C1 noun /bʌm/

bum

尻

Meaning

informal term for the buttocks; also a homeless or lazy person

Example

He sat on his bum all day doing nothing.

彼は一日中お尻に座って何もしなかった。

C1 noun /ˈtæn.dəm/

Tandem

タンデム自転車

Meaning

a bicycle built for two riders, one behind the other

Example

The couple enjoyed riding their tandem bicycle through the park.

カップルは公園で自分たちのタンデム自転車に乗って楽しんでいました。

C1 phrase ˌhjuː.məˈnɪt.ər.i.kəˈtæs.trə.fi

humanitarian catastrophe

人道的災害

Meaning

A widespread disaster affecting human life, health, and well-being on a large scale.

Example

The war created a humanitarian catastrophe.

戦争は人道的災害を引き起こした。

C1 adjective /ˈdɔːr.mənt/

Dormant

非アクティブ; 眠っている; 一時的に保留された; 現在アクティブではない

Meaning

inactive; sleeping; temporarily suspended; not currently active

Example

The volcano has been dormant for over a century.

火山は1世紀以上の間休眠状態です。

C1 noun /ˌdiː.kɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

decomposition

分解

Meaning

the process of decaying or breaking down into simpler parts

Example

The decomposition of leaves enriches the soil.

葉の分解は土壌を豊かにします。

C1 noun ˌæp.əˈreɪ.təs

apparatus

装置

Meaning

The technical equipment or machinery needed for a particular activity or purpose.

Example

The apparatus was designed to be eco-friendly.

その装置は環境に優しいように設計されました。

C1 verb /ˈɡlɪsən/

glisten

輝く

Meaning

To shine with a sparkling light, often when wet or polished.

Example

The grass glistened with morning dew.

朝露で草は輝いていた。

C1 adjective /nɑːkˈtɜr.nəl/

Nocturnal

夜行性

Meaning

active at night; happening during the night

Example

Owls are nocturnal animals that hunt at night.

フクロウは夜行性の動物で、夜に狩りをします。

C1 noun /əˈnɒməli/

anomaly

異常

Meaning

something that deviates from the norm or expected result

Example

The sudden drop in temperature was considered an anomaly.

温度の急激な低下は異常と見なされました。

C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

感染

Meaning

The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.

Example

Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.

恐怖は群衆の中で感染のように広がった。

C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

非効率

Meaning

The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.

Example

Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.

政府の非効率性がプロジェクトの完了を遅らせる。

C1 noun /trentʃ/

Trench

壕

Meaning

a long, narrow ditch; a deep furrow in the ground, especially one used for military defense

Example

The soldiers dug a trench for protection during the battle.

兵士たちは戦闘中に防護のために壕を掘った。

C1 noun/verb /ɡæʃ/

gash

深い切り傷

Meaning

A long, deep cut or wound; to cut deeply or violently.

Example

He had a deep gash on his leg after the accident.

事故の後、彼の足には深い切り傷があった。

C1 adjective /ˈdeɪnti/

dainty

優雅で可愛らしい

Meaning

Delicately small, pretty, and often considered elegant.

Example

She wore a dainty necklace made of pearls.

彼女は真珠でできた繊細なネックレスをしていました。

C1 noun /ˈhɜː.mɪt/

Hermit

宗教的な修行として孤独に生きる人；社会から退く人

Meaning

a person living in solitude as a religious discipline; someone who withdraws from society

Example

The old hermit lived alone in a small cabin deep in the mountains, away from civilization.

その老いたハーミットは文明から遠く離れた山の中の小さな小屋で一人で暮らしていた。

C1 verb; noun /beltʃ/

belch

げっぷをする

Meaning

to expel air noisily from the stomach through the mouth; to emit or pour out suddenly and forcefully

Example

After drinking the soda, he belched loudly.

ソーダを飲んだ後、彼は大きなげっぷをした。

C1 noun /bəˈrɒmɪtər/

barometer

気圧計

Meaning

an instrument that measures atmospheric pressure

Example

The barometer indicated a storm was approaching.

バロメーターは嵐が近づいていることを示しました。

C1 verb /ˌdɪsəˈlaʊ/

disallow

許可しない

Meaning

to refuse to allow or accept something

Example

The referee disallowed the goal for offside.

審判はオフサイドのためゴールを認めませんでした。

C1 adverb /ˌðɛərˈɪn/

Therein

その中に;

Meaning

in that place; in that respect

Example

The box contains many treasures, and therein lies its value.

