C2 verb /ˈbɒtənaɪz/

botanize

植物を研究する

Meaning

to study plants in their natural environment

Example

They went to the forest to botanize during their vacation.

彼らは休暇中に森で植物を研究しました。

C2 adjective /ˌɛkjʊˈmɛnɪkəl/

ecumenical

エキュメニカルな宗教的統一

Meaning

Promoting unity among different Christian churches or religions.

Example

The leaders gathered for an ecumenical conference to encourage dialogue.

リーダーたちは対話を促進するためにエキュメニカルな会議に集まりました。

C2 noun /ɪˈmɒljʊmənt/

emolument

給料

Meaning

payment for work or services; salary or fees

Example

The professor received his annual emolument from the university.

教授は大学から年俸を受け取った。

C2 noun /nɛˈkroʊsɪs/

necrosis

壊死

Meaning

the death of body tissue due to disease, injury, or lack of blood supply

Example

The doctor explained that the patient’s wound showed signs of necrosis.

医師は、患者の傷が壊死の兆候を示していると説明しました。

C2 noun kəmˈpʌŋk.ʃən

compunction

後悔

Meaning

A feeling of guilt or moral scruple that prevents or follows the doing of something bad.

Example

He felt compunction after lying to his friend.

彼は友達に嘘をついた後、後悔の念を感じました。

C2 noun /ˈsɪlvər kɑrp/

Silver carp

銀鯉

Meaning

a large freshwater fish with silvery scales, commonly farmed for food

Example

Silver carp is widely cultivated in fish farms across Asia.

銀鯉はアジアの養魚場で広く養殖されています。

C2 adjective /ˈkɔːpjʊlənt/

corpulent

肥満の, 太った

Meaning

fat or obese; having a large bulky body

Example

The corpulent man struggled to fit into the small chair.

その太った男性は、小さな椅子に座るのに苦労していました。

C2 noun /ˈdʒaɪrəˌskoʊp/

gyroscope

Meaning

A device consisting of a wheel or disk mounted so it can spin rapidly and maintain orientation, used for navigation and balance.

Example

The airplane's navigation system relies on a gyroscope for stability.

C2 noun /ˌɑːrbəˈriːtəm/

arboretum

植物園

Meaning

a place where trees, shrubs, and plants are grown for scientific study or public display

Example

We visited the city’s arboretum to learn about exotic trees.

私たちはエキゾチックな木々について学ぶために、市の植物園を訪れました。

C2 verb /ˈbændi/

bandy

Meaning

To pass (words, ideas, or gossip) back and forth in a casual or argumentative way.

Example

They bandied jokes across the table.

C2 noun /əˈdʌltərənt/

adulterant

不純物

Meaning

a substance added to something else, often food or drink, to reduce its quality or strength

Example

The laboratory found an adulterant in the milk samples.

実験室はミルクのサンプルに不純物を発見しました。

C2 adjective /ˈɑːbdjʊrət/

obdurate

頑固

Meaning

Stubbornly refusing to change one's opinion or course of action.

Example

He remained obdurate despite everyone's pleas.

彼は皆の懇願にもかかわらず、頑固なままでした。

C2 noun /doʊlt/

dolt

ばか

Meaning

A stupid or slow-witted person.

Example

Only a dolt would believe such a story.

そんな話を信じるのはばかだけだ。

C2 adjective /ˈpɜːrviəs/

pervious

透水性の

Meaning

Allowing water, air, or other substances to pass through; permeable.

Example

The soil here is pervious to rainwater.

ここでは土壌が雨水を通すことができます。

C2 noun /ˈspuːnərɪzəm/

spoonerism

スプーナリズム

Meaning

A verbal error in which the initial sounds of words are swapped to create a humorous effect.

Example

He made a spoonerism by saying 'queer old dean' instead of 'dear old queen'.

彼は『変な老院長』と言って『親愛なる老女王』の代わりにスプーナリズムを作った。

C2 adjective /ˈtjuːmɪd/

tumid

膨らんだ、膨張した、または pompous なスタイル

Meaning

Swollen, enlarged, or pompous in style.

