Validity
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN Anglais BN Bengali HI Hindi ES Espagnol FR Français DE Allemand RU Russe ZH Chinois JA Japonais
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
B2 noun /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/

Validity

validité
Meaning
the quality of being legally or officially acceptable; the quality of being logically or factually sound
Example
The validity of the contract expires next month.
La validité du contrat expire le mois prochain.
B2 verb /ˈvæksɪneɪt/

vaccinate

vacciner
Meaning
to give a vaccine to protect against a disease
Example
Children are usually vaccinated before starting school.
Les enfants sont généralement vaccinés avant de commencer l'école.
C2 adjective /vəˈnɪəriəl/

venereal

vénérien
Meaning
relating to sexual intercourse or sexually transmitted diseases
Example
Doctors warn about the dangers of venereal diseases.
Les médecins avertissent des dangers des maladies vénériennes.
C1 adjective /ˈvɑːlətl/

volatile

volatil
Meaning
likely to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
Example
The stock market is extremely volatile these days.
Le marché boursier est extrêmement volatil ces jours-ci.
B2 noun /veɪl/

Veil

voile; masque; voile de mariée;
Meaning
a piece of fine material worn to protect or conceal the face; something that conceals or disguises
Example
The bride wore a beautiful white veil during the ceremony.
La mariée portait un beau voile blanc pendant la cérémonie.
C2 adverb /ˈvɛrɪli/

verily

véritablement
Meaning
truly; certainly; without a doubt
Example
Verily, I say unto you, this is the truth.
Véritablement, je vous le dis, c'est la vérité.
C2 adjective /ˈvɔːntɪd/

vaunted

excessivement vanté
Meaning
praised or boasted about, especially excessively
Example
The vaunted technology failed to deliver the expected results.
La technologie excessivement vantée n'a pas donné les résultats attendus.
C2 adjective /vəˈreɪʃəs/

veracious

véridique
Meaning
Truthful, honest; habitually speaking the truth.
Example
She gave a veracious account of what happened that day.
Elle a donné un récit véridique de ce qui s'est passé ce jour-là.
C1 noun/verb /vɔːlt/

vault

coffre-fort / sauter
Meaning
A secure room for storing valuables; also to leap or spring over something.
Example
The bank kept its gold bars in a secure vault.
La banque a gardé ses lingots d'or dans une voûte sécurisée.
C1 adjective /ˈviːnəs/

venous

veineux
Meaning
relating to the veins that carry blood to the heart
Example
The doctor examined the patient’s venous circulation.
Le médecin a examiné la circulation veineuse du patient.
C1 adjective /vɪˈveɪʃəs/

vivacious

vivace
Meaning
Attractively lively and animated.
Example
She was admired for her vivacious personality.
Elle a été admirée pour sa personnalité vivace.
C2 noun /ˈvæləns/

valance

valance décorative
Meaning
A decorative drapery hung across the top of a window or bed.
Example
She chose a floral valance to match the curtains in her bedroom.
Elle a choisi une valance florale pour assortir les rideaux de sa chambre.
B1 abbreviation /vərsəs/

vs

contre
Meaning
used to indicate opposition or contrast between two things
Example
The match was Brazil vs Argentina in the final.
Le match était Brésil contre Argentine en finale.
C2 adjective /ˈvælərəs/

valorous

vaillant
Meaning
showing great courage and bravery
Example
The valorous soldier led his troop into battle without hesitation.
Le soldat vaillant a dirigé ses troupes au combat sans hésitation.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪndɪkeɪtɪv/

vindicative

vindicatif
Meaning
showing a tendency to vindicate or justify; inclined to defend
Example
Her vindicative tone showed that she strongly believed in her innocence.
Son ton vindicatif montrait qu'elle croyait fermement en son innocence.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪtriəs/

vitreous

vitreux
Meaning
having a glass-like appearance or quality
Example
The mineral has a vitreous shine.
Le minéral a un éclat vitreux.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl/

