dendrology
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C2 noun /dɛnˈdrɒlədʒi/

dendrology

Meaning
the scientific study of trees and woody plants
Example
He is studying dendrology at the university.
B1 noun /ʃel/

Shell

殻
Meaning
hard outer covering of an animal; explosive projectile for a gun
Example
The artillery fired a shell at the enemy position.
砲兵は敵の陣地に弾丸を発射しました。
C2 verb /kənˈvɑːlv/

convolve

一緒に巻いたり、ねじったりする; 巻きつけたり、絡めたりする
Meaning
to roll or twist together; to coil or entwine
Example
The vines convolve around the tree trunk.
ツルは木の幹の周りを巻きつけます。
C2 adjective /ˌfæntæzməˈɡɒrɪkəl/

phantasmagorical

幻想的な
Meaning
Having a fantastic, dreamlike, or surreal appearance, often shifting or illusory.
Example
The movie created a phantasmagorical vision of another world.
映画はもう一つの世界の幻想的なビジョンを作り出しました。
B1 adjective /ˈdʒel.əs/

Jealous

嫉妬; うらやましい; 誰かの注意や愛情を所有しようとすること
Meaning
feeling envious or resentful; possessive of someone's attention or affection
Example
She felt jealous when her friend got promoted.
彼女は友達が昇進したときに嫉妬を感じた。
A2 verb /səˈdʒɛst/

suggest

提案する
Meaning
to put forward an idea, plan, or recommendation for consideration
Example
He suggested going to the new restaurant for dinner.
彼は新しいレストランで夕食を取ることを提案しました。
B2 adjective /ˈtʃær.ɪ.tə.bəl/

Charitable

慈善的; 寛大; 優しい
Meaning
generous in giving to those in need; showing kindness
Example
She is known for her charitable work in the community.
彼女は地域社会での慈善活動で知られています。
C1 verb /daɪˈleɪt/

dilate

拡大する
Meaning
To make wider, larger, or more open.
Example
The doctor used drops to dilate the patient's pupils.
医者は患者の瞳孔を拡げるために点眼薬を使いました。
C1 adjective /rɪˈtaɪərɪŋ/

retiring

内向的
Meaning
Shy and reserved; avoiding social contact.
Example
She is a quiet, retiring woman who avoids attention.
彼女は静かで内向的な女性で、注目を避ける。
B1 adverb /ˈfriːkwəntli/

Frequently

頻繁に; 定期的に; 多くの回数
Meaning
often; regularly; many times
Example
She frequently visits her grandmother on weekends.
彼女は週末に頻繁に祖母を訪れます。
B2 noun /ˈspɒnsəʃɪp/

sponsorship

後援
Meaning
the act of supporting an event, activity, person, or organization financially or through other resources
Example
The event was made possible due to the sponsorship of several big companies.
イベントは、いくつかの大企業の後援のおかげで実現しました。
C1 verb /trænsˈɡrɛs/

transgress

Meaning
to go beyond the limits of a moral law, command, or boundary; to sin
Example
He apologized after realizing he had transgressed the community's rules.
C2 noun /ˈfænˌtæzəm/

phantasm

幽霊
Meaning
an illusion, ghost, or figment of the imagination
Example
The child claimed to see a phantasm in the old house.
子供は古い家で幽霊を見たと主張した。
C2 noun /rɪˈpʌɡ.nəns/

repugnance

嫌悪
Meaning
intense disgust or strong aversion towards something
Example
She felt deep repugnance at the cruelty of the act.
彼女はその行為の残酷さに深い嫌悪を感じた。
A2 adjective /ˈfæstɪst/

fastest

最速の
Meaning
moving or capable of moving at the highest speed
Example
Usain Bolt is the fastest runner in the world.
ウサイン・ボルトは世界で最も速いランナーです。
B2 noun, verb /ræŋks/

ranks

ランク
Meaning
Positions within a group, especially in a hierarchy or organization.
Example
He quickly moved up the ranks of the army.
彼はすぐに軍隊のランクで上昇しました。
C1 noun /vəˈnɪər/

veneer

幸福
Meaning
A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material; a superficially attractive appearance.
Example
The table was covered with a thin veneer of mahogany.
彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、幸せを隠すことができませんでした。
B2 noun /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/

