waistcoat
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C1 noun /ˈweɪs(t).koʊt/

waistcoat

gilet
Meaning
a sleeveless garment worn over a shirt and under a jacket
Example
He wore a black waistcoat with his suit.
Il portait un gilet noir avec son costume.
C1 noun /ˌdʒenəˈræləti/

generality

généralité
Meaning
A vague, non-specific statement or principle that applies broadly.
Example
The speech was full of generalities and lacked concrete details.
Le discours était plein de généralités et manquait de détails concrets.
C1 noun /səˈnɑːtə/

sonata

composition musicale (sonate)
Meaning
A musical composition for one or more instruments, typically in several movements.
Example
She performed a beautiful Beethoven sonata on the piano.
Elle a joué une magnifique sonate de Beethoven au piano.
C1 verb /ˈɡlædən/

gladden

rendre heureux
Meaning
to make someone happy or bring joy
Example
The news of her recovery gladdened everyone.
La nouvelle de sa guérison a réjoui tout le monde.
C1 adjective /ˈdesələt/

Desolate

désert; solitaire; stérile
Meaning
deserted; lonely; barren
Example
The abandoned village looked desolate and empty.
Le village abandonné avait l'air désert et vide.
C1 verb /diːˈfjuːz/

defuse

désamorcer
Meaning
To make a situation less dangerous, tense, or explosive; to remove a fuse from a bomb.
Example
The negotiator helped defuse the tense situation.
Le négociateur a aidé à désamorcer la situation tendue.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkɔːrpərəl/

corporal

corporal
Meaning
relating to the body; a low-ranking officer in the military
Example
He suffered a corporal punishment for his mistake.
Il a subi une punition corporelle pour son erreur.
C1 noun /ˈreɪ.biːz/

rabies

rage
Meaning
A viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals, usually transmitted through animal bites.
Example
The dog was vaccinated against rabies.
Le chien a été vacciné contre la rage.
C1 adjective ˈwɛðərpruːf

weatherproof

résistant aux intempéries
Meaning
Able to resist or be unaffected by weather, especially rain and wind.
Example
The materials used are weatherproof, ensuring longevity.
Les matériaux utilisés sont résistants aux intempéries, assurant une longévité.
C1 adjective /ˈsɛn.sər.i/

sensory

sensoriel
Meaning
Related to the five human senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch, smell).
Example
Sensory feedback enhances the VR experience.
Les rétroactions sensorielles améliorent l'expérience de la réalité virtuelle.
C1 verb /dɪˈflɛkt/

deflect

détourner / éviter
Meaning
to cause something to change direction; to avoid answering directly
Example
The shield deflected the incoming arrow.
Le bouclier a dévié la flèche entrante.
C1 noun

Longitude

longitude géographique
C1 adjective /ɪmˈprɒbəbl/

improbable

improbable
Meaning
Not likely to be true or to happen.
Example
It seems improbable that he will arrive on time.
Il semble improbable qu'il arrive à l'heure.
C1 verb /ˈɡloʊbəlaɪz/

globalize

mondialiser
Meaning
to make something worldwide in scope or application; to integrate into a global system
Example
Many companies globalize their operations to reach international markets.
De nombreuses entreprises mondialisent leurs activités pour atteindre des marchés internationaux.
C1 noun /ˈtem.pɚ.əns/

temperance

tempérance
Meaning
Moderation in action, thought, or feeling; restraint.
Example
Temperance is essential for a balanced life.
La tempérance est essentielle pour une vie équilibrée.
C1 noun /ɪkˌsperɪˈmɛnteɪʃən/

experimentation

expérimentation
Meaning
The process of performing a scientific procedure to make a discovery, test a hypothesis, or demonstrate a known fact.
Example
Experimentation leads to groundbreaking products.
L'expérimentation mène à des produits révolutionnaires.
C1 adjective /ˈfɜːrtɪv/

furtive

furtif
Meaning
Attempting to avoid notice or attention, typically because of guilt or a belief that discovery would lead to trouble.
Example
He cast a furtive glance at the door before leaving.
Il lança un regard furtif vers la porte avant de partir.
C1 adjective /ˈvæljənt/