Virtual

virtuel
Meaning
almost or nearly as described, but not completely or according to strict definition; existing in essence or effect, though not in fact
Example
The virtual meeting allowed participants from different countries to collaborate.
La réunion virtuelle a permis aux participants de différents pays de collaborer.
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

viole
Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
Elle a choisi de jouer de la viole dans l'orchestre scolaire.
C1 noun /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/

vertical farming

agriculture verticale
Meaning
The practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often incorporating controlled-environment agriculture.
Example
Vertical farming ensures maximum space utilization in urban areas.
L'agriculture verticale garantit une utilisation maximale de l'espace dans les zones urbaines.
C1 adjective /ˈviːəmənt/

Vehement

véhément; intense; passionné; énergique
Meaning
showing strong feeling; forceful; passionate; intense
Example
She gave a vehement denial of the accusations.
Elle a donné une dénégation véhémente des accusations.
C1 verb /vəˈkeɪt/

vacate

libérer
Meaning
to leave a place; to make empty by leaving
Example
The tenants must vacate the apartment by the end of the month.
Les locataires doivent libérer l’appartement avant la fin du mois.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪʒ.ən.er.i/

Visionary

visionnaire; imaginatif;
Meaning
having original ideas about what the future will bring; innovative; imaginative
Example
Steve Jobs was a visionary leader who revolutionized technology.
Steve Jobs était un leader visionnaire qui a révolutionné la technologie.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

bonheur
Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
Elle ne pouvait cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 verb /ˈvɛnəˌreɪt/

venerate

vénérer
Meaning
to regard with great respect; revere
Example
People venerate saints for their holiness.
Les gens vénèrent les saints pour leur sainteté.
B2 noun /ˈvjuːpɔɪnt/

viewpoint

point de vue
Meaning
a particular attitude or way of considering a matter
Example
From his viewpoint, the situation was hopeless.
Depuis son point de vue, la situation était désespérée.
C1 verb /ˈvɪktɪmaɪz/

victimize

victimiser
Meaning
To make someone a victim, often by treating them unfairly or cruelly.
Example
The corrupt officials victimized the poor villagers.
Les fonctionnaires corrompus ont victimisé les pauvres villageois.
B2 noun /ˌvʌl.nər.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

vulnerability

vulnérabilité
Meaning
The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed.
Example
Addressing vulnerability is crucial for stability.
Aborder la vulnérabilité est crucial pour la stabilité.
C2 adjective /ˈvɜːrdənt/

verdant

verdoyant
Meaning
Green with grass or other rich vegetation; lush and fertile.
Example
The hills looked verdant after the monsoon rains.
Les collines semblaient verdoyantes après les pluies de la mousson.
C2 noun /ˈvɪntnər/

vintner

vigneron / vendeur de vin
Meaning
A person who makes or sells wine.
Example
The vintner explained the process of making red wine.
Le vigneron a expliqué le processus de fabrication du vin rouge.
C2 adjective /vɛˈstɪdʒiəl/

vestigial

vestigial
Meaning
Relating to a small, undeveloped remnant of something that was once much larger or more functional.
Example
Humans have a vestigial tailbone that no longer serves its original purpose.
Les humains ont un os du coccyx vestigial qui ne remplit plus sa fonction d'origine.
C2 noun /ˈvɛləm/

vellum

parchemin
Meaning
a fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf, used for writing or printing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on vellum.
Le manuscrit ancien a été écrit sur du parchemin.
A2 noun /vəˈkæbjʊləri/

vocabulary

vocabulaire
Meaning
the set of words known and used by a person, group, or language; the words used in a particular field or subject
Example
Reading every day helps improve your vocabulary.
Lire chaque jour aide à améliorer votre vocabulaire.
C1 noun /ˈvɛriəns/

variance

variance
Meaning
the state of being different or inconsistent; in statistics, a measure of the spread between numbers
Example
There is a wide variance in students' performance levels.
Il y a une grande variance dans les niveaux de performance des étudiants.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊkəbəl/

vocable

vocable
Meaning
a word, term, or sound that has meaning
Example
The dictionary contained thousands of vocables from different languages.
Le dictionnaire contenait des milliers de vocables provenant de différentes langues.
C2 verb /voʊˈsɪfəˌreɪt/

vociferate

vociférer
Meaning
to shout, complain, or argue loudly or vehemently
Example
The protesters vociferated against the unfair law.
Les manifestants ont vociféré contre la loi injuste.
A1 noun /ˈvɛdʒ.tə.bəl/