Validity

有効性
Meaning
the quality of being legally or officially acceptable; the quality of being logically or factually sound
Example
The validity of the contract expires next month.
契約の有効性は来月に終了します。
B2 noun /pɔːrtʃ/

porch

ポーチ
Meaning
a covered area at the entrance of a building, often with a roof and open sides
Example
We sat on the porch and enjoyed the evening breeze.
私たちはポーチに座って、夕方の風を楽しみました。
B2 adjective ˌrev.əˈluː.ʃən.ər.i

revolutionary

革命的な
Meaning
Involving or causing a complete or dramatic change.
Example
Revolutionary ideas are reshaping the industry.
革命的なアイデアが業界を再編成しています。
A1 adjective /tɔːl/

tall

高い
Meaning
having a greater than average height
Example
He is the tallest player on the team.
彼はチームで一番高い選手です。
B2 adverb /ˈædɪkwətli/

adequately

適切に
Meaning
in a satisfactory manner
Example
He completed the task adequately, but could improve next time.
彼は適切に仕事を終えましたが、次回は改善できるでしょう。
C2 noun /ˈhʌk.stər/

huckster

露天商人
Meaning
A person who sells small items aggressively, often in a showy or dishonest way.
Example
The huckster loudly promoted his goods in the busy marketplace.
その露天商人は賑やかな市場で自分の商品を大声で宣伝していました。
B2 noun əˈʃɔː.rəns

assurance

保証
Meaning
A positive declaration intended to give confidence; a promise.
Example
Assurance of quality is a priority for the council.
品質の保証は委員会の優先事項です。
B2 noun /buːˈtiːk/

boutique

ブティックショップ
Meaning
a small shop that sells fashionable clothes or accessories
Example
She bought a beautiful dress from a boutique downtown.
彼女はダウンタウンのブティックショップで美しいドレスを買いました。
C2 noun /briːtʃ/

breech

Meaning
The back part of a gun barrel; a position of a baby in the womb where the buttocks or feet come out first at birth.
Example
The rifle was loaded through the breech.
B2 verb /drɪp/

drip

滴る
Meaning
to fall or let fall in drops
Example
Water was dripping from the broken pipe.
壊れたパイプから水が滴っていました。
A2 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/

introduction

紹介
Meaning
the action of introducing something or someone; an opening or beginning part
Example
The professor gave a brief introduction before starting the lecture.
教授は講義を始める前に簡単なイントロダクションをしました。
C1 adjective /ˈstɪltɪd/

stilted

不自然な、堅苦しい
Meaning
Speech or writing that is stiff, unnatural, or overly formal.
Example
His speech sounded stilted and rehearsed.
彼のスピーチは不自然で練習されたように聞こえた。
B2 adjective /suːˈpriːm/

Supreme

最高の
Meaning
highest in rank, authority, or quality; greatest; most important
Example
The Supreme Court made the final decision.
最高裁判所は最終的な決定を下しました。
C2 noun /ˌproʊɪˈbɪʃənɪst/

prohibitionist

禁酒主義者
Meaning
A person who supports or advocates prohibition, especially of alcohol.
Example
The prohibitionist campaigned against the sale of liquor in the town.
禁酒主義者は町での酒の販売に反対するキャンペーンを行った。
C2 noun /baɪˈmɛstər/

bimester

二ヶ月の期間
Meaning
A period of two months.
Example
The academic program is divided into six bimesters.
学術プログラムは6つのバイメスターに分かれています。
C1 noun /nɑːtʃ/

notch

切り込み
Meaning
A small cut or groove on the edge or surface of something; a level or degree of achievement.
Example
He carved a notch on the stick to mark the days.
彼は日数を記録するために棒に切り込みを入れました。
C1 adjective /ˈpɔɪ.njənt/

poignant

胸を打つ, 感動的
Meaning
evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; deeply touching
Example
The movie's ending was so poignant that many in the audience were moved to tears.
映画のラストシーンは非常に感動的で、多くの観客が涙を流しました。
C1 verb /ˌɪntəˈsɛkt/

intersect

交差する
Meaning
to cross or pass through each other
Example
The two roads intersect at the city center.
二つの道路は市内中心で交差する。
B1 adjective /ʌnˈkaʊntəbəl/