Valiant

vaillant; héroïque
Meaning
showing courage or determination; brave and heroic
Example
The valiant soldier fought bravely to protect his country.
Le vaillant soldat s'est battu courageusement pour protéger son pays.
C1 noun /nɪˈɡeɪʃən/

negation

négation
Meaning
The act of denying something; the contradiction or absence of something.
Example
The theory is built on the negation of traditional beliefs.
La théorie repose sur la négation des croyances traditionnelles.
C1 noun /ˈkliː.vər/

Cleaver

grand couteau
Meaning
a heavy knife with a broad blade used for chopping meat or vegetables
Example
The chef used a cleaver to chop the chicken bones.
Le chef a utilisé un grand couteau pour couper les os de poulet.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt/

emergent

émergent
Meaning
just coming into existence or becoming prominent
Example
The emergent startup quickly attracted investors.
La startup émergente a rapidement attiré des investisseurs.
C1 noun /ˈkʌvənənt/

covenant

contrat
Meaning
a formal agreement or promise, often legally binding
Example
The landlord and tenant signed a covenant to maintain the property.
Le propriétaire et le locataire ont signé un contrat pour maintenir la propriété.
C1 noun /ˈoʊvərˌsiːər/

overseer

superviseur
Meaning
a person who supervises work or workers; a manager
Example
The overseer made sure the workers followed safety rules.
Le superviseur s'est assuré que les travailleurs respectaient les règles de sécurité.
C1 adjective səˈsaɪ.ə.təl

societal

social
Meaning
Relating to society or social relationships.
Example
Societal benefits of space tourism are under debate.
Les avantages sociaux du tourisme spatial sont en débat.
C1 verb /dɪˈmiːn/

demean

dévaloriser
Meaning
to cause someone to lose dignity or respect
Example
The manager demeaned his employees with rude remarks.
Le gestionnaire a dévalorisé ses employés avec des remarques grossières.
C1 verb /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/

culminate

culminer
Meaning
To reach the final or climactic stage of a process or activity.
Example
Years of hard work culminated in his success.
Des années de travail acharné ont culminé en son succès.
C1 noun /ˈbjuːɡəl/

Bugle

bugle
Meaning
a brass musical instrument similar to a trumpet but without valves, used especially for military calls
Example
The soldier played the bugle to signal the start of the ceremony.
Le soldat a joué du bugle pour signaler le début de la cérémonie
C1 adjective /rɪˈtaɪərɪŋ/

retiring

timide
Meaning
Shy and reserved; avoiding social contact.
Example
She is a quiet, retiring woman who avoids attention.
C'est une femme calme et timide qui évite l'attention.
C1 noun /treɪd fəˌsɪl.ɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

trade facilitation

facilitation du commerce
Meaning
The simplification, modernization and harmonization of export and import processes.
Example
Trade facilitation boosts economic growth.
La facilitation du commerce stimule la croissance économique.
C1 noun /ˈmɪlɪtəˌrɪzəm/

militarism

militarisme
Meaning
The belief in maintaining a strong military and using it aggressively to defend or promote national interests.
Example
The rise of militarism in the region caused tension among neighboring countries.
L'essor du militarisme dans la région a provoqué des tensions entre les pays voisins.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrksəm/

irksome

énervant
Meaning
annoying or irritating
Example
Waiting in a long line is one of the most irksome tasks.
Attendre dans une longue file est l'une des tâches les plus énervantes.
C1 adjective /smʌɡ/

smug

prétentieux
Meaning
having or showing an excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements
Example
He wore a smug smile after winning the debate.
Il portait un sourire prétentieux après avoir gagné le débat.
C1 adjective /dɪˈʃɛvəld/

disheveled

désordonné
Meaning
Untidy, messy, or in disorder, especially of hair or clothing.
Example
He arrived with disheveled hair and wrinkled clothes.
Il est arrivé avec des cheveux désordonnés et des vêtements froissés.
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɜːrdʒənt/

resurgent

resurgissant
Meaning
Becoming strong, active, or popular again.
Example
The resurgent economy gave hope to many businesses.
L'économie resurgissante a donné de l'espoir à de nombreuses entreprises.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/

impediments

obstacles
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; things that prevent progress or achievement.
Example
Economic impediments often hinder social development.
Les obstacles économiques entravent souvent le développement social.
C1 noun məˈriːn ˈsɜː.veɪ