vegetable

bonheur
Meaning
a plant or part of a plant used as food
Example
I eat vegetables every day for health.
Elle ne pouvait cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C2 noun ˈvɜː.mɪ.kʌl.tʃər

vermiculture

vermiculture
Meaning
The cultivation of earthworms, especially for use in composting organic waste.
Example
Vermiculture enriches soil with natural nutrients.
La vermiculture enrichit le sol avec des nutriments naturels.
C2 noun /ˈveɪɡəri/

vagary

changement imprévu
Meaning
An unexpected and inexplicable change in a situation or someone's behavior.
Example
The vagaries of the weather made planning difficult.
Les caprices du temps ont rendu la planification difficile.
B2 adjective /ˈvʌl.ɡər/

Vulgar

vulgaire; grossier; impoli;
Meaning
lacking sophistication or good taste; crude and offensive in language or behavior
Example
His vulgar language offended everyone at the dinner party.
Son langage vulgaire a offensé tout le monde à la fête.
C1 noun /ˈvendʒəns/

Vengeance

vengeance
Meaning
punishment inflicted or retribution exacted for an injury or wrong; revenge
Example
He swore to seek vengeance against those who wronged him.
Il jura de chercher la vengeance contre ceux qui lui avaient fait du tort.
C2 verb /ˈvɛdʒɪteɪt/

vegetate

végéter
Meaning
to live in a dull, inactive, or unchallenging way, often with little physical or mental effort
Example
He spent his vacation vegetating on the couch in front of the TV.
Il a passé ses vacances à végéter sur le canapé devant la télévision.
C1 noun /ˈvælər/

valor

valeur
Meaning
Great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle.
Example
The soldier was honored for his valor during the war.
Le soldat a été honoré pour sa valeur pendant la guerre.
C2 adjective /vɜːrˈtɪdʒɪnəs/

vertiginous

vertigineux
Meaning
Causing dizziness due to great height or steepness.
Example
The tourists looked down from the vertiginous cliffs with awe.
Les touristes regardaient en bas depuis les falaises vertigineuses avec émerveillement.
C2 noun /ˌvɪvɪˈsɛkʃən/

vivisection

la pratique de réaliser des opérations sur des animaux vivants pour la recherche scientifique
Meaning
the practice of performing operations on live animals for scientific research
Example
Vivisection has long been a controversial topic among scientists and animal rights activists.
La vivisection a longtemps été un sujet controversé parmi les scientifiques et les militants des droits des animaux.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪrjʊlənt/

virulent

extrêmement nuisible
Meaning
Extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
Example
The virulent disease spread rapidly across the region.
La maladie virulente s'est rapidement propagée à travers la région.
B1 noun /ˈviːɪkəl/

Vehicle

véhicule; voiture; moyen
Meaning
a thing used for transporting people or goods, especially on land; a means of expressing or displaying something
Example
The electric vehicle is becoming more popular these days.
Le véhicule électrique devient de plus en plus populaire ces jours-ci.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊtɪv/

votive

votif
Meaning
Offered or dedicated in fulfillment of a vow.
Example
She lit a votive candle in the church as a prayer.
Elle a allumé une bougie votive dans l'église comme prière.
B1 noun /vɒlˈkeɪ.noʊ/

Volcano

bonheur
Meaning
a mountain with an opening through which lava, gas, and ash can escape
Example
The volcano erupted after being dormant for decades.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.sə.taɪl/

versatile

polyvalent
Meaning
Able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many uses or applications.
Example
He is a versatile musician who can play multiple instruments.
C'est un musicien polyvalent qui peut jouer plusieurs instruments.
B2 noun /ˈvɛtərən/

veteran

personne expérimentée / ancien militaire
Meaning
a person who has long experience in a particular field or an ex-member of the armed forces
Example
He is a veteran of the software industry.
Il est un vétéran de l'industrie du logiciel.
B2 adverb /ˈvɜː.tʃu.ə.li/

Virtually

virtuellement; presque;
Meaning
nearly; almost; in effect though not in name
Example
The building was virtually destroyed in the earthquake.
Le bâtiment a été pratiquement détruit dans le tremblement de terre.
C2 noun /vəˈrɑːɡoʊ/

virago

femme autoritaire ou agressive
Meaning
a loud, overbearing woman; historically, a strong or courageous woman
Example
The play depicted the heroine as a fierce virago who defied tradition.
La pièce a dépeint l'héroïne comme une virago féroce qui défiait la tradition.
B1 adjective /ˈvælɪd/