Uncountable

数えきれない; 無限の
Meaning
too many to be counted; innumerable; infinite in quantity
Example
There are uncountable stars in the night sky.
夜空には無数の星があります。
B2 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

inconsistent

一貫性がない
Meaning
Not staying the same throughout; lacking harmony or regularity.
Example
His answers were inconsistent and confusing.
彼の答えは一貫性がなく、混乱を招いた。
C1 noun /ɔːˈtɒkrəsi/

autocracy

独裁政治
Meaning
A system of government in which one person has absolute power.
Example
The country suffered under decades of autocracy.
その国は何十年もの間、専制政治に苦しんでいました。
B2 adjective /əˈten.tɪv/

Attentive

注意深い; 用心深い; 観察力のある
Meaning
careful to pay attention; alert and observant
Example
The attentive student listened carefully to every word the teacher said.
注意深い学生は、教師が言ったすべての言葉に注意深く耳を傾けました。
C2 noun /ˈflɛdʒlɪŋ/

fledgeling

若鳥
Meaning
A young bird that has just developed its feathers and is learning to fly; a beginner.
Example
The fledgeling was trying hard to take its first flight.
若鳥は最初の飛行をしようとしていました。
A1 noun /ˈtiː.tʃər/

Teacher

教師
Meaning
a person who teaches students in a school or other educational institution
Example
The teacher explained the math problem clearly to the students.
教師は学生に数学の問題を明確に説明しました。
B2 adjective /əˈkuːstɪk/

acoustic

Meaning
relating to sound or the sense of hearing; not amplified by electrical means
Example
We recorded an acoustic version of the song in a quiet room.
C2 adjective/noun /haɪˈbɜːrniən/

hibernian

アイリッシュ
Meaning
Relating to Ireland or the Irish.
Example
He enjoyed reading about Hibernian culture and history.
彼はハイバーニアン文化と歴史について読むのが好きでした。
C2 verb /ˈkævəl/

cavil

無駄な反論をする
Meaning
to make petty or unnecessary objections
Example
She caviled at every detail of the plan.
彼女は計画のすべての詳細について無駄な反論をしていた。
B2 adjective /ɪˈmɒrəl/

immoral

不道徳な
Meaning
Not conforming to accepted standards of morality; unethical or wicked.
Example
He was fired for his immoral behavior.
彼は不道徳な行動で解雇されました。
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzɔːstɪv/

exhaustive

包括的で完全な
Meaning
Fully comprehensive and including all possibilities.
Example
The report provides an exhaustive analysis of the issue.
その報告書は問題に関する包括的な分析を提供します。
C1 noun /vəˈræs.ə.ti/

veracity

真実性
Meaning
Conformity to facts; accuracy and truthfulness.
Example
The journalist checked the veracity of the report.
ジャーナリストは報告書の真実性を確認しました。
B2 verb /səˈspɛnd/

suspend

一時停止する
Meaning
To temporarily stop something from being active or valid.
Example
The company decided to suspend his membership.
その会社は彼の会員資格をサスペンドすることに決めました。
B1 noun /ˈhɛlθˌkɛər/

health-care

幸せ
Meaning
the organized provision of medical services to maintain or improve health
Example
Access to quality health-care is essential for every citizen.
彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、自分の幸せを隠すことができませんでした。
B2 adjective /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/

conservative

保守的な
Meaning
Favoring traditional views and values; resistant to change.
Example
He has conservative views on family and society.
彼は家族と社会について保守的な見解を持っている。
C2 noun /rɪˈfrækʃən/

refraction

屈折
Meaning
The bending of light, sound, or other waves when they pass from one medium to another of different density.
Example
The refraction of light in water makes objects appear bent.
水中の光の屈折により、物体が曲がって見えます。
C2 adjective /pəˈlɛmɪkəl/

polemical

論争的
Meaning
relating to or involving strongly critical or controversial writing or speech
Example
She wrote a polemical article challenging traditional beliefs.
彼女は伝統的な信念に挑戦する論争的な記事を書いた。
B2 noun /ˈpʌŋk.tʃər/