箱には多くの宝物があり、その中にその価値がある。

C1 noun /slæb/

slab

スラブ

Meaning

a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or other hard material

Example

The workers laid a concrete slab for the foundation.

作業員たちは基礎のためにコンクリートのスラブを敷きました。

C1 noun /ˈaɪsətəʊp/

isotope

同位体

Meaning

Atoms of the same element with equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.

Example

Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used in dating fossils.

炭素-14は化石の年代を測定するために使用される放射性同位体です。

C1 noun /ˈpæstər/

pastor

牧師

Meaning

a minister in charge of a Christian church or congregation

Example

The pastor delivered a heartfelt sermon on compassion.

牧師は思いやりのある説教をしました。

C1 noun /ˈprəʊsiːdz/

proceeds

収益

Meaning

money obtained from an event, activity, or sale

Example

The proceeds from the charity event were donated to the orphanage.

チャリティイベントの収益は孤児院に寄付されました。

C1 verb /əˈpɛnd/

append

追加する

Meaning

to add something as an attachment or supplement, usually at the end of a document or list

Example

She decided to append a note to the end of the report.

彼女は報告書の最後にメモを追加することに決めました。

C1 noun /ˈbjuːɡəl/

Bugle

バグル

Meaning

a brass musical instrument similar to a trumpet but without valves, used especially for military calls

Example

The soldier played the bugle to signal the start of the ceremony.

兵士は式典の開始を合図するためにバグルを吹いた

C1 verb, adjective, noun /spruːs/

spruce

整える / 一種の木

Meaning

to make neat or tidy in appearance; also refers to an evergreen tree

Example

He spruced up his room before the guests arrived.

彼はゲストが到着する前に部屋を整えました。

C1 verb /ˈfɔːrtɪˌfaɪ/

fortify

強化する

Meaning

To strengthen a place, person, or thing physically or mentally.

Example

They fortified the city walls to protect against invasion.

彼らは侵略に備えて街の壁を強化しました。

C1 noun /ˈdrɛsˌmeɪkər/

dressmaker

洋裁師

Meaning

A person who makes or alters women's clothing professionally.

Example

The dressmaker crafted a beautiful gown for the bride.

洋裁師は花嫁のために美しいドレスを作った。

C1 adjective /dɪˈfɛnsəbəl/

defensible

守ることができる / 正当化できる

Meaning

Capable of being protected against attack or criticism; justifiable.

Example

Her decision was legally defensible.

彼女の決定は法的に守ることができた。

C1 verb /skrɔːl/

scrawl

急いで乱雑に書く

Meaning

to write or draw something quickly and carelessly, making it hard to read

Example

He scrawled his signature at the bottom of the page.

彼はページの下部に署名をスクロールした。

C1 adjective /ˈwɪl.fəl/

Wilful

頑固な; 意図的な

Meaning

deliberately stubborn; done on purpose; intentional

Example

His wilful disobedience led to punishment.

彼の意図的な不服従は罰に繋がった。

C1 verb /dɪˈbɑːr/

debar

禁止する

Meaning

To officially prevent someone from doing something.

Example

He was debarred from entering the competition due to cheating.

彼は不正行為のため競技への参加が禁止されました。

C1 adjective /ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

illegitimate

不正

Meaning

Not authorized by law, rules, or standards; not recognized as valid.

Example

The court ruled the contract to be illegitimate.

裁判所は契約が不正であると判断しました。

C1 noun /ɡɔːrd/

Gourd

カボチャ

Meaning

a climbing plant with large fruits that have hard shells when dried

Example

The bottle gourd curry was delicious and nutritious.

瓶型カボチャカレーは美味しくて栄養豊富でした。

C1 adjective /ˈrek.wɪ.zɪt/

Requisite

必要な; 必須の

Meaning

made necessary by particular circumstances; required

Example

Good communication skills are requisite for this job.

この仕事には良いコミュニケーションスキルが必要です。

C1 noun /ˈɡoʊld.smɪθ/

Goldsmith

金細工師

Meaning

a person who makes or repairs articles of gold

Example

The goldsmith crafted a beautiful wedding ring.

金細工師は美しい結婚指輪を作りました。

C1 noun /naɪˈiːvɪti/

naivety

無邪気

Meaning

The quality of being innocent, simple, and lacking experience or sophistication.

Example

Her naivety made her trust people too easily.

