bristle
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C1 verb, noun /ˈbrɪsəl/

bristle

硬い毛; 怒りで反応する
Meaning
to react angrily or defensively; a short stiff hair or fiber
Example
The cat bristled when it saw the dog.
猫は犬を見て、毛が逆立った。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈduː/

Undue

過度の; 不適切な; 必要以上または適切以上の
Meaning
excessive; inappropriate; more than is necessary or proper
Example
The teacher complained about undue pressure from parents.
教師は親からの過度なプレッシャーについて不満を言いました。
C1 noun /luː/

lieu

代わりに
Meaning
Instead of; in place of.
Example
He gave money in lieu of flowers.
彼は花の代わりにお金を渡した。
C1 adjective /dræb/

drab

地味な
Meaning
Dull, lacking brightness or interest; monotonous.
Example
The room looked drab with its gray walls and dim lighting.
灰色の壁と薄暗い照明でその部屋は地味に見えた。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈvaɪəbl/

unviable

実現不可能
Meaning
Not capable of working successfully; not feasible or practical.
Example
The project was deemed unviable due to high costs.
高額なコストのため、このプロジェクトは実現不可能と見なされました。
C1 noun /ˌprɒvəˈkeɪʃən/

provocation

挑発
Meaning
An action or statement that is intended to make someone angry or to cause a reaction.
Example
His rude comment was a clear provocation.
彼の無礼なコメントは明らかな挑発でした。
C1 verb /əˈkleɪm/

acclaim

称賛する
Meaning
to praise enthusiastically and publicly
Example
The audience acclaimed the actor for his outstanding performance.
観客はその俳優の素晴らしい演技に喝采を送った。
C1 noun /ˈiːdɪkt/

edict

勅令
Meaning
An official order, proclamation, or decree issued by an authority.
Example
The king issued an edict banning smoking in public places.
王は公共の場での喫煙を禁止するエディクトを発行しました。
C1 verb /dɪˈzɪst/

desist

Meaning
to stop doing something, especially an action considered wrong or undesirable
Example
The judge ordered the company to desist from unfair practices.
C1 adjective /ˈpeɪnzˌteɪkɪŋ/

painstaking

非常に注意深く
Meaning
Done with great care and thoroughness.
Example
The artist completed the project with painstaking detail.
アーティストは非常に注意深くプロジェクトを完了しました。
C1 noun /ɪˈpɪt.ə.mi/

epitome

特定の品質やタイプの完璧な例; 何かの最良の表現
Meaning
A perfect example of a particular quality or type; the best representation of something.
Example
She is the epitome of grace and kindness.
彼女は優雅さと親切さの典型です。
C1 noun /ˈhɔː.kər/

Hawker

屋台販売者
Meaning
a person who travels about selling goods, typically from door to door or on the street
Example
The hawker sold fresh fruits from his cart.
屋台販売者は彼のカートから新鮮な果物を売っていた。
C1 verb /dʒæb/

jab

Meaning
To poke or thrust quickly, often with a finger or something pointed.
Example
He jabbed his finger at the map to show the location.
C1 adjective /ˈper.ɪ.ləs/

perilous

危険な, 危ない, 不安定な
Meaning
Full of danger or risk; hazardous and threatening.
Example
The explorers took a perilous journey.
探検家たちは危険な旅をしました。
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɜːrst/

dispersed

散らばった
Meaning
Scattered or spread across a wide area.
Example
The dispersed population made it difficult to provide public services.
散らばった人口は公共サービスの提供を困難にしました。
C1 noun /ˈmædʒɪstreɪt/

magistrate

裁判官
Meaning
A civil officer who administers the law, often with limited judicial authority.
Example
The magistrate presided over the minor criminal case.
裁判官は軽犯罪の事件を審理しました。
C1 adjective /ˈwɪntri/

wintry

冬の
Meaning
Characteristic of or suitable for winter; cold and bleak.
Example
The wintry wind made everyone shiver as they walked outside.
冬の風は、外を歩いているときにみんなを震えさせた。
C1 adjective /ˌhaɪ.drəˈpɒn.ɪk/