Puncture

パンク
Meaning
a small hole in a tire that causes air to escape
Example
I had to fix a puncture in my bicycle tire this morning.
今朝、自転車のタイヤのパンクを修理しなければなりませんでした。
C2 adjective /ɪmˈprɒvɪdənt/

improvident

先見の明がない
Meaning
Not having or showing foresight; spending wastefully or without thought for the future.
Example
His improvident habits left him with no savings.
彼の先見の明がない習慣は、貯金がないまま彼を残した。
C2 adjective /ˌæpəˈplɛktɪk/

apoplectic

アポプレクティック
Meaning
Extremely angry; furious.
Example
He was apoplectic when he heard about the unfair decision.
彼は不公平な決定について聞いたとき、アポプレクティックでした。
A1 noun, verb /laɪn/

line

ライン
Meaning
A long narrow mark or band; a row of people or things; to cover the inside surface of something.
Example
People waited in a long line outside the theater.
人々は劇場の外で長い列を作って待っていた。
C1 verb /rɪˈsɪprəˌkeɪt/

reciprocate

応答する
Meaning
To respond to an action or gesture by making a corresponding one.
Example
She smiled at him, and he reciprocated with a warm hug.
彼女は彼に微笑み、彼は温かい抱擁で応じた。
B2 verb /ˈstræŋɡəl/

strangle

Meaning
to kill or stop someone or something by squeezing the throat or restricting flow
Example
The villain tried to strangle his opponent in the dark alley.
C2 noun /ˈɒnwiː/ or /ˈɑːnwiː/

ennui

退屈
Meaning
A feeling of boredom, listlessness, or dissatisfaction arising from lack of excitement.
Example
After weeks of doing nothing, he sank into a deep sense of ennui.
何もせずに数週間後、彼は深い退屈に沈んだ。
C2 noun /ˌbædɪˈnɑːʒ/

badinage

冗談、遊び心のある会話
Meaning
Playful and humorous conversation; banter.
Example
The friends enjoyed a light badinage over coffee.
友達はコーヒーを飲みながら軽い冗談を楽しみました。
A2 adjective, noun /ˈfeɪvərɪt/

favorite

お気に入り
Meaning
Preferred over all others; something or someone especially liked.
Example
Chocolate is my favorite ice cream flavor.
チョコレートは私のお気に入りのアイスクリームのフレーバーです。
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

内向
Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
彼女の内向的な性格は、大きなパーティーを楽しむのを難しくした。
B2 adjective /boʊld/

Bold

大胆; 自信; 勇敢
Meaning
brave; confident; daring
Example
He made a bold decision to start his own business.
彼は自分のビジネスを始めるために大胆な決断を下しました。
C1 adjective /prəˈfɛtɪk/

prophetic

予言的
Meaning
accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future
Example
His prophetic words came true after many years.
彼の予言的な言葉は何年も後に現実となった。
C2 verb /rɪˈɡeɪl/

regale

楽しませる
Meaning
To entertain or amuse someone with stories, food, or drink.
Example
He regaled us with stories of his travels around the world.
彼は世界中を旅した話で私たちを楽しませました。
C1 noun /ˌɔːkʃəˈnɪər/

auctioneer

競売人
Meaning
a person who conducts auctions by calling out bids and selling items to the highest bidder
Example
The auctioneer quickly raised the price as bidders competed for the painting.
競売人は入札が進む中で素早く価格を上げた。
C2 verb /ˈsʌpjʊˌreɪt/

suppurate

膿が出る
Meaning
to form or discharge pus, usually as a result of infection
Example
The wound began to suppurate after a few days.
傷口は数日後に膿を出し始めました。
C1 noun /ˈɑːr.tər.i/

Artery

動脈
Meaning
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to other parts of the body
Example
The doctor checked the pulse in his artery.
医者は彼の動脈で脈拍を確認した。
B2 verb /ˈhezɪteɪt/

hesitate

ためらう
Meaning
to pause before acting; to be uncertain about what to do
Example
Don't hesitate to ask for help.
助けを求めることを躊躇しないでください。
C1 adjective /rɪˈvɜː.sə.bəl/