Valid

valide; acceptable légalement ou officiellement
Meaning
legally or officially acceptable; having a sound basis in logic or fact
Example
The passport is valid for ten years.
Le passeport est valide pour dix ans.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊlənt/

volant

volant
Meaning
able to fly or moving swiftly
Example
The volant bird soared gracefully across the sky.
L'oiseau volant s'est élevé gracieusement dans le ciel.
B1 adjective /ˈvɪʒuəl/

visual

visuel
Meaning
Relating to seeing or sight.
Example
The movie was praised for its stunning visual effects.
Le film a été salué pour ses effets visuels impressionnants.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪkaʊnt/

viscount

vicomte
Meaning
A British nobleman ranking below an earl and above a baron.
Example
The viscount inherited the estate from his father.
Le vicomte a hérité du domaine de son père.
B2 noun /ˈves.əl/

vessel

navire
Meaning
A ship or large boat.
Example
The vessel carried critical supplies.
Le navire a transporté des fournitures critiques.
C1 noun /ˌvɜːbəlɪˈzeɪʃən/

verbalization

verbalisation
Meaning
The action of expressing something in words.
Example
The verbalization of his thoughts was clear and direct.
La verbalisation de ses pensées était claire et directe.
B2 noun /ˈven.juː/

Venue

endroit
Meaning
a place where an event or activity takes place
Example
The wedding venue was beautifully decorated.
Le lieu du mariage était magnifiquement décoré.
B2 adjective /ˈvɛriənt/

Variant

variante; version alternative
Meaning
differing in form, details, or in some other respect; alternative
Example
There are several variant spellings of this word.
Il existe plusieurs variantes de ce mot.
A1 adverb /ˈver.i/

Very

très; extrêmement; énormément
Meaning
to a high degree; extremely; greatly
Example
She is very intelligent and works very hard.
Elle est très intelligente et travaille très dur.
B2 adjective /ˈvoʊkəl/

vocal

vocal
Meaning
expressing opinions or feelings freely and loudly; relating to the voice
Example
She was very vocal about her dissatisfaction.
Elle était très vocale à propos de son mécontentement.
C2 noun ˈvaɪ.və ˈvəʊs

viva voce

examen oral
Meaning
An oral examination, typically for an academic qualification.
Example
Viva Voce tests communication skills.
Les épreuves de Viva Voce évaluent les compétences en communication.
C2 noun /ˈvɪzɪdʒ/

visage

bonheur
Meaning
A person's face or facial expression.
Example
Her stern visage intimidated the children.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher sa joie lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C2 noun /voʊˈsɪfərəns/

vociferance

crier fort
Meaning
the act of shouting or making a loud outcry
Example
The vociferance of the protesters filled the streets.
La vocifération des manifestants a rempli les rues.
C2 noun /ˈvɜːrbiɪdʒ/

verbiage

verbosité
Meaning
Excessive use of words, often with little content or meaning; wordiness.
Example
The contract was filled with unnecessary legal verbiage.
Le contrat était rempli de verbosité juridique inutile.
B1 noun /ˈvɪərər/

viewer

spectateur
Meaning
a person who watches something, especially television or video content
Example
The viewer is able to switch channels with the remote control.
Le spectateur peut changer de chaîne avec la télécommande.
C1 adjective /ˈvæljuːləs/

valueless

sans valeur
Meaning
having no worth, importance, or usefulness
Example
The old broken phone was considered valueless.
Le vieux téléphone cassé a été jugé sans valeur.
B1 adjective /ˈvaɪə.lət/

Violet

couleur violette
Meaning
of a bluish-purple color
Example
She wore a beautiful violet dress to the party.
Elle portait une belle robe violette à la fête.
B2 noun /vaɪs/