hydroponic

ハイドロポニック
Meaning
Relating to the process of growing plants in sand, gravel, or liquid, with added nutrients but without soil.
Example
Hydroponic farming allows crops to grow without soil.
水耕栽培は、土なしで作物を育てることを可能にします。
C1 adjective /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

martial

軍事的な
Meaning
Related to war, soldiers, or military life.
Example
The country imposed martial law during the crisis.
その国は危機の間に戒厳令を施行した。
C1 verb /priːˈɛmpt/

pre-empt

Meaning
to act in advance to prevent an anticipated event from happening; forestall
Example
The government moved to pre-empt a crisis by introducing new policies.
C1 adjective /ˈpæs.ə.bəl/

passable

受け入れ可能
Meaning
good enough to be accepted, though not excellent
Example
The road is barely passable after the storm.
嵐の後、道はかろうじて通行可能です。
C1 adjective /kənˈdʒiːniəl/

congenial

親しみやすい
Meaning
pleasant and friendly because of having similar interests or qualities
Example
They found the café a congenial place to meet and talk.
彼らはそのカフェを、会って話すのに適した親しみやすい場所だと感じました。
C1 noun /ˈslændər/

Slander

中傷
Meaning
the action of making false spoken statements damaging to someone's reputation
Example
The politician sued the newspaper for slander.
政治家は中傷で新聞を訴えた。
C1 adjective /ˈfæn.sɪ.fəl/

fanciful

幻想的, 非現実的
Meaning
overimaginative, unrealistic, or whimsical
Example
The story was too fanciful to be true.
その話はあまりにも幻想的で、本当だとは思えなかった。
C1 verb /ˈlɪtɪˌɡeɪt/

litigate

訴訟する
Meaning
to engage in legal proceedings or take a dispute to court
Example
The company decided to litigate the contract dispute.
その企業は契約の争いを訴えることに決めた。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛnsəbl/

insensible

無意識
Meaning
Unconscious; unaware of or indifferent to something.
Example
He was insensible to the cold as he lay in the snow.
彼は雪の中で横たわっているとき、寒さに無意識でした。
C1 noun /ˈpleɪˌraɪt/

playwright

劇作家
Meaning
a person who writes plays
Example
Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright of all time.
シェイクスピアはすべての時代で最も偉大な劇作家と見なされています。
C1 adjective /pərˈsweɪdəbl̩/

persuadable

簡単に説得できる
Meaning
capable of being convinced or influenced to do something
Example
She was easily persuadable when it came to trying new foods.
彼女は新しい食べ物を試すとき、簡単に説得されました。
C1 noun ˈkɑːr.bən ˌsiː.kwəˈstreɪ.ʃən

carbon sequestration

炭素の固定化と長期貯蔵
Meaning
The process of capture and long-term storage of atmospheric carbon dioxide to mitigate or defer global warming.
Example
Forests play a key role in carbon sequestration.
森林は炭素の固定化において重要な役割を果たします。
C1 noun /pəˈzɛsər/

possessor

所有者
Meaning
A person who owns or holds something.
Example
The possessor of the land built a new house.
土地の所有者は新しい家を建てました。
C1 noun /ˈhæv.ək/

Havoc

広範囲の破壊; 大きな混乱や無秩序; カオス
Meaning
widespread destruction; great confusion or disorder; chaos
Example
The hurricane wreaked havoc on the coastal towns, destroying homes and businesses.
ハリケーンは沿岸の町で大規模な破壊を引き起こし、家屋やビジネスを破壊しました。
C1 adjective /ˌsɛm.iˈæn.ju.əl/

semiannual

半年ごと
Meaning
Occurring twice a year; every six months.
Example
The company holds a semiannual meeting with all employees.
会社は6ヶ月ごとに全社員との会議を開きます。
C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪdəns/ or /prɪˈsiːdəns/

precedence

優先
Meaning
the condition of being considered more important than someone or something else; priority
Example
Safety takes precedence over speed in this factory.
この工場では、安全が速度より優先されます。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəˈsjuːmɪŋ/

unassuming

控えめな
Meaning
Not pretentious or arrogant; modest.
Example
Despite his success, he remained unassuming and humble.
成功にもかかわらず、彼は控えめで謙虚なままでした。
C1 adjective ˈɒk.sɪ.də.tɪv

oxidative

酸化に関連する
Meaning
Related to or caused by oxidation, especially cellular damage from free radicals.
Example
Excess stress can lead to oxidative damage in cells.
過度のストレスは細胞に酸化的な損傷を引き起こす可能性があります。
C1 noun /ˌmɪsˈtrʌst/