Example

His tumid prose was difficult to read.

彼の膨らんだ散文は読むのが難しかった。

C2 adjective /ˌæntɪdəˈluːviən/

antediluvian

非常に古臭い

Meaning

extremely old-fashioned; belonging to the time before the biblical flood

Example

His views on women are positively antediluvian.

彼の女性に対する見解は完全に時代遅れです。

C2 noun /ˈsteɪsɪs/ or /ˈstæsɪs/

stasis

停滞

Meaning

A state of inactivity or equilibrium; a situation where nothing changes.

Example

The negotiations reached a state of stasis with no progress made.

交渉は停滞状態に達し、進展はありませんでした。

C2 noun /daɪn/

dyne

力の単位（センチメートル・グラム・秒の単位系）

Meaning

A unit of force in the centimeter-gram-second (cgs) system equal to 10⁻⁵ newtons.

Example

The physicist measured the force in dynes.

物理学者はダインで力を測定しました。

C2 noun /dreɪk/

Drake

雄鴨

Meaning

a male duck; a type of waterfowl

Example

The drake led his family of ducks across the pond.

そのドレイクは、家族のカモたちを池の向こうに連れて行きました。

C2 adjective /ˌnɒndɪˈskrɪpt/

nondescript

特徴のない

Meaning

Lacking distinctive or interesting features; dull and unremarkable.

Example

He lives in a nondescript apartment building on the edge of town.

彼は町の外れにある特徴のないアパートに住んでいます。

C2 verb /ˈæpɪtaɪz/

appetize

食欲をそそる

Meaning

to stimulate the appetite; to make someone eager or interested

Example

The aroma of fresh bread will appetize the guests before dinner.

焼きたてのパンの香りが客の食欲をそそる。

C2 noun /ˌsuː.pər.əˈbʌn.dəns/

superabundance

過剰な豊富さ

Meaning

An excessive or overflowing amount of something.

Example

The garden was filled with a superabundance of flowers.

庭は花の過剰な豊富さで満たされていました。

C2 noun /kwɑːˈfjʊr/

coiffure

髪型

Meaning

A person's hairstyle, typically an elaborate one.

Example

Her elegant coiffure impressed everyone at the party.

彼女のエレガントな髪型はパーティーで皆を感動させました。

C2 adjective /ˈfluːtɪd/

fluted

溝が入った

Meaning

having grooves or ridges, often for decoration

Example

The vase had a beautiful fluted design around the rim.

その花瓶は縁に美しい溝が入ったデザインがありました。

C2 noun /ˈflæt.ər.ər/

Flatterer

お世辞を言う人

Meaning

a person who lavishes praise, often insincerely and in order to gain advantage

Example

The king was surrounded by flatterers who only told him what he wanted to hear.

王様はお世辞を言う人たちに囲まれて、彼が聞きたいことだけを言ってもらった。

C2 noun /ˈɛnsaɪn/

ensign

旗

Meaning

A flag or standard, especially a military or naval one indicating nationality; also a junior officer in the navy or coast guard.

Example

The ship raised its national ensign before leaving the harbor.

その船は港を出る前に国旗を掲げました。

C2 noun /ˈflɛkʃən/

flection

屈曲

Meaning

The act of bending or the state of being bent, especially of a limb or joint.

Example

The doctor tested the patient's knee flection during the examination.

医者は検査中に患者の膝の屈曲をテストしました。

C2 noun /ˈbʊlwərk/

bulwark

防壁

Meaning

A strong wall or defensive structure; something that provides protection or support.

Example

The fortress walls served as a bulwark against enemy attacks.

砦の壁は敵の攻撃に対する防壁として機能していた。

C2 noun /sfɛˈrɪsɪti/

sphericity

球形

Meaning

The quality or state of being spherical; roundness.

Example

The sphericity of the ball made it roll smoothly on the ground.

ボールの球形は、地面でスムーズに転がるのを可能にしました。

C2 noun /rɪˈpruːf/

reproof

叱責, 非難

Meaning

An expression of blame or disapproval.