marine survey

étude marine. enquête sous-marine.
Meaning
A systematic examination of the sea, seabed, and underwater features for the purpose of making maps or gathering other information.
Example
The marine survey identified the ideal cable routes.
L'enquête marine a identifié les itinéraires idéaux pour les câbles.
C1 adjective /ˈdiːviəs/

devious

sournois
Meaning
Skillful at using underhanded tactics to achieve goals; not straightforward.
Example
He used a devious plan to gain control of the company.
Il a utilisé un plan sournois pour prendre le contrôle de l'entreprise.
C1 noun /ɛkˈspeɪtriət/

expatriate

expatrié
Meaning
a person who lives outside their native country
Example
Many expatriates gather in the city’s international community.
De nombreux expatriés se rassemblent dans la communauté internationale de la ville.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

rusé, astucieux, sournois
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
Le renard rusé a de nouveau échappé aux chasseurs.
C1 noun /ˈɒntreɪ/ (UK), /ˈɑːntreɪ/ (US)

entree

plat principal
Meaning
The main course of a meal (US); the right to enter or access (formal).
Example
The restaurant’s signature steak was served as the main entree.
Le steak signature du restaurant a été servi en tant que plat principal.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.dɪˈspen.sə.bəl/

indispensable

indispensable
Meaning
Absolutely necessary, essential
Example
Water is indispensable for human survival.
L'eau est indispensable à la survie humaine.
C1 verb /kənˈtɛkstʃuəlaɪz/

contextualize

contextualiser
Meaning
to place something in a context or interpret it in relation to its surroundings
Example
The teacher contextualized the historical event to make it more relevant for students.
Le professeur a contextualisé l'événement historique pour le rendre plus pertinent pour les étudiants.
C1 noun /krəˈvæs/

crevasse

fissure profonde
Meaning
a deep crack in a glacier or the earth’s surface
Example
The climbers carefully crossed the icy crevasse.
Les alpinistes ont traversé prudemment la fissure glacée.
C1 noun /krəˈnɒlədʒi/

chronology

chronologie
Meaning
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
Example
The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians.
La chronologie de la dynastie a été soigneusement étudiée par les historiens.
C1 adjective /vɪˈveɪʃəs/

vivacious

vivace
Meaning
Attractively lively and animated.
Example
She was admired for her vivacious personality.
Elle a été admirée pour sa personnalité vivace.
C1 adjective /ˈspel.baʊnd/

Spellbound

fasciné; envoûté
Meaning
completely fascinated and unable to move or think about anything else; enchanted
Example
The children sat spellbound as the magician performed his tricks.
Les enfants sont restés fascinés tandis que le magicien faisait ses tours.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

économie commandée
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
Dans une économie commandée, le gouvernement contrôle la production et les prix.
C1 noun /dɜːrθ/

dearth

pénurie
Meaning
A scarcity or lack of something.
Example
There was a dearth of food during the famine.
Il y avait une pénurie de nourriture pendant la famine.
C1 verb /ˈɛkˌsaɪz/

excise

exciser
Meaning
to cut out or remove completely, often by surgery
Example
The surgeon excised the tumor successfully.
Le chirurgien a excisé la tumeur avec succès.
C1 noun/adjective /ˈstɜː.lɪŋ/

sterling

monnaie britannique / excellent
Meaning
British money, especially pounds; of excellent quality.
Example
She was praised for her sterling work on the project.
Elle a été félicitée pour son excellent travail sur le projet.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkleɪmd/

Unclaimed

non réclamé; non demandé; abandonné ou sans propriétaire
Meaning
not claimed by anyone; not demanded or requested; abandoned or ownerless
Example
The unclaimed luggage was stored in the airport's lost property department.
Les bagages non réclamés ont été stockés dans le département des objets trouvés de l'aéroport.
C1 verb /ɪnˈskraɪb/

inscribe

graver
Meaning
to write or carve words or symbols on a surface
Example
They inscribed her name on the trophy.
Ils ont gravé son nom sur le trophée.
C1 noun /ˈtræpɪŋz/

trappings

attributs
Meaning
the outward signs, features, or objects associated with a role, event, or status
Example
The king appeared with all the trappings of royalty.
Le roi est apparu avec tous les attributs de la royauté.
C1 adjective ˈpɪv.ə.təl