Mistrust

不信
Meaning
Lack of trust; suspicion or doubt about someone or something
Example
There was deep mistrust between the two political parties.
二つの政治的政党の間に深い不信があった。
C1 noun /ˈsaɪd.laɪn dɪˈskʌʃənz/

sideline discussions

サイドラインの議論
Meaning
Informal or secondary conversations that occur outside the main agenda of a formal meeting.
Example
Sideline discussions often lead to agreements.
サイドラインの議論はしばしば合意に至ります。
C1 noun /sɪˈsɛʃən/

secession

分離
Meaning
The action of formally withdrawing from membership of a federation or body.
Example
The secession of the southern states led to the Civil War.
南部諸州の分離は南北戦争を引き起こした。
C1 noun /ˈhɛrəsi/

heresy

異端
Meaning
belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine or accepted beliefs.
Example
In medieval times, heresy was often punished severely.
中世では、異端はしばしば厳しく罰せられました。
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

メモ、控え
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
彼女はテーブルにチットを置いて、彼に戻って電話するように頼んだ。
C1 adjective /ˈneɡ.lɪ.dʒə.bəl/

Negligible

無視できる
Meaning
so small or unimportant as to be not worth considering; insignificant
Example
The side effects of this medicine are negligible.
この薬の副作用は無視できるほどです。
C1 noun /ˌɪnkoʊˈhɪrəns/

incoherence

不整合
Meaning
The quality of being unclear, confused, or lacking logical connection.
Example
His speech was full of incoherence and difficult to follow.
彼のスピーチは不整合で、理解するのが難しかった。
C1 adjective /ˈheɪ.nəs/

Heinous

凶悪
Meaning
extremely wicked or evil; abominable; morally reprehensible
Example
The heinous crime shocked the entire community.
その凶悪な犯罪はコミュニティ全体を衝撃を与えた。
C1 noun /ˈtʌrɪt/

turret

大きな塔や建物の上にある小さな塔
Meaning
A small tower on top of a larger tower or building, often used in castles or fortifications.
Example
The castle was guarded by soldiers stationed in the turret.
城はタレットに駐留している兵士によって守られていた。
C1 adjective /bɪˈmjuːzd/

bemused

困惑した, ぼんやりした
Meaning
confused, puzzled, or lost in thought
Example
She looked bemused when he asked the strange question.
彼が奇妙な質問をしたとき、彼女は困惑しているように見えた。
C1 adjective /ˈtɪklɪʃ/

ticklish

Meaning
easily made to laugh by being touched lightly; easily upset or sensitive
Example
She is very ticklish and bursts into laughter when touched on her feet.
C1 verb ˈsɪn.ɚ.dʒaɪz

synergize

効率を高めるために協力する。
Meaning
combine in such a way as to enhance effectiveness.
Example
The departments must synergize to improve efficiency.
部門は効率を向上させるためにシナージズしなければならない。
C1 noun /ˈnɒs.trɪl/

Nostril

鼻孔
Meaning
either of the two openings in the nose through which air passes
Example
The doctor checked each nostril for any blockage.
医師は鼻孔のそれぞれをブロックがないか調べました。
C1 adjective /ɑːrˈkeɪɪk/

archaic

Meaning
very old or old-fashioned; belonging to an earlier time
Example
Some laws are considered archaic and no longer relevant.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃən/

injunction

差止命令
Meaning
A judicial order restraining a person from an action or compelling a certain act.
Example
The court issued an injunction to stop the company from polluting the river.
裁判所は、会社が河川を汚染するのを防ぐために差止命令を出した。
C1 noun /ˌɪnækˈtɪvɪti/

inactivity

不活動
Meaning
the state of not being active physically or mentally; lack of action
Example
Prolonged inactivity can negatively affect both physical and mental health.
長期間の不活動は身体的および精神的健康に悪影響を与えます。
C1 adjective /pəˈtɜːrnəl/

paternal

父性的
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of a father.
Example
He took a paternal interest in the boy’s education.
彼はその男の子の教育に父性的な関心を示しました。
C1 verb /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/

alienate

疎外する
Meaning
To make someone feel isolated or estranged; to cause someone to become unfriendly.
Example
His rude behavior alienated many of his friends.
彼の失礼な行動は多くの友人を遠ざけた。
C1 noun /bɑːrˈbeəriən/