Example

His careless words drew a sharp reproof from his mother.

彼の不注意な言葉は、母親からの厳しい叱責を引き起こした。

C2 noun /ˈʌm.brə/

Umbra

完全な影、太陽黒点の暗い中心

Meaning

the fully shaded inner region of a shadow cast by an opaque object; the dark center of a sunspot

Example

During the eclipse, we stood in the moon's umbra.

日食の際、私たちは月のアンブラの中に立っていました。

C2 noun /ˈɡɪni/

guinea

ギニー (古いイギリスの金貨)

Meaning

A former British gold coin; also refers to Guinea, a country in West Africa

Example

The antique coin was worth one guinea.

アンティークコインは1ギニーの価値がありました。

C2 adjective /ˈfʊtˌluːs/

footloose

自由な

Meaning

Free to go anywhere or do anything; not tied down by responsibilities.

Example

After graduating, he felt footloose and ready to explore the world.

卒業後、彼は自由を感じ、世界を探索する準備ができていました。

C2 noun /rɪˈvaɪlər/

reviler

侮辱者

Meaning

a person who criticizes or insults others abusively

Example

He was known as a reviler of all who opposed him.

彼は自分に反対する全ての人々を侮辱する者として知られていました。

C2 noun /ˌvɛrɪsɪˈmɪlɪtjuːd/

verisimilitude

真実味

Meaning

the appearance of being true or real

Example

The movie was praised for its verisimilitude to actual events.

その映画は実際の出来事に対する真実味で賞賛されました。

C2 verb /ɪˈvɜːrt/

evert

外向きにひっくり返す

Meaning

To turn inside out or outward.

Example

The surgeon had to evert the eyelid during the procedure.

外科医は手術中にまぶたをひっくり返さなければなりませんでした。

C2 verb /ˈæntɪdeɪtɪd/

antedated

以前の日付

Meaning

assigned to an earlier date than the actual one; happened earlier

Example

The letter was antedated to appear more official.

手紙はもっと公式に見えるように日付が遡って記入されました。

C2 noun /ɪkˈspiːdiənsi/

expediency

便宜主義

Meaning

the quality of being convenient and practical despite possibly being improper or immoral

Example

He acted out of political expediency rather than principle.

彼は原則ではなく政治的便宜主義から行動した。

C2 verb /ˈmɒlikɒdl/

mollycoddle

甘やかす

Meaning

To treat someone in an overprotective and indulgent way.

Example

Parents should avoid mollycoddling their children too much.

親は子供を過度に甘やかすのを避けるべきです。

C2 adverb /ˌfɔːrθˈwɪθ/

Forthwith

ただちに; 遅れなく; すぐに

Meaning

immediately; without delay; at once

Example

The manager ordered the employee to stop the unsafe practice forthwith.

マネージャーは従業員に危険な行為をただちにやめるように命じました。

C2 noun /ˈsɒfɪstri/

sophistry

詭弁

Meaning

the use of clever but false arguments, often to deceive

Example

The politician's speech was full of sophistry.

その政治家の演説は詭弁に満ちていた。

C2 noun ˈtræn.zi.əns

transience

一時性

Meaning

The state or fact of lasting only for a short time; impermanence.

Example

The transience of youth makes it more precious.

若さの一時性がそれをより貴重にします。

C2 noun /sɪˈrɒkoʊ/

sirocco

熱く乾燥した風

Meaning

A hot, dry wind blowing from North Africa across the Mediterranean to southern Europe.

Example

The sirocco made the city unbearably hot and dusty.

シロッコは街を耐えられないほど暑く、ほこりっぽくした。

C2 adjective /ˌɪnkɒntrəˈvɜːtəbl/

incontrovertible

論争の余地がない

Meaning

impossible to deny or dispute; unquestionable

Example

The evidence was incontrovertible and proved his innocence.

その証拠は論争の余地がなく、彼の無罪を証明しました。

C2 verb /bɪˈmjuːz/

bemuse

困惑させる

Meaning

To confuse or puzzle someone.