pivotal

crucial
Meaning
Of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.
Example
Renewable energy plays a pivotal role in sustainability.
L'énergie renouvelable joue un rôle crucial dans la durabilité.
C1 noun /ədˈmɪtəns/

admittance

admission
Meaning
the process or fact of entering or being allowed to enter a place
Example
No admittance without a valid ticket.
Pas d'admission sans un billet valide.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊlstər/

pollster

sondeur
Meaning
a person or organization that conducts surveys to gauge public opinion
Example
The pollster predicted a close election outcome.
Le sondeur a prédit un résultat électoral serré.
C1 adjective /ˈsɒmbər/

somber

sombre
Meaning
Dark or dull in color or tone; gloomy or serious.
Example
The funeral had a somber atmosphere.
Les funérailles avaient une atmosphère sombre.
C1 noun /ˈpɑːrtʃmənt/

parchment

parchemin
Meaning
a thin material made from animal skin, used in the past for writing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on parchment.
Le manuscrit ancien a été écrit sur du parchemin.
C1 noun /ˈrɛzɪn/

resin

résine
Meaning
a sticky organic substance, usually secreted by plants, often used in varnishes or plastics
Example
The craftsman used natural resin to make the sculpture shine.
L'artisan a utilisé de la résine naturelle pour faire briller la sculpture.
C1 adjective /ˌsaɪkəˈpæθɪk/

psychopathic

psychopathe
Meaning
Relating to or affected by psychopathy; showing chronic mental disorder with abnormal or violent behavior.
Example
The film portrayed a psychopathic killer with no sense of empathy.
Le film dépeignait un tueur psychopathe sans aucune empathie.
C1 noun /pɪˌdɛs.tri.ə.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

pedestrianization

pédestrianisation
Meaning
Making areas pedestrian-friendly, closing any area to vehicle traffic and making it open only for pedestrians.
Example
The pedestrianization of city centers reduces pollution.
La piétonnisation des centres-villes réduit la pollution.
C1 verb /ˌmɪsˌrɛprɪˈzɛnt/

misrepresent

falsifier
Meaning
to give a false or misleading account of something
Example
The lawyer accused the witness of trying to misrepresent the facts.
L'avocat a accusé le témoin d'avoir tenté de déformer les faits.
C1 noun /bəˈnɛv.ə.ləns/

benevolence

bienveillance ou charité
Meaning
The quality of being well meaning and kindly; the disposition to do good.
Example
His benevolence towards the poor earned him respect.
Sa bienveillance envers les pauvres lui a valu du respect.
C1 verb /dɪˈmɔrəˌlaɪz/

demoralize

démoraliser
Meaning
to cause someone to lose confidence or hope
Example
The constant criticism demoralized the young athlete.
La critique constante a démoralisé le jeune athlète.
C1 adjective /hɪpˈnɒtɪk/

hypnotic

hypnotique
Meaning
Producing sleep or a trance-like state; mesmerizing.
Example
The music had a hypnotic effect on the audience.
La musique avait un effet hypnotique sur le public.
C1 verb /ʌpˈruːt/

uproot

déraciner
Meaning
To pull something out of the ground; to remove or displace completely.
Example
They uprooted the old tree from the garden.
Ils ont déraciné l'arbre vieux du jardin.
C1 adjective /ˈmɪnəskjuːl/

minuscule

minuscule
Meaning
extremely small in size or importance
Example
She made only a minuscule contribution to the project.
Elle n'a fait qu'une contribution minuscule au projet.
C1 verb /əˈseɪl/

assail

assaillir
Meaning
to attack violently, either physically or with words
Example
The politician was assailed with difficult questions.
Le politicien a été assailli par des questions difficiles.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrsənəbl/

personable

charmant
Meaning
having a pleasant appearance and manner; attractive and friendly
Example
The new teacher is very personable and easy to talk to.
Le nouveau professeur est très charmant et facile à aborder.
C1 noun, adjective /ˌpəʊstˈmɔːtəm/

postmortem

autopsie
Meaning
An examination of a dead body to determine the cause of death.
Example
The doctor carried out a postmortem on the body.
Le médecin a pratiqué une autopsie sur le corps.
C1 noun /dɪˈten.ʃən/