Barbarian

野蛮人; 未開人;
Meaning
a person from an uncivilized group; someone who is cruel or brutal
Example
The ancient Romans considered anyone outside their empire to be barbarians.
古代ローマ人は自分たちの帝国の外にいる者たちを野蛮人と見なしていた。
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈlæps/

relapse

再発
Meaning
to return to a worse condition, especially after improvement; a deterioration after recovery
Example
After months of progress, he suffered a relapse.
数ヶ月の進歩の後、彼は再発しました。
C1 adjective ɔːˈspɪʃ.əs

auspicious

縁起が良い
Meaning
Favorable or bringing good luck and success
Example
The wedding was held on an auspicious day.
結婚式は縁起の良い日に行われました。
C1 noun, verb /ˈskʌf.əl/

scuffle

乱闘
Meaning
a short, confused fight or struggle; to engage in such a fight
Example
Two players scuffled on the field after the foul.
ファウルの後、二人の選手がフィールドで殴り合った。
C1 noun /ˈwɪŋˌspæn/

wingspan

翼幅
Meaning
the distance from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other wing
Example
The eagle has an impressive wingspan of over two meters.
ワシの翼幅は2メートル以上です。
C1 noun /ˌpɜːrmjuˈteɪʃən/

permutation

置換
Meaning
An arrangement or reordering of elements, often in mathematics or logic.
Example
The puzzle can be solved by trying all possible permutations of the tiles.
パズルはタイルのすべての可能な置換を試すことで解決できます。
C1 verb /fɔːrˈɡoʊ/

forego

断る
Meaning
to decide not to do or have something pleasant or valuable
Example
She decided to forego dessert to maintain her diet.
彼女はダイエットを維持するためにデザートを断ることに決めました。
C1 noun ˈdɛf.ər.əns

deference

敬意
Meaning
Humble submission and respect.
Example
He showed deference to his elderly mentor.
彼は年上のメンターに敬意を示しました。
C1 adjective /tjuːˈmʌltʃuəs/

tumultuous

動揺
Meaning
Characterized by disorder, noisy excitement, or emotional agitation.
Example
They had a tumultuous relationship full of ups and downs.
彼らは浮き沈みのある激動の関係を持っていました。
C1 verb /ˈdɪs.ɪ.peɪt/

dissipate

徐々に消失する
Meaning
To disappear or cause to disappear gradually.
Example
The tension in the room slowly dissipated.
部屋の中の緊張感は徐々に消えていった。
C1 verb /ˈɪə.mɑːrk/

earmark

指定する
Meaning
To designate funds, resources, or time for a particular purpose.
Example
The government has earmarked funds for education.
政府は教育のための資金を指定しました。
C1 verb ˈlæŋ.ɡwɪʃ

languish

衰退するまたは不振になる
Meaning
To remain in a state of neglect or decline for a long time without improvement.
Example
The project began to languish due to a lack of funding.
そのプロジェクトは資金不足で衰退し始めました。
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrməns/

conformance

適合性
Meaning
The act of conforming to a rule, standard, or law.
Example
The product was tested for conformance with safety standards.
製品は安全基準に対する適合性がテストされました。
C1 noun /kənˈsɜːvəˌtɔːri/

conservatory

温室 / 音楽と芸術の学校
Meaning
A greenhouse for growing plants or a school for music and the arts.
Example
They grew exotic plants in the conservatory.
彼らは温室でエキゾチックな植物を育てていました。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/

incidental

付随的
Meaning
happening as a minor part or in connection with something else
Example
Incidental expenses like snacks and tips were included in the bill.
スナックやチップのような付随的な費用は請求書に含まれていました。
C1 verb /ˈaɪdəlaɪz/

idolize

偶像視する
Meaning
To admire or worship someone excessively.
Example
Fans often idolize celebrities for their talent and lifestyle.
ファンはしばしばその才能とライフスタイルのために有名人を偶像視します。
C1 verb /ɪnˈdɪr/

endear

好かれるようにする
Meaning
To cause someone to be loved or liked.
Example
Her kindness and generosity endeared her to the community.
彼女の優しさと寛大さは、彼女を地域社会に好かれるようにした。
C1 noun /ˌdez.ɪɡˈneɪ.ʃən/