Example

The complex instructions bemused the new employees.

複雑な指示が新しい従業員を困惑させました。

C2 noun /ˈdɛvɪlri/

devilry

悪戯

Meaning

Wicked or cruel behavior; mischievous actions.

Example

The children were full of devilry on Halloween night.

ハロウィンの夜、子供たちは悪戯でいっぱいだった。

C2 noun /ˈbɑːr.nɪ.kəl/

Barnacle

フジツボ

Meaning

a marine crustacean that attaches itself permanently to underwater surfaces

Example

The old ship's hull was covered with barnacles.

古い船の船体にはフジツボがびっしりと付いていた。

C2 adjective /dɪˈkrɛpɪt/

decrepit

老朽

Meaning

worn out or weakened by age or neglect

Example

The decrepit old house was on the verge of collapse.

その老朽化した家は崩壊寸前でした。

C2 noun /pluːˈtɒkrəsi/

plutocracy

富裕層による支配

Meaning

a system of government where the wealthy hold power

Example

The country was ruled as a plutocracy.

その国はプルトクラシーとして支配されていた。

C2 adjective /ˌsɪkəˈfæntɪk/

sycophantic

お世辞

Meaning

Behaving in a way that is excessively obedient or servile to gain favor.

Example

His sycophantic behavior annoyed his colleagues.

彼のお世辞な振る舞いは同僚をうんざりさせた。

C2 verb /ˈfɜːrbɪʃ/

furbish

磨く

Meaning

to polish, renovate, or give a fresh look to something

Example

The workers furbished the old sword until it gleamed like new.

作業員たちは古い剣を磨き、それが新しいかのように輝くまでしました。

C2 noun /ˈlaɪər/

lier

嘘つき

Meaning

a person who tells lies; an alternative spelling of liar

Example

No one trusted him because he was known as a habitual lier.

彼は常習的な嘘つきだったので、誰も彼を信用しなかった。

C2 adjective /ɪmˈpræktɪkəbl/

impracticable

実行不可能

Meaning

Not capable of being carried out or put into practice.

Example

The plan seemed impracticable due to limited resources.

資源が限られていたため、計画は実行不可能に見えました。

C2 noun /ɛmˈpɪrɪˌsɪzəm/

empiricism

経験主義

Meaning

the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience

Example

Empiricism argues that knowledge comes from experience and observation.

経験主義は、知識は経験と観察から来ると主張しています。

C2 adjective /krəˈmætɪk/

chromatic

色彩の

Meaning

Relating to colors or, in music, notes outside the standard scale.

Example

The artist used a chromatic palette to create vibrant contrasts.

アーティストは、鮮やかなコントラストを作り出すためにクロマチックなパレットを使用しました。

C2 adjective /ˈswɔːrði/

swarthy

日焼けした

Meaning

Having a dark complexion or skin tone.

Example

The sailor had a swarthy face from years under the sun.

その水夫は、何年も太陽の下で働いたため、日焼けした顔をしていた。

C2 noun/verb /ˈʌpˌkæst/

upcast

上に投げる

Meaning

Verb: To cast or throw upward. Noun: Something thrown or directed upward.

Example

The fisherman upcast his net into the air.

漁師は彼の網を空中に投げた。

C2 noun /əˈsɛt.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

asceticism

禁欲主義, 自制

Meaning

The practice of severe self-discipline and abstaining from indulgence, typically for religious or spiritual reasons.

Example

Asceticism has been a part of many religious traditions throughout history.

禁欲主義は歴史を通じて多くの宗教的伝統の一部でした。

C2 adjective /ˈɪnmoʊst/

inmost

最も内面の

Meaning

Situated at the very heart or deepest part; most private or secret.

Example

She revealed her inmost thoughts to her closest friend.

彼女は最も内面的な考えを最も親しい友達に明かした。

C2 adjective /ˈvɒkətɪv/

vocative

呼格

Meaning

relating to a case in grammar used for directly addressing someone

Example

In Latin, the vocative case is used when directly calling someone by name.