Reversible

可逆的な
Meaning
able to be turned the other way around; able to be undone or changed back
Example
This jacket is reversible and can be worn on both sides.
このジャケットはリバーシブルで、両面で着られます。
C2 noun /ˈmɛtəfɔːrm/

metaphorm

隠喩の形
Meaning
A coined or rare term sometimes used to describe a hybrid form of metaphor and form in literature or art.
Example
The poet introduced a metaphorm to blend imagery with structure.
詩人はイメージと構造を結びつけるためにメタフォームを導入しました。
C1 verb pɚˈpɛtʃ.u.eɪt

perpetuate

何かを継続的に運転させる、または長期間維持する
Meaning
To keep something continuously running or maintain it for a long time.
Example
The media can sometimes perpetuate harmful stereotypes.
メディアは時に有害なステレオタイプを永続させることがある。
C2 noun /ˈbɑːrbərɪzəm/

Barbarism

野蛮
Meaning
extreme cruelty or brutality; absence of culture and civilization
Example
The barbarism of the war crimes shocked the entire international community.
戦争犯罪の野蛮さは国際社会全体を衝撃に陥れた。
B2 verb /ˌɪntərˈviːn/

intervene

介入する
Meaning
To come between people, groups, or events, often to prevent conflict or improve a situation.
Example
The teacher had to intervene to stop the fight between the students.
教師は生徒たちの間で喧嘩を止めるために介入しなければならなかった。
C1 noun məˈnjʊər

manure

肥料, 家畜の糞
Meaning
Animal dung used for fertilizing land; organic matter used as fertilizer.
Example
Organic manure enhances soil fertility.
有機肥料は土壌の肥沃度を高めます。
A1 pronoun /hɪm/

him

彼を
Meaning
Used to refer to a male person or animal already mentioned.
Example
I saw him at the park yesterday.
昨日公園で彼を見かけました。
A2 verb /ˈædɪd/

added

追加された
Meaning
to join something to something else to increase its size, number, or amount
Example
She added sugar to her coffee.
彼女はコーヒーに砂糖を加えました。
B2 verb /əkˈnɒlɪdʒ/

acknowledge

認める
Meaning
to accept or admit the existence or truth of something; to recognize
Example
She acknowledged her mistake and apologized.
彼女は自分のミスを認め、謝罪した。
A2 verb /prɪˈtɛnd/

pretend

ふりをする
Meaning
To act as if something is true when it is not.
Example
The children pretended to be superheroes.
子供たちはスーパーヒーローになるふりをした。
C1 noun /ˈkwæɡˌmaɪər/

quagmire

沼地、困難な状況
Meaning
a soft, wet area of land that gives way underfoot; a complex or dangerous situation
Example
The hikers were trapped in a political quagmire.
ハイカーたちは政治的な沼地に閉じ込められた。
A1 noun /ˌɪnfərˈmeɪʃən/

information

情報
Meaning
Facts or knowledge provided or learned about something.
Example
The website provides useful information about travel destinations.
このウェブサイトは旅行先に関する有用な情報を提供しています。
B1 verb /rɪˈvaɪz/

revise

修正する
Meaning
To change, improve, or update something, especially a written work.
Example
She had to revise her essay before submission.
彼女は提出前にエッセイをリヴァイズする必要があった。
C2 adjective, noun /pləˈbiːən/

plebeian

一般の人
Meaning
common, ordinary, or belonging to the lower social classes
Example
The festival was enjoyed by both plebeian and noble citizens.
祭りは、平民と貴族市民の両方に楽しませられました。
C1 adjective /ɪˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

Illogical

非論理的
Meaning
not reasonable or sensible; lacking logic
Example
It would be illogical to go swimming in such cold weather.
こんなに寒い天気で泳ぐのは非論理的です。
B2 noun /swiːt/

suite

スイート
Meaning
a set of rooms designated for one person's or family's use or for a particular purpose
Example
They stayed in the presidential suite at the hotel.
彼らはホテルの大統領スイートに宿泊していました。
B2 adjective /hoʊˈlɪs.tɪk/

holistic

全体的な
Meaning
Understanding or analyzing something through a comprehensive, integrated whole perspective.
Example
A holistic approach to health considers both body and mind.
健康に対するホリスティックなアプローチは、体と心の両方を考慮に入れます。
B1 noun /prəʊ/

