 pronoun /ˈnʌθɪŋ/

nothing

何もない
Meaning
not anything; no thing
Example
She has nothing to worry about.
彼女は心配することは何もない。
B2 noun dɪˈveləpɪŋ ˈriːdʒənz

developing regions

発展途上地域
Meaning
Areas or countries that are in the process of economic growth and development
Example
Pollution affects developing regions the most.
汚染は発展途上地域に最も影響を与えます。
C2 noun /ˌɪlɪbəˈræləti/

illiberality

不寛容
Meaning
The quality of being illiberal; lack of tolerance or generosity.
Example
The illiberality of the new laws alarmed the citizens.
新しい法律の不寛容が市民を驚かせました。
B1 noun /ˌprɛpəˈreɪʃən/

preparation

準備
Meaning
The act of getting ready or making arrangements for something.
Example
The team made careful preparation for the presentation.
チームはプレゼンテーションのために慎重に準備をしました。
C1 adjective /ˈsɪn.tɪ.leɪ.tɪŋ/

scintillating

きらめく
Meaning
brilliantly clever, exciting, or sparkling
Example
Her scintillating conversation kept everyone entertained.
彼女のきらめく会話は皆を楽しませた。
B1 verb /əˈkɜːr/

occur

発生する
Meaning
to happen or take place; to be found or present
Example
The accident occurred at the intersection during rush hour.
事故はラッシュアワーの交差点で発生しました。
B2 adjective /kəʊˈɒpərətɪv/

cooperative

協力的
Meaning
willing to work or act together with others for a common purpose
Example
She was very cooperative during the interview process.
彼女は面接の過程で非常に協力的でした。
C1 noun kənˈvɜː.dʒəns

convergence

収束
Meaning
The process of coming together from different directions to meet at a common point; unification or integration.
Example
The convergence of technologies is revolutionizing industries.
技術の収束が産業を革命的に変革しています。