ラテン語では、ボカティブケースは名前で誰かを直接呼びかけるときに使用されます。

C2 noun /əˈbeɪəns/

abeyance

一時的な保留

Meaning

a state of temporary suspension or inactivity

Example

The project was held in abeyance until funds became available.

そのプロジェクトは資金が利用可能になるまで保留されていました。

C2 adjective /pɔːrˈtɛntəs/

portentous

前兆的な、重大な

Meaning

Giving a sign or warning that something, often bad or serious, is going to happen; or overly solemn and pompous.

Example

His portentous tone made everyone nervous about the news.

彼の前兆的な口調は、ニュースについて皆を不安にさせた。

C2 adjective /ʌnˈælɔɪd/

unalloyed

純粋

Meaning

Pure, complete, and not mixed with anything else.

Example

She felt unalloyed joy at the news of her success.

彼女は成功のニュースを聞いて純粋な喜びを感じた。

C2 adjective /ˌʌltrəˈmɒnteɪn/

ultramontane

教皇支持者

Meaning

beyond the mountains, especially referring to support for the Pope over local church authority

Example

The debate highlighted the ultramontane position in church politics.

その討論は教会政治におけるウルトラモンタンの立場を浮き彫りにした。

C2 adjective /ˈhɜːrsuːt/

hirsute

Meaning

Having a lot of hair, especially in an unusual place.

Example

The hirsute man stood out in the crowd with his long beard.

C2 adjective /ˈwɪznd/

wizened

しわくちゃな

Meaning

Shriveled, wrinkled, or withered, often due to age.

Example

The wizened tree stood in the field for centuries.

そのしわくちゃな木は何世代にもわたって野原に立っていた。

C2 noun /ˌdɪsɪnklɪˈneɪʃən/

disinclination

不本意

Meaning

a lack of willingness or desire to do something

Example

She showed a clear disinclination to join the meeting.

彼女は会議に参加する明確な不本意を示した。

C2 noun /liː/

lea

草地

Meaning

An open area of grassy or arable land; a meadow.

Example

The cottage was surrounded by a quiet lea.

小屋は静かな草地に囲まれていました。

C2 noun /ɪkˈskrɛsəns/

excrescence

異常な成長

Meaning

An abnormal outgrowth or lump, often considered unattractive.

Example

The building was considered an excrescence on the landscape.

その建物は風景の中で異常な成長と見なされました。

C2 noun /ˈbrɛviˌɛri/

breviary

祈祷書

Meaning

A book containing the service for each day, used in Christian liturgy.

Example

The monk read from the breviary during morning prayers.

修道士は朝の祈りの間に祈祷書から読んでいました。

C2 noun /ˌdɛprɪˈdeɪʃən/

depredation

略奪

Meaning

An act of attacking or plundering; damage caused by such acts.

Example

The villagers feared the depredation of wild animals at night.

村人たちは夜間の野生動物の略奪を恐れていた。

C2 noun /ˌnɒvəˈlɛt/

novellette

小説

Meaning

A short novel or long short story.

Example

The author published a novellette as a preview of her upcoming series.

作者は彼女の次のシリーズのプレビューとして小説を発表しました。

C2 adjective /ˌɪmpɪˈkjuːniəs/

impecunious

貧乏

Meaning

Having little or no money; poor.

Example

He grew up in an impecunious family.

彼は貧乏な家族で育ちました。

C2 noun /ˈfaɪləm/

phylum

生物分類における主要なカテゴリー、クラスの上、王国の下

Meaning

a primary category in the biological classification of organisms, above class and below kingdom

Example

Humans belong to the phylum Chordata.

人間は脊索動物門に属しています。

C2 noun /ˈmaɪkrəˌkɒzəm/

microcosm

ミクロコスム

Meaning

A small, representative system having analogies to a larger system; a miniature version of something.

Example

The small town is a microcosm of the entire nation.