Designation

任命; 役職; 職位; ステータス
Meaning
the action of choosing someone for a position; a name, title, or official status
Example
His designation as team leader came with additional responsibilities and authority.
チームリーダーとしての彼の任命は、追加の責任と権限を伴っていました。
C1 verb ɪkˈstræp.ə.leɪt

Extrapolate

外挿する
Meaning
Making future estimates based on existing information
Example
Scientists extrapolate climate changes based on past data.
科学者たちは過去のデータに基づいて気候変動を外挿します。
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrnəl/

kernel

何かの中心; ナッツや種子の食べられる部分
Meaning
the central, most important part of something; the edible part of a nut or seed
Example
The kernel of the argument was about fairness.
議論の核心は公平についてでした。
C1 noun /ˈdɔːrˌkiːpər/

doorkeeper

門番
Meaning
A person whose job is to guard or manage the entrance of a building or room.
Example
The doorkeeper checked everyone’s passes before they entered the hall.
ドアキーパーは皆がホールに入る前に通行証を確認した。
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/

impediments

障害
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; things that prevent progress or achievement.
Example
Economic impediments often hinder social development.
経済的な障害はしばしば社会的発展を妨げる。
C1 noun /ɪnˈhɛrɪtər/

inheritor

相続人
Meaning
a person who receives money, property, or a title when someone dies
Example
She became the inheritor of her family's estate.
彼女は家族の財産の相続人となった。
C1 noun /ˈskwɒlər/

squalor

貧困
Meaning
the state of being extremely dirty and unpleasant, especially due to poverty or neglect
Example
They lived in squalor without basic facilities.
彼らは基本的な施設なしで貧困に住んでいました。
C1 verb /ˈmɑːrʃəl/

marshal

整理する
Meaning
To arrange or organize people, events, or resources in an orderly way.
Example
The teacher marshaled the students for the field trip.
教師は遠足のために生徒を整列させました。
C1 verb, noun /ˈɡrɪməs/

grimace

しかめっ面
Meaning
to make an ugly, twisted expression on one's face, usually in disgust or pain
Example
He grimaced when he tasted the sour fruit.
彼は酸っぱい果物を食べたときに顔をしかめました。
C1 verb /ʌnˈnɜːrv/

unnerve

自信を失う
Meaning
to make someone lose confidence, courage, or composure
Example
The hostile questions began to unnerve the witness.
敵意のある質問が証人を動揺させ始めた。
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

容認する
Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
マネージャーは職場での嫌がらせを容認することを拒否しました。
C1 noun /ˈaʊtriːtʃ/

outreach

支援拡大
Meaning
The act of providing services or support to people who might not otherwise have access to them.
Example
The charity launched a new outreach program for the homeless.
チャリティはホームレスのために新しい支援拡大プログラムを開始しました。
C1 noun /braɪn/

brine

塩水
Meaning
Water saturated with salt, often used for preserving food.
Example
The olives were stored in brine to keep them fresh.
オリーブは新鮮さを保つために塩水に保存されました。
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrpɪtreɪtər/

perpetrator

犯人
Meaning
a person who commits a harmful, illegal, or immoral act
Example
The police arrested the perpetrator of the crime.
警察は犯罪者を逮捕した。
C1 noun ˌmɪt.ɪˈɡeɪ.ʃən

mitigation

緩和
Meaning
The action of reducing the severity, seriousness, or painfulness of something.
Example
Mitigation of climate change requires collective effort.
気候変動の緩和には共同の努力が必要です。
C1 noun /ˈprɑːtɪstənt/

protestant

プロテスタント
Meaning
a member of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
Example
Martin Luther was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
マルティン・ルターはプロテスタント改革の鍵となる人物でした。
C1 noun/verb /ˈtʌtʃ.ʌp/