Detention

détention; emprisonnement temporaire
Meaning
the action of detaining someone or being detained in official custody
Example
The student received detention for repeatedly disrupting the class.
L'étudiant a reçu une détention pour avoir perturbé la classe à plusieurs reprises.
C1 adjective /ˈnæs.ənt/

nascent

naissant
Meaning
Emerging, developing, or in the early stages of formation
Example
The nascent technology is revolutionizing industries.
La technologie naissante révolutionne les industries.
C1 noun /kəˈpɪl.ər.iz/

capillaries

capillaires
Meaning
Any of the fine branching blood vessels that form a network between the arterioles and venules.
Example
Broken capillaries cause dark circles.
Les capillaires cassés causent des cernes.
C1 noun /pəˈvɪliən/

pavilion

chapiteau
Meaning
A large tent or temporary building, often used for events or exhibitions.
Example
The wedding reception was held in a decorated pavilion.
La réception de mariage a eu lieu dans un chapiteau décoré.
C1 noun /faɪˈnælɪti/

finality

finalité
Meaning
the quality of being final or irreversible; a sense of conclusiveness
Example
The judge's decision gave the case a sense of finality.
La décision du juge a donné au cas un sentiment de finalité.
C1 noun /ˈmælədi/

Malady

maladie; affection; trouble
Meaning
A disease or ailment; a serious problem
Example
The doctor diagnosed a rare malady that affected her nervous system.
Le médecin a diagnostiqué une maladie rare qui a affecté son système nerveux.
C1 verb /ˈsætəˌraɪz/

satirize

satiriser
Meaning
to mock or criticize something using satire
Example
The play satirizes the greed of modern corporations.
La pièce satirise la cupidité des entreprises modernes.
C1 adjective ˌkwɪn.tɪˈsen.ʃəl

quintessential

l'exemple parfait ou typique d'une qualité ou d'une classe
Meaning
representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.
Example
The artist's work is the quintessential example of modernism.
Le travail de l'artiste est l'exemple quintessential du modernisme.
C1 adjective /ˌæn.ɪkˈdoʊ.t̬əl/

anecdotal

basé sur des récits personnels plutôt que sur des faits ou des recherches, caractérisé par des anecdotes
Meaning
Based on personal accounts rather than facts or research; characterized by anecdotes.
Example
The book was filled with anecdotal evidence rather than data.
Le livre était rempli de preuves anecdotiques plutôt que de données.
C1 adjective /ˈdɪs.ə.plɪ.ner.i/

Disciplinary

disciplinaire
Meaning
relating to discipline; intended to correct behavior
Example
The company took disciplinary action against the employee.
L'entreprise a pris des mesures disciplinaires contre l'employé.
C1 noun /ˈsiːskeɪp/

seascape

paysage marin
Meaning
A view or painting of the sea.
Example
The artist painted a beautiful seascape at sunset.
L'artiste a peint un beau paysage marin au coucher du soleil.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈweɪ.vər.ɪŋ/

unwavering

inébranlable
Meaning
Steady or resolute; not wavering.
Example
He showed unwavering dedication to his goal.
Il a montré un dévouement inébranlable à son objectif.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/

redundant

superflu
Meaning
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
Example
The report contained redundant information.
Le rapport contenait des informations superflues.
C1 verb /trænˈspaɪər/

transpire

arriver
Meaning
to occur, happen, or become known
Example
It transpired that he had lied about his age.
Il est apparu qu'il avait menti sur son âge.
C1 adjective /əbˈdʒek.ʃən.ə.bəl/

Objectionable

objectionnable
Meaning
arousing distaste or opposition; unpleasant or offensive
Example
His objectionable behavior made everyone uncomfortable.
Son comportement objectionnable a rendu tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 noun /ˈmɔːr.ɡɪʤ/

Mortgage

hypothèque
Meaning
a legal agreement by which a bank lends money to buy property
Example
They took out a mortgage to buy their first house.
Ils ont pris une hypothèque pour acheter leur première maison.
C1 noun kəˈlɛktɪvɪzəm

collectivism

collectivisme
Meaning
The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
Example
Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group over individual interests.
Le collectivisme souligne l'importance du groupe par rapport aux intérêts individuels.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagion
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
La peur s'est propagée comme une contagion à travers la foule.
C1 noun /ˈkɑr.nɪdʒ/