その小さな町は、国全体のミクロコスムです。

C2 noun/verb /ˈsoʊdʒɜrn/

sojourn

一時的な滞在

Meaning

A temporary stay at a place; to stay temporarily

Example

She enjoyed a brief sojourn in Paris during the summer.

彼女は夏の間、パリで短期間の滞在を楽しんだ。

C2 adjective /ˌtɔːtəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

tautological

冗長な

Meaning

expressing something by repeating the same idea in different words; redundant

Example

Saying 'free gift' is considered tautological.

'無料ギフト'と言うことは冗長と見なされます。

C2 adjective /ˈkjʊərətɪv/

curative

治療的

Meaning

Able to cure disease or restore health.

Example

The doctor prescribed a curative treatment for the illness.

医師は病気の治療法を処方しました。

C2 noun /prəˈpɪŋkwɪti/

propinquity

近接

Meaning

the state of being close to someone or something; proximity

Example

The propinquity of their houses made them close friends.

彼らの家の近接は、彼らを親しい友人にした。

C2 verb /dʒɪr/

jeer

嘲笑う

Meaning

to laugh at someone or something in a cruel or mocking way

Example

The crowd began to jeer at the opposing team.

群衆は対戦チームを嘲笑し始めた。

C2 noun /ˈkɒl.ə.kwi/

colloquy

正式な対話

Meaning

A formal conversation or dialogue, often on serious or academic topics.

Example

The professors engaged in a deep colloquy about the future of education.

教授たちは教育の未来について深い対話を交わしました。

C2 adjective /ˈpɑːrtəbl/

partible

分割可能な

Meaning

capable of being divided or separated

Example

The estate was partible among the heirs.

その財産は相続人の間で分割可能でした。

C2 noun /ɪmp/

imp

小さないたずら好きな悪魔

Meaning

a small mischievous devil or sprite; a playful troublemaker

Example

The child was acting like a little imp, hiding his toys everywhere.

その子供は小さなインプのように振る舞い、どこにでもおもちゃを隠していました。

C2 noun mʌnˈdeɪ.nɪ.ti

mundanity

平凡

Meaning

The quality of being ordinary, routine, or lacking excitement.

Example

The mundanity of office life can be exhausting.

オフィスの生活の平凡さは疲れることがあります。

C2 noun /ˌhaɪdroʊˈfoʊbiə/

hydrophobia

水恐怖症

Meaning

Extreme or irrational fear of water; historically, another name for rabies.

Example

After being bitten by a stray dog, the man was treated for hydrophobia.

野良犬に噛まれた後、その男は水恐怖症の治療を受けました。

C2 verb /bɪˈfɪt/

befit

ふさわしい

Meaning

to be suitable for; to be appropriate to

Example

Formal attire befits the seriousness of the occasion.

フォーマルな服装はその場の厳粛さにふさわしい。

C2 noun /ɪnˌtɜːrpəˈleɪʃən/

interpolation

補間

Meaning

The act of inserting something into a text or estimating values within a sequence of data.

Example

The scientist used interpolation to predict the missing data points.

科学者は欠落したデータポイントを予測するために補間を使用しました。

C2 adjective /ˌkɒn.tjʊˈmeɪ.ʃəs/

contumacious

反抗的な, 不従順な

Meaning

stubbornly disobedient or rebellious

Example

The contumacious student refused to follow the school rules.

その反抗的な学生は学校の規則に従うことを拒否しました。

C2 adjective /ˈfɪnɪki/

finicky

気難しい; 詳細に非常にこだわる

Meaning

difficult to please; very particular about details

Example

He is so finicky about his food that he only eats organic vegetables.

彼は自分の食べ物に対してとても細かいので、有機野菜だけを食べます。

C2 adjective /vəˈreɪʃəs/

veracious

誠実な

Meaning

Truthful, honest; habitually speaking the truth.

Example

She gave a veracious account of what happened that day.

彼女はその日の出来事について誠実な説明をしました。

C2 verb /kənˈvoʊk/

convoke

召集する

Meaning

to call together or summon a meeting or assembly

Example

The committee convoked an emergency session to discuss the crisis.