touch-up

小さな修正や改善
Meaning
Small corrections or improvements made to something.
Example
The artist gave a quick touch-up to the painting.
アーティストは絵画に素早くタッチアップをしました。
C1 verb /ˈædʒ.ɪ.teɪt/

agitate

扇動する, 激しくする
Meaning
to stir up feelings or disturb; to campaign for change
Example
The protesters agitated for better working conditions.
抗議者たちはより良い労働条件を求めて活動した。
C1 adjective /ˈpɔɪ.njənt/

poignant

胸を打つ, 感動的
Meaning
evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; deeply touching
Example
The movie's ending was so poignant that many in the audience were moved to tears.
映画のラストシーンは非常に感動的で、多くの観客が涙を流しました。
C1 adjective/noun /ˈnɜːr.tʃɚ.ɪŋ/

nurturing

養育, 促進, 発展
Meaning
The process of caring for and encouraging growth or development.
Example
A nurturing environment helps children thrive.
ナーチャリング環境は子供たちが成長するのを助けます。
C1 adjective /rɪˈzɪdjuəl/

residual

残余
Meaning
Remaining after the greater part has gone.
Example
The patient experienced residual pain after the surgery.
患者は手術後に残余の痛みを感じました。
C1 noun /ˌdɪp.ləˈmæt.ɪk ˈmaɪl.stəʊn/

diplomatic milestone

外交上のマイルストーン
Meaning
A significant achievement or important event in diplomatic relations.
Example
Hosting the summit was a diplomatic milestone.
サミットの開催は外交上のマイルストーンでした。
C1 noun, verb /bʌldʒ/

bulge

Meaning
A swelling or protruding part; to swell outward or protrude.
Example
The bag began to bulge with too many books inside.
C1 noun ɪˌræʃ.ənˈæl.ɪ.ti

irrationality

非合理性, 非論理性, 不合理
Meaning
The quality of being illogical or unreasonable; lack of rational thought.
Example
His decision was driven by complete irrationality.
彼の決定は完全に非合理的でした。
C1 noun /deɪˈtɒnt/

detente

緊張関係の緩和
Meaning
the easing of strained relations, especially between countries
Example
The treaty helped bring about a détente between the two nations.
その条約は、二国間の緊張関係を緩和するのに役立ちました。
C1 noun /ˈbʊl.ək/

Bullock

牛
Meaning
a young bull; a castrated bull used for farm work
Example
The farmer used a bullock to plow the field.
農夫は田んぼを耕すために牛を使いました。
C1 noun /ˈælkəmi/

alchemy

錬金術
Meaning
A medieval practice combining elements of chemistry and philosophy, aimed at transforming matter, especially turning base metals into gold.
Example
Medieval scientists devoted their lives to alchemy.
中世の科学者たちは命を錬金術に捧げました。
C1 noun /liːtʃ/

Leech

ヒル
Meaning
an aquatic or terrestrial annelid worm with suckers at both ends; metaphorically, a person who extorts profit from others
Example
The leech attached itself to his leg while swimming.
ヒルは泳いでいる間、彼の足にくっついた。
C1 adjective /ˈliː.θəl/

Lethal

致命的; 死亡を引き起こす;
Meaning
deadly; fatal; capable of causing death
Example
The snake's venom is lethal to humans if not treated immediately.
そのヘビの毒は人間にとって致命的で、すぐに治療しなければならない。
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌbɛər/

forebear

先祖
Meaning
An ancestor, especially one who lived a long time ago.
Example
He often speaks of his forebears with great respect.
彼はしばしば自分の先祖について尊敬を込めて話します。
C1 noun /tʃæmp/

champ

チャンピオン / 勝者
Meaning
an informal word for champion or winner.
Example
He is the new champ of the boxing tournament.
彼はボクシングトーナメントの新しいチャンピオンです。
C1 adjective /ˈspjʊəriəs/

spurious

偽の / 虚偽の
Meaning
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake.
Example
The report was based on spurious claims.
その報告書は偽の主張に基づいていた。
C1 noun /ˈmjuːtɪni/

mutiny

反乱
Meaning
an open rebellion against authority, especially by soldiers or sailors
Example
The sailors staged a mutiny against their captain.
船員たちはキャプテンに対して反乱を起こした。
C1 adjective /dɪˈfɛnsəbəl/