pro

プロフェッショナル
Meaning
a professional, especially in sports; or a person who is in favor of something
Example
He plays tennis like a pro.
彼はプロのようにテニスをプレーします。
B1 noun ˌɪn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən

institution

機関
Meaning
An organization founded and united for a specific purpose; an established law, practice, or custom.
Example
Institutions play a crucial role in governance.
機関はガバナンスにおいて重要な役割を果たしています。
B2 adverb /ˈɑːɡjuːəbli/

arguably

おそらく
Meaning
used to say that a statement is open to argument or is considered true by many people
Example
She is arguably the most talented player on the team.
彼女はおそらくチームで最も才能のある選手だ。
C1 noun/verb /ˈbɔɪ/ or /ˈbuːi/

buoy

ブイ, 浮かべる
Meaning
A floating marker on water; to keep something afloat or encourage someone.
Example
The news buoyed their spirits after the loss.
ニュースは喪失後、彼らの気持ちを高めました。
B1 noun /ˈlɪt.ər.ə.ʧər/

Literature

文学
Meaning
written works, especially those considered of superior or lasting artistic merit; books and writings published on a particular subject
Example
She studied English literature at university.
彼女は大学で英文学を学びました。
B2 noun /ˈkɒpə/

copper

銅
Meaning
a reddish-brown metal used for electrical wiring, coins, and more
Example
Copper is a good conductor of electricity.
銅は良い電気導体です。
C1 adjective /dɪˈrɒɡətɔːri/

derogatory

侮辱的
Meaning
Showing a critical or disrespectful attitude.
Example
The article contained derogatory comments about the politician.
その記事には政治家について侮辱的なコメントが含まれていました。
B1 noun dɪˈfens

defense

防御
Meaning
The action of defending from or resisting attack; protection from harm or danger.
Example
Defense was one of the central subjects.
防御は主要なテーマの一つだった。
B2 verb /səbˈtrækt/

subtract

引く
Meaning
to take away a number or amount from another number or amount
Example
If you subtract 5 from 10, you get 5.
もし10から5を引いたら、5が得られます。
C1 adjective /ɪˈmjuː.tə.bəl/

immutable

不変の
Meaning
Unchangeable, permanent, or fixed
Example
The laws of physics are considered immutable.
物理法則は不変と見なされます。
B2 noun /sɪmˈplɪsɪti/

Simplicity

単純さ; 明確さ
Meaning
the quality of being simple; lack of complexity or intricacy
Example
The beauty of the design lies in its simplicity.
デザインの美しさはその単純さにあります。
C1 adjective /ˌeɪ.bəlˈbɒd.id/

able-bodied

健康な体
Meaning
physically strong and healthy, not disabled
Example
The company is looking for able-bodied workers for the construction site.
その会社は建設現場のために健康な体を持つ労働者を探しています。
C2 noun /sɪˈnɛrəsɪs/

syneresis

シネレシス
Meaning
The contraction of two adjacent vowels into a single syllable or the separation of liquid from a gel.
Example
The yogurt showed syneresis when liquid separated on top.
ヨーグルトは液体が上に分離するとシネレシスを示しました。
C2 noun /pəˈruːzl/

perusal

慎重な読書
Meaning
The action of reading or examining something carefully.
Example
The contract was given to the lawyer for perusal.
契約書は弁護士に慎重な読書のために渡されました。
B1 noun /ˈbæɡɪdʒ/

Baggage

荷物; 所持品;
Meaning
suitcases and bags containing personal belongings; past experiences or problems that affect behavior
Example
Please collect your baggage from the conveyor belt at the airport.
空港のコンベヤーベルトから荷物をお取りください。
A2 verb /rɪˈlæks/

relax

リラックスする
Meaning
to make or become less tense or anxious; to rest
Example
After a long day, she likes to relax with a good book.
長い一日の後で、彼女は良い本を持ってリラックスするのが好きです。
C1 verb /ˈʃrɪvəl/

shrivel

しわになる
Meaning
To become dry, wrinkled, and smaller due to lack of moisture.
Example
The flowers shriveled under the hot sun.
花は暑い太陽の下でしわになった。
C2 noun /dɪˈfoʊliənt/