彼女の無邪気は、彼女が人々をあまりにも簡単に信頼させました。

C1 adjective /ˌhaɪəˈrɑː.kɪ.kəl/

hierarchical

階層的な

Meaning

arranged in order of rank or authority

Example

The company has a strict hierarchical structure.

その会社には厳格な階層構造があります。

C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

鋭い

Meaning

Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.

Example

His incisive comments revealed the core issues.

彼の鋭いコメントは核心的な問題を明らかにしました。

C1 noun /ˈpriːsɪŋkt/

precinct

区域

Meaning

A district or area within the boundaries of a city, often for police or electoral purposes.

Example

She went to vote at her local precinct.

彼女は地元の選挙区で投票に行った。

C1 adjective /ʌnˈfɔːltərɪŋ/

unfaltering

不屈不挠

Meaning

Steady and resolute; not weakening or hesitating

Example

She continued with unfaltering determination.

彼女は不屈不挠の決意で続けた。

C1 adjective ˈɒptɪmaɪzd

optimized

最適化, 改善, より効率的

Meaning

Made as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible; improved to achieve maximum efficiency.

Example

The system has been optimized for faster performance.

システムはより速いパフォーマンスのために最適化されました。

C1 noun /ˈkærət/

karat

カラット

Meaning

A unit for measuring the purity of gold, with 24 karats being pure gold.

Example

The ring was made of 18-karat gold.

その指輪は18カラットの金で作られていました。

C1 noun /ʃɑːrd/

shard

破片

Meaning

a broken piece of glass, metal, or pottery

Example

He cut his finger on a shard of glass.

彼はガラスの破片で指を切った。

C1 verb/noun /stuːp/

stoop

幸福

Meaning

To bend one's body forward and downward; also a small porch or staircase at the entrance of a house

Example

He had to stoop to pick up the coin.

彼女は賞を受け取ったとき、自分の幸福を隠すことができませんでした。

C1 noun /ˈblʌdˌbæθ/

bloodbath

血の大惨事

Meaning

an event in which a lot of people are killed or injured, especially in a violent conflict

Example

The war turned into a bloody bloodbath.

戦争は血まみれの大虐殺に変わった。

C1 adjective /ˌfʊl ˈbɒd.id/

full-bodied

濃厚な味わい

Meaning

Having a strong, rich, and robust quality, especially of wine, coffee, or voice.

Example

He prefers a full-bodied red wine with his dinner.

彼は夕食に濃厚な味わいの赤ワインを好みます。

C1 noun /ˈɡreɪ.haʊnd/

Greyhound

グレイハウンド

Meaning

a tall, thin dog with long legs that can run very fast

Example

The greyhound won the race at the dog track.

グレイハウンドは犬の競技場でレースに勝ちました。

C1 noun /æbˈdʌk.ʃən/

abduction

誘拐

Meaning

the act of taking someone away illegally by force; kidnapping

Example

The police are investigating the abduction of the child.

警察は子供の誘拐事件を調査している。

C1 verb, noun /kweɪl/

quail

恐怖を感じる; 小さくて短い尾の鳥

Meaning

verb: to feel or show fear; noun: a small, short-tailed bird

Example

She quailed at the sight of the approaching storm.

彼女は迫り来る嵐の光景に恐怖を感じた。

C1 noun ˈdɪl.ɪ.dʒəns

diligence

勤勉

Meaning

Careful and persistent work or effort.

Example

Success requires patience and diligence.

成功には忍耐と勤勉が必要です。

C1 adjective /əbˈsɛsɪv/

obsessive

執着的

Meaning

Relating to or characterized by an obsession; thinking about something too much.

Example

He has an obsessive interest in cleanliness.

彼は清潔さに執着的な興味を持っています。

C1 noun /ɡlɔːs/

Gloss

光沢のあるまたは磨かれた表面; リップグロス

Meaning

a shiny or lustrous surface finish; a superficially attractive appearance; lip gloss

Example

She applied a clear gloss to her lips to give them a shiny, healthy appearance.

彼女は唇に透明なグロスを塗って、健康的で輝く外観を与えました。

C1 noun /ˈpraɪ.mər/ (US), /ˈprɪm.ər/ (UK)

primer

入門書, 下塗り

Meaning

A basic introductory book or a substance used to prepare a surface for painting.

Example

He read a primer on programming before starting his course.