defensible

守ることができる / 正当化できる
Meaning
Capable of being protected against attack or criticism; justifiable.
Example
Her decision was legally defensible.
彼女の決定は法的に守ることができた。
C1 noun /ɛkˈspeɪtriət/

expatriate

外国人
Meaning
a person who lives outside their native country
Example
Many expatriates gather in the city’s international community.
多くの外国人が都市の国際コミュニティに集まっています。
C1 noun ˌæɡ.rəʊˈkem.ɪ.kəl

agrochemical

農業化学物質
Meaning
A chemical product used in agriculture, especially a pesticide or fertilizer.
Example
Excessive use of agrochemicals can degrade soil quality.
過度なアグロケミカルの使用は土壌の質を低下させる可能性があります。
C1 noun/adjective /ˈstɜː.lɪŋ/

sterling

英国通貨 / 優れた
Meaning
British money, especially pounds; of excellent quality.
Example
She was praised for her sterling work on the project.
プロジェクトでの優れた仕事が称賛されました。
C1 noun /ˌpæn.əˈræm.ə/

panorama

パノラマビュー
Meaning
An unbroken view of the whole region surrounding an observer.
Example
From the hilltop, we enjoyed a breathtaking panorama of the city.
丘の頂上から、私たちは街の息をのむようなパノラマビューを楽しみました。
C1 verb /ɪˈkweɪt/

equate

等しい
Meaning
To consider as equal or equivalent.
Example
Many people equate wealth with success.
多くの人々は富と成功を同一視します。
C1 noun /toʊm/

tome

重い本
Meaning
a large, heavy book, often scholarly or serious in nature
Example
She spent the afternoon reading an old tome on medieval history.
彼女は午後の時間を中世の歴史に関する古い重い本を読んで過ごしました。
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

集まる、会議や集会を召集する
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
ボードは明日新しい方針を議論するために召集されます。
C1 adjective /ˈbed.rɪd.ən/

Bedridden

寝たきり
Meaning
confined to bed; unable to leave one's bed due to illness or infirmity
Example
The elderly man has been bedridden for several months.
高齢の男性は数ヶ月間寝たきりになっています。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/

irreversible

不可逆な
Meaning
Not able to be undone, changed, or reversed.
Example
The damage caused by the fire was irreversible.
火事によって生じた損害は不可逆でした。
C1 noun ˈmæŋɡroʊv ˈfɒrɪst

Mangrove Forest

マングローブの森
Meaning
A coastal forest ecosystem characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones.
Example
Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest.
スンダルバンズは世界最大のマングローブの森です。
C1 verb /ˈruː.mɪ.neɪt/

ruminate

思索する, 反芻する
Meaning
to think deeply about something; to chew cud (for animals)
Example
She sat alone to ruminate on her decision.
彼女は自分の決断について一人で思索していた。
C1 verb /eɪl/

ail

病む
Meaning
to be ill or suffer from a physical or mental problem; to trouble or afflict
Example
She has been ailing since last winter.
彼女は去年の冬から病んでいます。
C1 adjective /ˈfeɪl.seɪf/

fail-safe

故障防止
Meaning
designed to prevent failure or accidents; guaranteed to work correctly
Example
The engineers installed a fail-safe mechanism in the nuclear plant.
エンジニアは原子力発電所に故障防止メカニズムを設置しました。
C1 noun /bəˈnɛv.ə.ləns/

benevolence

慈善または優しさ
Meaning
The quality of being well meaning and kindly; the disposition to do good.
Example
His benevolence towards the poor earned him respect.
貧しい人々に対する彼の優しさは、彼に尊敬をもたらしました。
C1 adjective /spɑːrs/

sparse

まばら
Meaning
thinly scattered or distributed; not dense or abundant
Example
Vegetation was sparse in the desert.
砂漠では植生がまばらだった。
C1 noun rɪˈfaɪnmənt

refinement

精練
Meaning
The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a substance.
Example
His manners showed a refinement that made him stand out in any crowd.
彼のマナーは精練されたもので、どんな群衆の中でも目立っていた。
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

クライマティック
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
映画はクライマティックな戦闘シーンで終わった。