defoliant

Meaning
a chemical that causes leaves to drop from plants, often used in warfare or agriculture
Example
The army sprayed defoliant to clear the forest cover.
C1 adjective /ˈhær.oʊ.ɪŋ/

harrowing

恐ろしいと苦しみを伴う
Meaning
extremely distressing or upsetting
Example
It was a harrowing experience to witness the accident.
事故を目撃することは恐ろしい経験だった。
A2 noun /ˈbʌdi/

buddy

友達
Meaning
a close friend or companion, used informally
Example
He went to the movies with his best buddy.
彼は一番の友達と映画を見に行った。
A1 noun /tʃaɪld/

child

子供
Meaning
a young human being below the age of puberty or below the legal age of majority
Example
The child played happily in the park.
その子供は公園で楽しそうに遊んでいました。
B2 adjective /ˈvɜːr.tʃu.əs/

Virtuous

徳のある; 正義の; 道徳的に優れた;
Meaning
having high moral standards; righteous; morally excellent
Example
She is known for her virtuous character and honest dealings.
彼女はその徳のある性格と正直な取引で知られています。
A1 determiner/pronoun /boʊθ/

both

両方
Meaning
referring to two people or things together
Example
Both of the children were excited about the trip.
旅行について両方の子供たちは興奮していました。
C2 verb /dɪˈkleɪm/

declaim

Meaning
to speak aloud in a formal, passionate, or theatrical way
Example
The actor declaimed his lines with great intensity.
B2 verb /rɪˈnuː/

renew

Meaning
to make something new again or extend its period of validity
Example
I need to renew my passport before traveling.
C1 noun ˈtær.ɪf

tariff

関税または輸出入税
Meaning
A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Example
The government imposed high tariffs on luxury goods.
政府は高級品に高い関税を課しました。
C1 adjective /ˌboʊnəˈfaɪdi/

Bonafide

本物の; 正当な; 合法の
Meaning
genuine; authentic; legitimate
Example
She is a bonafide expert in her field.
彼女はその分野の本物の専門家です。
C2 noun /ˈbɛlˌwɛðər/

bellwether

先駆者
Meaning
A person or thing that leads or indicates a trend.
Example
The company is seen as a bellwether of the technology industry.
その会社はテクノロジー業界の先駆者と見なされています。
C1 noun /ˌrɛpəˈreɪʃən/

reparation

賠償
Meaning
the making of amends for a wrong done by paying money or helping those who were wronged
Example
The government offered reparations to the victims of the conflict.
政府は紛争の被害者に賠償を提供しました。
C2 adjective /ˌæn.θrə.pəˈdʒen.ɪk/

anthropogenic

人為的
Meaning
Originating in human activity; caused by humans.
Example
Climate change is largely due to anthropogenic activities.
気候変動は主に人為的な活動によるものです。
B2 verb /ɪˈreɪs/

erase

消す
Meaning
to remove completely; to delete or wipe out
Example
Use an eraser to erase the pencil marks.
鉛筆の跡を消すために消しゴムを使う。
C1 adjective /dɪˈmɛntɪd/

demented

狂った / 非理性的
Meaning
behaving irrationally due to mental illness or extreme excitement
Example
He looked demented after hearing the shocking news.
彼は衝撃的なニュースを聞いた後、正気を失ったように見えました。
B2 verb /ɪmˈpoʊzd/

imposed

課す
Meaning
forced something to be accepted or put in place
Example
The government imposed new regulations on the industry.
政府は産業に新しい規制を課した。
C1 noun /ˈplæn.teɪn ˈflaʊ.ər/

Plantain flower

プランテンの花
Meaning
The flower bud of a banana plant, used as a vegetable in cooking
Example
We cooked plantain flower curry for dinner.
私たちは夕食にプランテンの花のカレーを作りました。
B2 noun /ˈdef.ə.sɪt/

Deficit

赤字; 欠乏
Meaning
the amount by which something is too small; a shortfall or lack
Example
The government faced a budget deficit of millions due to increased spending.
政府は支出の増加により、何百万もの予算の赤字に直面しました。