Carnage

carnage
Meaning
the killing of a large number of people; widespread slaughter
Example
The battlefield was filled with carnage after the brutal war.
Le champ de bataille était rempli de carnage après la guerre brutale.
C1 adverb /ˈfeɪ.təl.i/

Fatally

fatalement
Meaning
in a way that causes death; with deadly consequences; critically
Example
The accident fatally injured two passengers.
L'accident a blessé deux passagers de manière fatale.
C1 phrase ˈriː.dʒən.əl ˈfɔː.rəm

regional forum

forum régional
Meaning
A meeting or conference where representatives from countries or organizations in a specific geographical area discuss issues of common interest.
Example
The Regional Forum discussed deforestation impacts.
Le forum régional a discuté des impacts de la déforestation.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/

Invariable

invariable; constant; toujours le même
Meaning
never changing; constant; always the same
Example
His invariable routine includes morning exercise and coffee.
Sa routine invariable comprend des exercices matinaux et du café.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɒlvənt/

solvent

solvant, capable de rembourser ses dettes
Meaning
a liquid that dissolves other substances; also means able to pay debts
Example
Acetone is a common solvent used in laboratories.
L'acétone est un solvant couramment utilisé dans les laboratoires.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɔːrˈɡænɪk/

inorganic

inorganique
Meaning
relating to substances that are not derived from living organisms; lacking organic structure or growth
Example
Inorganic compounds are commonly studied in chemistry labs.
Les composés inorganiques sont courants en chimie.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈdʒɔɪntɪd/

disjointed

désorganisé
Meaning
Lacking order, coherence, or connection; disconnected.
Example
The movie felt disjointed and hard to follow.
Le film semblait désorganisé et difficile à suivre.
C1 verb /sərˈmaʊnt/

surmount

surmonter
Meaning
to overcome a difficulty or obstacle
Example
He surmounted all the challenges to achieve his dream.
Il a surmonté tous les défis pour atteindre son rêve.
C1 noun/verb /pɔːr/

pore

pore / étudier attentivement
Meaning
As a noun: a tiny opening in the skin or surface. As a verb: to study something carefully.
Example
She pored over the documents for hours before making a decision.
Elle a étudié les documents pendant des heures avant de prendre une décision.
C1 noun ˈsɪmbəlɪzəm

symbolism

symbolisme
Meaning
The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Example
The use of symbolism in the novel is masterful.
L'utilisation du symbolisme dans le roman est magistrale.
C1 noun /ˈhaɪbrɪd/

hybrid

hybride
Meaning
a mixture of two different things, often combining the best qualities of both
Example
The car is a hybrid that runs on both electricity and fuel.
La voiture est un hybride qui fonctionne à la fois à l'électricité et au carburant.
C1 noun /ˈɪnkwest/

inquest

enquête
Meaning
A legal or official inquiry, especially into the cause of a death.
Example
The inquest revealed the cause of the accident.
L'enquête a révélé la cause de l'accident.
C1 noun /kənˈspɪrə.tər/

conspirator

conspirateur
Meaning
a person who secretly plans with others to do something unlawful or harmful
Example
The conspirator was arrested before the plan could be carried out.
Le conspirateur a été arrêté avant que le plan ne puisse être mis à exécution.
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
C1 adjective /fəˈnætɪk/

Fanatic

fanatique
Meaning
extremely passionate about something; showing excessive enthusiasm or devotion
Example
He is a fanatic supporter of his football team.
Il est un fanatique supporter de son équipe de football.
C1 verb, noun /klɑːɡ/

clog

boucher / sabot en bois
Meaning
to block or become blocked; a type of heavy wooden shoe
Example
The sink was clogged with food waste.
L'évier était bouché avec des déchets alimentaires.
C1 adjective /raɪf/

rife

répandu
Meaning
widespread or common, often in a negative sense
Example
Corruption was rife in the old government system.
La corruption était répandue dans l'ancien système gouvernemental.
C1 verb kəˈrɒb.ə.reɪt