彼はコースを始める前にプログラミングの入門書を読みました。

C1 noun /pluːm/

plume

大きくて柔らかい羽または羽のようなもの

Meaning

a large, soft feather or something resembling a feather

Example

The soldier wore a red plume on his helmet.

兵士はヘルメットに赤い羽をつけていた。

C1 verb /ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

replicate

複製する

Meaning

to copy, reproduce, or duplicate something exactly

Example

The scientist tried to replicate the experiment for accuracy.

科学者は実験を正確に再現しようとしました。

C1 adjective /ɪˈnæmərd/

enamored

夢中

Meaning

filled with love or admiration

Example

He became enamored with classical music after attending the concert.

彼はコンサートに参加した後、クラシック音楽に魅了されました。

C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɒlvənt/

insolvent

破産

Meaning

unable to pay debts owed

Example

The insolvent firm could not meet its financial obligations.

破産した企業は財務義務を果たせなかった。

C1 noun /ˈlænd.slaɪd/

Landslide

地すべり

Meaning

a collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff; an overwhelming victory in an election

Example

Heavy rains triggered a massive landslide that blocked the mountain highway.

大雨が大規模な地すべりを引き起こし、山道をふさいだ。

C1 noun /ˌʌnprɪˈdɪktəˌbɪləti/

unpredictability

予測不可能性

Meaning

The quality of being impossible to predict or anticipate.

Example

The unpredictability of the weather made the trip uncertain.

天気の予測不可能性は旅行を不確実にした。

C1 adjective /ˈroʊ.ɡɪʃ/

Roguish

いたずらな; 狡猾な

Meaning

mischievous; playfully dishonest

Example

His roguish smile suggested he was up to some mischief.

彼のいたずらな笑顔は、彼が何かいたずらを仕掛けていることを示唆していました。

C1 noun /əˈrɪəz/

arrears

未払い

Meaning

Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier.

Example

She was months in arrears with her electricity bill.

彼女は電気代の未払いが数ヶ月遅れていた。

C1 noun /fɔːrˈmæl.ə.ti/

Formality

形式

Meaning

the rigid observance of rules of convention or etiquette; a thing done simply to comply with requirements

Example

The signing of the contract was just a formality; the deal was already agreed upon.

契約書にサインすることは単なる形式でした。契約はすでに合意されていました。

C1 adjective ˌæv.ɒ̃ˈɡɑːd

avant-garde

前衛的

Meaning

New and experimental; characterized by departure from or rejection of accepted standards.

Example

Avant-garde designs redefine the dining experience.

アヴァン・ガルドデザインはダイニング体験を再定義します。

C1 adjective /ˌɪnkɒmprɪˈhɛnsəbl/

incomprehensible

理解不能

Meaning

Impossible or very difficult to understand.

Example

The professor’s lecture was so fast it became incomprehensible.

教授の講義は速すぎて理解不能になった。

C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪˈhɛnsəbl̩/

reprehensible

非難すべき

Meaning

Deserving strong criticism or blame.

Example

His dishonest actions were truly reprehensible.

彼の不誠実な行動は本当に非難すべきものでした。

C1 verb /ˌrevəˈluːʃənaɪz/

revolutionize

革命的に変える

Meaning

Change (something) radically or fundamentally.

Example

Artificial intelligence is set to revolutionize the healthcare sector.

人工知能は医療分野を革命化する準備ができています。

C1 adjective /ˈskænti/

Scanty

小さいサイズまたは量; 不十分; ほとんど十分

Meaning

small in size or amount; insufficient; barely adequate

Example

The refugee camp had scanty food supplies.

難民キャンプにはわずかな食料供給がありました。

C1 noun /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

domination

支配

Meaning

the exercise of control or influence over someone or something

Example

The empire sought domination over its neighbors.

帝国は隣国に対する支配を求めていた。

C1 noun /ˈɛspiənɑːʒ/

espionage

スパイ活動

Meaning

The practice of spying or using spies to gather secret information, usually for political or military purposes.

Example

The agent was arrested on charges of espionage against the state.

そのエージェントは国家に対するスパイ活動の容疑で逮捕されました。

C1 noun /tɒŋ/

tong

トング

Meaning

a tool with two movable arms used to pick up and hold objects

Example

He used the tong to pick up the hot coal.

彼は熱い石炭を拾うためにトングを使った。

Meaning

To sharpen the blade of a tool or to stimulate interest or appetite.

Example

The smell of food whetted my appetite.

