unnerve
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C1 verb /ʌnˈnɜːrv/

unnerve

perdre confiance
Meaning
to make someone lose confidence, courage, or composure
Example
The hostile questions began to unnerve the witness.
Les questions hostiles ont commencé à déstabiliser le témoin.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪv/

impassive

impassible
Meaning
Not showing or feeling emotion; expressionless.
Example
Despite the shocking news, she remained impassive.
Malgré les nouvelles choquantes, elle est restée impassible.
C1 noun /ˈflæn.əl/

Flannel

flanelle
Meaning
a soft woven fabric, typically made of wool or cotton and slightly milled and raised
Example
He wore a warm flannel shirt in winter.
Il portait une chemise en flanelle chaude en hiver.
C1 verb /wɑːft/

waft

flotter dans l'air
Meaning
to move gently through the air, carried by a breeze
Example
The smell of fresh bread wafted through the kitchen.
L'odeur du pain frais flottait dans la cuisine.
C1 noun /ˈpeɪtriɑːrk/

patriarch

patriarche
Meaning
a male head of a family or tribe; an older respected man who leads a group
Example
As the family patriarch, he mediated disputes and kept long traditions alive.
En tant que patriarche de la famille, il a résolu les conflits et a maintenu vivantes les traditions anciennes.
C1 noun /mɪˈlɛniəm/

millennium

millénaire
Meaning
a period of one thousand years; often used to mark an anniversary
Example
The year 2000 was celebrated as the beginning of a new millennium.
L'année 2000 a été célébrée comme le début d'un nouveau millénaire.
C1 adjective /əˈniːmɪk/

anemic

anémique
Meaning
Suffering from anemia; lacking in vitality, strength, or color.
Example
The doctor prescribed iron supplements for her anemic condition.
Le médecin a prescrit des suppléments de fer pour sa condition anémique.
C1 noun /ˈspaɪər/

spire

flèche
Meaning
a tall, pointed structure on top of a building, especially a church
Example
The church spire could be seen from miles away.
La flèche de l'église était visible de loin.
C1 noun /ˈpraɪ.meɪt/

primate

primate, animal de la famille des singes
Meaning
A member of the group of animals including humans, apes, and monkeys.
Example
Humans are classified as primates.
Les humains sont classés parmi les primates.
C1 verb /dʒəʊlt/

jolt

secousse
Meaning
to push or shake someone or something abruptly and roughly
Example
The sudden stop jolted all the passengers forward.
L'arrêt soudain a fait avancer tous les passagers.
C1 noun /ˈjuːlədʒi/

eulogy

éloge funèbre
Meaning
A speech or piece of writing that praises someone, especially after their death.
Example
Her brother delivered a heartfelt eulogy at the funeral.
Son frère a prononcé un éloge funèbre émouvant lors des funérailles.
C1 noun ˌɔːɡ.menˈteɪ.ʃən

augmentation

augmentation ou expansion
Meaning
Increasing quantity, power or performance.
Example
The company invested in the augmentation of its workforce.
L'entreprise a investi dans l'augmentation de sa main-d'œuvre.
C1 adjective /traɪt/

trite

banal
Meaning
Overused and lacking originality.
Example
The speech was full of trite phrases.
Le discours était plein de phrases banales.
C1 adjective /ˈmɒsi/

Mossy

recouvert de mousse; avec de la mousse poussant dessus
Meaning
covered with moss; having moss growing on it
Example
The old tree trunk was mossy and covered with green vegetation.
Le tronc de l'arbre vieux était recouvert de mousse et couvert de végétation verte.
C1 noun /ˈrɛtʃɪdnəs/

wretchedness

misère
Meaning
a state of misery, unhappiness, or poor condition
Example
The novel depicts the wretchedness of war victims.
Le roman décrit la misère des victimes de la guerre.
C1 noun /ˈdʊr.i.ən/

Durian

durian
Meaning
a large spiky tropical fruit known for its strong smell and creamy custard-like flesh
Example
Durian is known as the king of fruits in Southeast Asia despite its pungent odor.
Le durian est connu comme le roi des fruits en Asie du Sud-Est malgré son odeur piquante.
C1 noun /ˈɔɪntmənt/

ointment

onguent
Meaning
A smooth, oily substance applied to the skin for healing or soothing.
Example
The doctor prescribed an ointment for the burn on his arm.
Le médecin a prescrit un onguent pour la brûlure sur son bras.
C1 verb /ˈpæri/

parry

parer une attaque
Meaning
to ward off or deflect an attack, especially in fencing or conversation
Example
He managed to parry the opponent’s sword with quick reflexes.
Il a réussi à parer l'épée de l'adversaire avec des réflexes rapides.
C1 noun /nɪˈɡeɪʃən/

negation

négation
Meaning
The act of denying something; the contradiction or absence of something.
Example
The theory is built on the negation of traditional beliefs.
La théorie repose sur la négation des croyances traditionnelles.
C1 verb /ʌnˈmɑːsk/

unmask

démasquer
Meaning
to remove a mask or covering; to reveal the true identity, nature, or intentions of someone or something
Example
The investigation helped unmask the real culprit behind the crime.
L’enquête a permis de démasquer le vrai coupable du crime.
C1 verb/noun /ˈrɛlɪʃ/

relish

apprécier / condiment
Meaning
to greatly enjoy; also a condiment or sauce
Example
She relished the opportunity to travel abroad.
Elle a beaucoup apprécié l'occasion de voyager à l'étranger.
C1 adjective ˌæɡrɪˈkʌltʃərəli sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt

agriculturally significant

important lié à l'agriculture
Meaning
Important or crucial related to farming and agriculture
Example
Winter is agriculturally significant for crop production.
L'hiver est important pour la production des récoltes.
C1 noun /ˈstəʊ.ɪ.sɪ.zəm/