委員会は危機を議論するために緊急セッションを召集しました。

C2 verb /ˈkrɪŋ.kəl/

crinkle

しわを寄せる

Meaning

To form small creases or wrinkles.

Example

She crinkled her nose at the strange smell.

彼女は奇妙な匂いで鼻をしかめた。

C2 noun /ˈmɛtələ(r)dʒi/

metallurgy

冶金学

Meaning

The science and technology of metals, including their extraction from ores and their processing.

Example

Metallurgy plays a vital role in industrial development.

冶金学は産業の発展において重要な役割を果たします。

C2 verb /ˈbaʊdləˌraɪz/

bowdlerize

不適切な部分を削除する

Meaning

to remove or modify parts of a text considered offensive or inappropriate

Example

The editor bowdlerized the novel to make it suitable for children.

編集者はその小説を子供向けに適したものにするために修正した。

C2 noun /næt/

Gnat

蚊

Meaning

a small flying insect that bites people and animals

Example

The gnat buzzed around my head while I was reading.

私が読書している間、蚊が頭の周りでブンブンと音を立てていた。

C2 noun /haɪˈdrɒl.ɪ.sɪs/

hydrolysis

加水分解

Meaning

A chemical process that breaks down compounds by adding water, splitting complex molecules into simpler forms.

Example

Hydrolysis breaks down complex molecules into simpler forms.

加水分解は複雑な分子をより単純な形に分解します。

C2 noun /ˈiːsθiːt/ or /ˈɛsθiːt/

aesthete

美術愛好家

Meaning

A person who has a special appreciation of art and beauty.

Example

The aesthete admired the subtle details of the painting.

エステートは絵画の微細なディテールを賞賛していました。

C2 noun /ˈfriːˌθɪŋkər/

freethinker

自由思想家

Meaning

A person who forms opinions based on reason and independent thought rather than tradition or authority.

Example

Voltaire was considered a great freethinker of his time.

ヴォルテールは彼の時代の偉大な自由思想家と見なされていました。

C2 adjective /dɪsˈkʌmfɪtɪŋ/

discomfiting

不快な

Meaning

Causing unease, embarrassment, or discomfort.

Example

His discomfiting questions made everyone shift uncomfortably in their seats.

彼の不快な質問は、皆が座席で不安そうに動かせるようにさせた。

C2 noun /ɪˌpɪstəˈmɒlədʒi/

epistemology

認識論

Meaning

The branch of philosophy that studies the nature, origin, and scope of knowledge.

Example

Epistemology explores the difference between justified belief and opinion.

認識論は正当な信念と意見との違いを探求します。

C2 noun /ˌmɑːrtəˈnɛt/

martinet

厳格な規律の指導者

Meaning

A strict disciplinarian who demands rigid adherence to rules.

Example

The new manager was such a martinet that even minor infractions were punished.

新しいマネージャーはマルティネットのようで、些細な違反も処罰されました。

C2 noun /kənˌɡlɒməˈreɪʃən/

conglomeration

集合体

Meaning

A collection or mixture of different things grouped together.

Example

The market is a conglomeration of small shops and food stalls.

市場は小さな店と食べ物の屋台の集合体です。

C2 noun /ˈɔɪl.mən/

Oilman

石油業者

Meaning

a person who works in the oil industry; someone who sells oil or petroleum products

Example

The oilman discovered a new oil field in the desert.

オイルマンは砂漠で新しい油田を発見した。

C2 noun (compound/erroneous entry) /ɪnˈɛksərəbl ɑːrmi/

inexorableinexorablearmy

止められない軍隊

Meaning

This appears to be a corrupted or concatenated form; interpreted as 'inexorable army' — an unstoppable or relentless force.

Example

The rebels feared the inexorable army approaching their stronghold.

反乱軍は自分たちの砦に近づいてくる止められない軍隊を恐れていた。

C2 noun /ˈkɒntrəriz/

contraries

対立する物事

Meaning

things that are completely different or opposite to each other

Example

Freedom and slavery are contraries in every sense.