corroborate

corroborer
Meaning
Confirm or give support to a statement, theory, or finding.
Example
The witness corroborated the defendant's testimony.
Le témoin a corroboré le témoignage du prévenu.
C1 noun /ˈbeɪlɪf/

bailiff

officier de justice
Meaning
An official who keeps order in a court, carries out court orders, or collects debts.
Example
The bailiff asked everyone to rise as the judge entered the courtroom.
L'officier de justice a demandé à tout le monde de se lever lorsque le juge est entré dans la salle d'audience.
C1 noun /ˌʌnriˈælɪti/

unreality

irréalité
Meaning
the state or quality of being unreal; lack of reality or truth
Example
The dreamlike setting gave the story a sense of unreality.
Le décor onirique a donné à l’histoire un sentiment d’irréalité.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl̩ ˈkɒmpɪtənsi

indispensable competency

compétence indispensable
Meaning
Essential skill or ability that cannot be done without; a crucial capability that is absolutely necessary.
Example
Digital literacy is an indispensable competency in the 21st century.
L'alphabétisation numérique est une compétence indispensable au XXIe siècle.
C1 verb /ɪnˈʃraɪn/

enshrine

préserver ou chérir quelque chose comme sacré ou important
Meaning
to preserve or cherish something as sacred or important
Example
The constitution enshrines the right to freedom of speech.
La constitution consacre le droit à la liberté d'expression.
C1 noun /ˈtɒpˌsɔɪl/

topsoil

terre arable
Meaning
the top layer of soil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients
Example
Farmers rely on healthy topsoil for good crop yields.
Les agriculteurs dépendent d'une terre arable saine pour obtenir de bons rendements.
C1 noun /ˌnoʊtəˈraɪəti/

notoriety

notoriété
Meaning
The state of being famous or well-known for something bad.
Example
The criminal gained notoriety for his daring escapes.
Le criminel a gagné de la notoriété pour ses évasions audacieuses.
C1 noun /ˈkæviˌæt/

caveat

avertissement
Meaning
a warning or condition to be considered before taking action
Example
The proposal was accepted with one caveat.
La proposition a été acceptée avec un avertissement.
C1 noun ɪˌræʃ.ənˈæl.ɪ.ti

irrationality

irrationalité, absence de logique, déraison
Meaning
The quality of being illogical or unreasonable; lack of rational thought.
Example
His decision was driven by complete irrationality.
Sa décision a été guidée par une irrationalité totale.
C1 noun /ˌdiːˈmer.ɪt/

Demerit

fauté; inconvénient; marque pour une faute ou une infraction
Meaning
a fault or disadvantage; a mark given for a fault or offense
Example
The student received a demerit for arriving late to class repeatedly.
L'étudiant a reçu un démérite pour être arrivé en retard en classe à plusieurs reprises.
C1 verb /ˈpærəlaɪz/

paralyze

paralysé
Meaning
to cause someone or something to lose the ability to move or function normally
Example
The sudden shock seemed to paralyze him.
Le choc soudain semblait le paralyser.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfæləbl̩/

infallible

infaillible
Meaning
incapable of making mistakes or being wrong
Example
Her judgment seemed infallible in matters of finance.
Son jugement semblait infaillible en matière de finances.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl̩/

inconceivable

inconcevable
Meaning
Impossible to imagine or believe; beyond comprehension.
Example
It seemed inconceivable that she could finish the marathon after such little training.
Il semblait inconcevable qu'elle puisse finir le marathon après si peu d'entraînement.
C1 noun /ˌmjuːnɪsɪˈpæləti/

municipality

municipalité
Meaning
a city or town that has its own local government
Example
The municipality is planning to build a new library.
La municipalité prévoit de construire une nouvelle bibliothèque.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪl.fəl/

Wilful

têtu; fait intentionnellement
Meaning
deliberately stubborn; done on purpose; intentional
Example
His wilful disobedience led to punishment.
Sa désobéissance délibérée a conduit à une punition.
C1 adjective /ˈliː.ni.ənt/

Lenient

tolérant; indulgent; miséricordieux; pas strict dans la punition ou le jugement
Meaning
tolerant; forgiving; merciful; not strict in punishment or judgment
Example
The teacher was lenient with students who submitted their homework late.
Le professeur était tolérant avec les élèves qui ont rendu leurs devoirs en retard.