Vice

vice; mauvaise habitude; défaut moral
Meaning
an immoral or wicked behavior; a moral failing or fault
Example
Smoking is his only vice.
Fumer est son seul vice.
C2 adjective /ˌvɛrɪˈsɪmɪlər/

verisimilar

semblable à la vérité
Meaning
appearing to be true or real
Example
The story seemed verisimilar though it was entirely fictional.
L'histoire semblait semblable à la vérité bien qu'elle fût entièrement fictive.
C2 verb /vɔːnt/

vaunt

se vanter
Meaning
to boast or brag about something, especially in an excessive way
Example
He would often vaunt his achievements in front of his colleagues.
Il se vantait souvent de ses réalisations devant ses collègues.
A2 noun /ˈvedʒtəbəl ɔɪl/

Vegetable oil

huile végétale
Meaning
Oil extracted from plants, seeds, or nuts used for cooking
Example
She heated vegetable oil in the pan before adding the vegetables.
Elle a chauffé de l'huile végétale dans la poêle avant d'ajouter les légumes.
B2 noun ˌvɒlənˈtɪər ˌɔːɡənaɪˈzeɪʃən

volunteer organization

organisation bénévole
Meaning
A nonprofit group of people who offer their services willingly without payment for a cause.
Example
BD Clean is a volunteer organization promoting recycling.
BD Clean est une organisation bénévole qui promeut le recyclage.
A2 noun /veɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

Vacation

vacances
Meaning
a period of time when someone does not go to work or school but is free to do what they want, such as travel or relax
Example
I'm planning a vacation to the beach next summer.
Je planifie des vacances à la plage l'été prochain.
A2 verb /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/

visiting

visiter
Meaning
Going to see and spend time with someone or at a place.
Example
The group is visiting islands during the expedition.
Le groupe visite des îles pendant l'expédition.
C1 verb /ˈviːtoʊ/

veto

veto
Meaning
to reject or forbid a decision, proposal, or law
Example
The president decided to veto the new bill.
Le président a décidé de mettre son véto sur la nouvelle loi.
B2 verb /ˈvænɪʃ/

vanish

disparaître
Meaning
to disappear suddenly; to become invisible
Example
The magician made the rabbit vanish from the hat.
Le magicien a fait disparaître le lapin du chapeau.
C1 noun /voʊɡ/

vogue

mode
Meaning
the prevailing fashion, style, or trend at a particular time
Example
Minimalist design is currently in vogue.
Le design minimaliste est actuellement à la mode.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪəl/

viol

un type d'instrument à cordes ancien
Meaning
A stringed musical instrument of the Renaissance and Baroque periods, played with a bow and similar to but distinct from the violin family.
Example
The musician played an old viol in the chamber music concert.
Le musicien a joué un vieux viall dans le concert de musique de chambre.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛrɪtəbl/

veritable

véritable
Meaning
used to emphasize that something is genuine or true
Example
The house was a veritable palace compared to ours.
La maison était un véritable palais comparé à la nôtre.
C2 adjective /vərˈmɪkjələr/

vermicular

comme un ver
Meaning
having a shape or appearance like a worm; worm-like
Example
The artist used a vermicular design to decorate the border of the manuscript.
L'artiste a utilisé un design vermiculaire pour décorer le bord du manuscrit.
C1 verb /ˈvɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

vindicate

justifier
Meaning
To clear someone of blame or suspicion; to show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified.
Example
The new evidence helped vindicate the wrongly accused man.
La nouvelle preuve a aidé à justifier l'homme injustement accusé.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛnərəbəl/

Venerable

vénérable; respecté
Meaning
deserving respect due to age, wisdom, or character; revered
Example
The venerable professor has taught at the university for fifty years.
Le vénérable professeur enseigne à l'université depuis cinquante ans.
B2 noun /ˌvaɪ.əˈleɪ.ʃən/

Violation

violation; infraction des règles
Meaning
the action of violating someone or something; the action of breaking or failing to comply with a rule or formal agreement
Example
The company was fined for violation of environmental regulations.
L'entreprise a été condamnée à une amende pour violation des réglementations environnementales.
C1 noun /ˈvɪstə/

vista

vue
Meaning
A pleasing view, especially one seen through a long, narrow opening.
Example
From the mountain top, we admired the breathtaking vista of the valley below.
Du sommet de la montagne, nous avons admiré la vue imprenable de la vallée en bas.
C1 noun /ˌvaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

viability

viabilité
Meaning
Ability to work successfully; feasibility.
Example
The viability of the project depends on funding.
La viabilité du projet dépend du financement.
A1 verb /ˈvɪzɪt/

visit

visiter
Meaning
to go and see someone or somewhere; to pay a call
Example
We plan to visit the museum this weekend.
Nous prévoyons de visiter le musée ce week-end.
B2 noun /ˈvæn.ɪ.ti/