自由と奴隷制度はすべての点で対立しています。

C2 noun /ˈɔːtɑːrki/

autarchy

自給自足

Meaning

A system of self-sufficiency where a state or community is economically independent.

Example

The nation attempted autarchy to reduce reliance on imports.

その国は輸入依存を減らすために自給自足を試みました。

C2 noun /ˌjuːnɪˈtɛəriən/

unitarian

ユニタリアン

Meaning

A person who believes that God exists as one entity rather than as a Trinity; a member of a religious denomination that emphasizes individual freedom of belief.

Example

The Unitarian church is known for its inclusive and open-minded approach.

ユニタリアン教会は、その包括的で開かれた考え方で知られています。

C2 adjective /dɪˈspjuːtəbl/

Disputable

議論の余地がある; 疑わしい

Meaning

open to debate or argument; questionable

Example

The facts in the case are disputable and need further investigation.

その事件の事実は議論の余地があり、さらなる調査が必要です。

C2 adjective /ɪˈlɪʒən/

elysian

天国の

Meaning

Relating to or characteristic of paradise; delightful and heavenly.

Example

They spent an elysian week on the quiet island.

彼らは静かな島で天国のような一週間を過ごしました。

C2 adjective /ˈmjuːlɪʃ/

mulish

Meaning

extremely stubborn or unwilling to change

Example

She remained mulish despite all the convincing arguments.

C2 noun /əˈpɒstəsi/

apostasy

背教

Meaning

The abandonment or renunciation of a religious or political belief.

Example

His public apostasy shocked his followers.

彼の公然の背教は彼の支持者を驚かせました。

C2 noun /kɒŋk/

Conck

貝

Meaning

a shell, especially a large spiral one used as a horn or for decoration

Example

The priest blew the conch shell to signal the start of the ceremony.

司祭は儀式の開始を知らせるためにコンクの貝を吹きました。

C2 verb /ˈstʌltɪfaɪ/

stultify

愚かに見せる、または効果や熱意を妨げる

Meaning

to make someone or something appear foolish, or to hinder effectiveness and enthusiasm

Example

The repetitive tasks seemed to stultify the workers' creativity.

繰り返しの仕事が労働者の創造性を鈍らせているようだった。

C2 noun /ˈmɪs.kri.ənt/

Miscreant

悪党; 犯罪者

Meaning

A person who behaves badly or illegally; a villain or criminal

Example

The miscreant was caught stealing from the store.

その悪党は店で物を盗んでいるところを捕まえられました。

C2 noun /ˌkʌl.pəˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

culpability

有罪

Meaning

responsibility for a fault or wrong; blameworthiness

Example

The jury considered his level of culpability in the crime.

陪審員はその犯罪における彼の有罪の程度を考慮しました。

C2 adjective /ˈsɪlvən/

sylvan

森林の

Meaning

Relating to or characteristic of the woods or forest.

Example

The cottage was set in a sylvan landscape full of tall trees.

その小屋は、高い木々に囲まれた森林の風景の中にありました。

C2 adjective /bɪˈfʌdld/

befuddled

困惑した

Meaning

confused, unable to think clearly

Example

He looked befuddled after hearing the complex instructions.

彼は複雑な指示を聞いた後、困惑したように見えました。

C2 adjective /ˈvækjuəs/

vacuous

空虚

Meaning

Having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless.

Example

She gave a vacuous smile during the serious discussion.

彼女は真剣な議論の中で空虚な笑顔を見せた。

C2 verb /dɪˈbɔːtʃ/

debauch

堕落させる

Meaning

to corrupt morally; to lead into excessive indulgence in sensual pleasures

Example

The novel shows how wealth can debauch a person's character.

その小説は、どのように富が人の性格を堕落させるかを示しています。

C2 noun /ˈʌn.dɚˌstɔː.ri/

understory

下層植物

Meaning

The layer of vegetation beneath the main canopy of a forest.

Example

The understory of a rainforest is home to small mammals and insects.

熱帯雨林の下層植物は小さな哺乳動物や昆虫の家です。