C1 adjective əˈblɪv.i.əs

oblivious

無自覚

Meaning

Being completely unaware of surrounding events.

Example

He was oblivious to the noise around him while reading.

彼は読書中に周りの騒音に全く無自覚だった。

C1 noun ˈθɜː.məl stres

thermal stress

熱応力

Meaning

Stress caused by excessive heat that affects plant growth and development.

Example

High thermal stress affects plant growth.

高い熱的ストレスは植物の成長に影響を与えます。

Meaning

comically or repulsively ugly or distorted

Example

The sculpture was so grotesque that it frightened the children.

C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/

inhibited

抑制された

Meaning

Unable to act in a relaxed and natural way, especially due to self-consciousness or restraint.

Example

He was too inhibited to express his true feelings.

彼は自分の本当の感情を表現するにはあまりにも抑制されていた。

C1 noun /ˈdʒækˌfruːt/

Jackfruit

ジャックフルーツ

Meaning

a large tropical fruit with a spiky exterior and sweet flesh inside

Example

The jackfruit is the largest tree fruit in the world.

ジャックフルーツは世界で一番大きな木の果物です。

C1 noun əˌsɪm.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən

Assimilation

同化

Meaning

Connecting new information with existing knowledge

Example

Proper assimilation of knowledge leads to effective learning.

知識の適切な同化は効果的な学習につながります。

C1 noun /ˈhaɪbrɪd/

hybrid

ハイブリッド

Meaning

a mixture of two different things, often combining the best qualities of both

Example

The car is a hybrid that runs on both electricity and fuel.

その車は電気と燃料の両方で走るハイブリッド車です。

C1 noun /ˈkæv.əl.ri/

Cavalry

騎兵

Meaning

soldiers who fight on horseback; the part of an army formerly composed of troops on horseback

Example

The cavalry charged across the field with great speed.

騎兵は速さでフィールドを横断しました。

C1 verb /snʌb/

snub

無視する

Meaning

to insult or ignore someone by treating them rudely

Example

He felt hurt when his invitation was snubbed.

彼は招待状が無視されたとき、傷ついたと感じた。

C1 verb /ˈbəʊl.stər/

bolster

強化する

Meaning

To support or strengthen; to prop up.

Example

The new policy aims to bolster economic growth.

新しい政策は経済成長を強化することを目的としています。

C1 noun /ˈpoʊl.stɑːr/

Polestar

北極星

Meaning

a bright star that appears to stay in the same position in the sky and is used for navigation

Example

Sailors used the polestar to navigate across the ocean.

船乗りはポールスターを使って海を渡った。

C1 verb /dɪˈspɛns/

dispense

配布する

Meaning

To distribute or provide something, especially in portions.

Example

The machine dispenses clean drinking water.

その機械は清潔な飲料水を供給します。

C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/

exuberant

興奮した

Meaning

full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness

Example

The children were exuberant after winning the game.

子供たちはゲームに勝った後、興奮していました。

C1 verb /ˈræʃənaɪz/

rationlize

合理化する

Meaning

to justify or explain something with logical reasons, even if not appropriate or true

Example

He tried to rationlize his mistake by blaming the system.

彼はシステムを責めて自分のミスを合理化しようとした。

C1 adjective /rɪˈzɪstɪv/

resistive

抵抗性

Meaning

tending to resist or oppose; in physics, relating to electrical resistance

Example

The material has resistive properties that slow down current flow.

その材料は、電流の流れを遅くする抵抗性の特性を持っています。

C1 noun /pəˈrɪm.ɪ.tər/

perimeter

周囲

Meaning

the continuous line forming the boundary of a closed geometric figure or area

Example

The soldiers guarded the perimeter of the camp.

兵士たちはキャンプの周囲を守った。

C1 verb /ˈfɜːr.tɪ.laɪz/

fertilize

肥料を施す

Meaning

to make soil or land more fertile by adding substances

Example

Farmers fertilize the fields to increase crop yield.

農家は作物の収穫量を増やすために畑に肥料を施す。

C1 verb /ˈʌndərkʌt/

undercut

Meaning

to sell at a lower price than a competitor; to weaken or undermine something

Example

The company tried to undercut its rivals by offering lower prices.

C1 adjective /ˈkɜːrsəri/

cursory

ざっとした

Meaning

Hasty and therefore not thorough or detailed.

Example

He gave the report only a cursory glance before the meeting.

彼は会議の前に報告書をざっと見た。