Vanity

vanité
Meaning
excessive pride in one's appearance or achievements; the quality of being worthless or pointless
Example
Her vanity made her spend hours looking at herself in the mirror.
Sa vanité la fit passer des heures à se regarder dans le miroir.
B2 noun /vɜːrdʒ/

Verge

bord; limite; seuil
Meaning
the edge or border of something; very close to happening
Example
She was on the verge of tears.
Elle était sur le point de pleurer.
C2 adjective /vɪˈtjuːpərətɪv/

vituperative

vitupératif
Meaning
Characterized by abusive or harsh language.
Example
The teacher’s vituperative remarks left the students in tears.
Les remarques vitupératives du professeur ont laissé les élèves en larmes.
B2 noun /ˌvæk.sɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Vaccination

vaccination
Meaning
the process of giving a vaccine to a person or animal to protect them against a disease
Example
Children receive vaccination against measles at an early age.
Les enfants reçoivent la vaccination contre la rougeole à un jeune âge.
C1 noun ˌvɛn.əˈreɪ.ʃən

veneration

vénération
Meaning
Great respect; reverence; the action of regarding with great respect or reverence.
Example
Many cultures show veneration for their ancestors.
De nombreuses cultures montrent de la vénération pour leurs ancêtres.
C2 adjective ˌvɪz.ju.oʊˈspeɪ.ʃəl

visuospatial

Relatif à la compréhension de la relation entre l'espace et les objets à travers la vision
Meaning
Related to understanding the relationship between space and objects through vision.
Example
Good visuospatial skills are important for architecture and design.
De bonnes compétences visuospatiales sont importantes pour l'architecture et le design.
C2 verb /ˈvæsɪleɪt/

vacillate

bonheur
Meaning
to waver between different opinions or actions; be indecisive
Example
He vacillated between studying law and becoming a writer.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher sa joie lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B1 noun /ˈvæk.juːm/

vacuum

vide
Meaning
A space entirely devoid of matter; an absence of atmosphere or content.
Example
The scientist created a vacuum chamber for the experiment.
Le scientifique a créé une chambre à vide pour l'expérience.
C2 noun /ˌviːələnsɛloʊ/

violoncello

violoncelle
Meaning
The full name of the cello, a large string instrument played with a bow and held between the knees.
Example
He practiced the violoncello for hours each day.
Il a pratiqué le violoncelle pendant des heures chaque jour.
C1 noun /ˈves.tɪdʒ/

Vestige

vestige
Meaning
a trace or remnant of something that is disappearing or no longer exists
Example
No vestige of the ancient city remains.
Aucun vestige de l'ancienne ville ne reste.
B2 noun /ˈvel.vɪt/

Velvet

velours
Meaning
a soft, luxurious fabric with a thick, short pile on one side
Example
The royal curtains were made of rich red velvet.
Les rideaux royaux étaient faits de riche velours rouge.
C2 noun /ˌvælədɪkˈtɔːriən/

valedictorian

meilleur élève
Meaning
The student with the highest academic achievements in a graduating class, often chosen to give the farewell speech.
Example
She was honored as the valedictorian of her class.
Elle a été honorée en tant que meilleure élève de sa classe.
C1 adjective /vɜːrˈboʊs/

verbose

verbeux
Meaning
Using or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.
Example
His verbose explanation confused the audience instead of clarifying the issue.
Son explication verbeuse a confondu le public au lieu d'éclaircir la question.
C1 adjective /ˈveɪɡrənt/

Vagrant

vagabond; sans-abri
Meaning
wandering aimlessly; having no settled home
Example
The vagrant man was asking for food near the station.
L'homme vagabond demandait de la nourriture près de la station.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛntrəl/

ventral

ventral
Meaning
relating to the underside or abdominal part of an animal or organ
Example
The fish has a white ventral surface.
Le poisson a une surface ventrale blanche.
B1 noun /ˈvɪʒ.ən/

vision

vision
Meaning
The faculty or state of being able to see.
Example
Excessive rubbing can damage vision.
Se frotter excessivement peut endommager la vision.
C2 adjective /ˈviːnəl/

venal

vénal
Meaning
willing to do dishonest things in return for money; corrupt
Example
The politician was accused of being venal and corrupt.
Le politicien a été accusé d'être vénal et corrompu.
B2 noun /vɪˈsɪn.ə.ti/

Vicinity

proximité; voisinage
Meaning
the area near or surrounding a particular place; neighborhood
Example
There are many shops in the vicinity of the school.
Il y a beaucoup de magasins près de l'école.
B2 noun ˈvaɪtəl rɪˈsɔːrsɪz

vital resources

ressources vitales
Meaning
Essential assets or supplies that are crucial for survival and development.
Example
Water is one of Bangladesh's vital resources.
L'eau est l'une des ressources vitales du Bangladesh.
B2 noun /ˈvæljuː ˌprɒpəˈzɪʃən/

value proposition

une déclaration qui explique les avantages uniques ou la valeur qu'un produit ou service offre aux clients
Meaning
A statement that explains the unique benefits or value that a product or service offers to customers.
Example
A clear value proposition attracts more customers.
Une proposition de valeur claire attire plus de clients.
B2 adjective /veɪɡ/

Vague

vague; incertain
Meaning
unclear or uncertain in meaning; not clearly expressed
Example
His explanation was too vague for me to understand.
Son explication était trop vague pour que je puisse la comprendre.
B2 adjective /ˈveɪ.kənt/

Vacant

vacant; non occupé; disponible
Meaning
empty; not occupied; available
Example
There is a vacant apartment on the second floor.
Il y a un appartement vacant au deuxième étage.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪndɪkətɔːri/

vindicatory

vindicatif
Meaning
Serving to justify, clear of blame, or defend.
Example
His vindicatory remarks restored his reputation.
Ses remarques vindicatoires ont restauré sa réputation.
B2 verb /ˈvælɪdeɪt/

validate

valider
Meaning
To check or prove the accuracy, truth, or legality of something.
Example
The scientist worked hard to validate the experiment's results.
Le scientifique a travaillé dur pour valider les résultats de l'expérience.
B2 noun /ˈvɜː.tʃuː/

Virtue

vertu; moralité; qualité utile
Meaning
behavior showing high moral standards; a good or useful quality of a thing
Example
Honesty is considered the highest virtue in many cultures.
L'honnêteté est considérée comme la plus haute vertu dans de nombreuses cultures.
C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

petits animaux ou insectes nuisibles qui sont difficiles à contrôler et transmettent des maladies
Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
La maison était infestée de vermines, nécessitant une action immédiate.
C2 noun /ˌvælɪˌtjuːdɪˈnɛəriən/

valetudinarian

personne hypocondriaque
Meaning
A person who is unduly anxious about their health or constantly concerned with minor ailments.
Example
He was regarded as a valetudinarian, always worrying about his health.
Il était considéré comme un hypocondriaque, toujours préoccupé par sa santé.
C2 adjective /ˈvækjuəs/

vacuous

vide
Meaning
Having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless.
Example
She gave a vacuous smile during the serious discussion.
Elle a souri de façon vide pendant la discussion sérieuse.
B1 noun /vaɪəˈlɪn/

Violin

violon
Meaning
a musical instrument with four strings that is played with a bow
Example
She plays the violin beautifully in the orchestra.
Elle joue magnifiquement du violon dans l'orchestre.
C1 verb /vaʊtʃ/

vouch

témoigner
Meaning
to confirm or assert the truth or reliability of something
Example
I can vouch for his honesty.
Je peux témoigner de son honnêteté.
C1 adverb /ˈvælɪdli/

validly

valablement
Meaning
in a legally, logically, or officially acceptable manner
Example
The contract was validly signed by both parties.
Le contrat a été valablement signé par les deux parties.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊtəri/

votary

dévot
Meaning
A devoted follower or admirer of someone or something.
Example
He is a votary of classical music and attends every concert.
Il est un dévot de la musique classique et assiste à chaque concert.
C2 noun vəˈlɪʃən

volition

volonté
Meaning
The faculty or power of using one's will; the power of choosing or determining.
Example
She left the job of her own volition.
Elle a quitté le travail de son propre gré.