stoicism

stoïcisme
Meaning
The endurance of pain or hardship without the display of feelings and without complaint.
Example
His stoicism during hardship was admirable.
Son stoïcisme pendant les épreuves était admirable.
C1 noun /ˈpæn.θi.ən/

pantheon

tous les dieux, temple dédié à tous les dieux
Meaning
All the gods of a religion collectively; a building dedicated to all gods.
Example
The Roman Pantheon is one of the best-preserved ancient temples.
Le Panthéon romain est l'un des temples antiques les mieux conservés.
C1 noun /ˌɛksɛnˈtrɪsəti/

eccentricity

excentricité
Meaning
the quality of being unconventional or slightly strange
Example
His eccentricity made him both admired and misunderstood.
Son excentricité a fait de lui une personne à la fois admirée et incomprise.
C1 adverb /əˈlɜːrtli/

alertly

attentivement
Meaning
in a watchful, attentive, and quick-to-notice manner
Example
She listened alertly to every sound in the dark forest.
Elle écoutait attentivement chaque bruit dans la forêt sombre.
C1 adjective /prəˈfjuːs/

profuse

profus
Meaning
existing or given in large amounts; abundant
Example
He offered profuse thanks for their timely help.
Il a offert de profonds remerciements pour leur aide opportune.
C1 adjective /ˈfɪs.kəl/

fiscal

fiscal
Meaning
Relating to government revenue, especially taxes, or public money management.
Example
The government introduced new fiscal policies to control inflation.
Le gouvernement a introduit de nouvelles politiques fiscales pour contrôler l'inflation.
C1 noun /ˌsɒl.jʊˈbɪləti/

solubility

solubilité
Meaning
The ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent.
Example
The solubility of salt in water is high.
La solubilité du sel dans l'eau est élevée.
C1 adjective /ˌoʊvərˈbloʊn/

overblown

exagéré
Meaning
excessively exaggerated or inflated
Example
The controversy was overblown by the media.
La controverse a été exagérée par les médias.
C1 adjective /ˌhæpˈhæz.ɚd/

haphazard

hasardeux
Meaning
Lacking any obvious principle of organization; random.
Example
His haphazard approach led to project failure.
Son approche hasardeuse a conduit à l'échec du projet.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

glossaire
Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
Le manuel comprend un glossaire utile à la fin pour définir les termes techniques.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈkɒn.stɪ.tʃuːt/

reconstitute

reconstituer
Meaning
to restore something to its original form or state; to reassemble
Example
The group was reconstituted after the leader returned.
Le groupe a été reconstitué après le retour du leader.
C1 verb dɪˈlɪnieɪt

delineate

décrire de manière précise
Meaning
To describe or portray something precisely
Example
The artist delineated the scene in intricate detail.
L'artiste a délimité la scène avec des détails complexes.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɛnsəbl/

insensible

insensible
Meaning
Unconscious; unaware of or indifferent to something.
Example
He was insensible to the cold as he lay in the snow.
Il était insensible au froid lorsqu'il était allongé dans la neige.
C1 adjective /ˈlæk.tɪk/

lactic

relatif au lait ou à l'acide lactique
Meaning
Relating to milk or lactic acid.
Example
Intense exercise can lead to a buildup of lactic acid in the muscles.
Un exercice intense peut entraîner une accumulation d'acide lactique dans les muscles.
C1 noun/verb /ˈtʌtʃ.ʌp/

touch-up

correction ou petite amélioration
Meaning
Small corrections or improvements made to something.
Example
The artist gave a quick touch-up to the painting.
L'artiste a fait une retouche rapide de la peinture.
C1 noun /ˈsɑːɡə/

saga

longue histoire
Meaning
A long story of heroic achievement, or a long, complex series of events.
Example
The company's rise and fall became a corporate saga.
L'ascension et la chute de l'entreprise est devenue une saga d'entreprise.
C1 noun ˈremnənts

remnants

restes
Meaning
A small remaining quantity of something; a surviving trace.
Example
The remnants of the wall are still visible.
Les restes du mur sont toujours visibles.
C1 adjective /kənˈspɪkjuəs/

conspicuous

conspicueux
Meaning
Easily noticeable; attracting attention due to being unusual or prominent.
Example
Her red dress made her conspicuous at the party.
Sa robe rouge la rendait conspicueuse à la fête.
C1 noun /rɪˈzʌmp.ʃən/

Resumption

reprise
Meaning
the action of beginning something again after a pause or interruption
Example
The resumption of classes will be announced next week.
La reprise des cours sera annoncée la semaine prochaine.
C1 verb /ˈdaʊn.pleɪ/

downplay

minimiser
Meaning
to make something seem less important than it really is
Example
The company tried to downplay the risks of the new product.
L'entreprise a essayé de minimiser les risques du nouveau produit.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnbɪˈkʌmɪŋ/

unbecoming

inapproprié
Meaning
Not proper or appropriate for a person; unsuitable.
Example
His rude behavior was unbecoming of a leader.
Son comportement grossier était inapproprié pour un leader.
C1 /ˈdʒɛtɪsən/

jettison

jeter
Meaning
to throw or drop something from a ship, aircraft, or vehicle to lighten the load; to abandon something no longer wanted
Example
The crew had to jettison cargo to save the sinking ship.
L'équipage a dû jeter la cargaison pour sauver le navire qui coule.
C1 verb /ˈdʒɒsl/

jostle

pousser
Meaning
to push, elbow, or bump against someone roughly, typically in a crowd
Example
The fans jostled each other to get closer to the stage.
Les fans se sont bousculés les uns les autres pour se rapprocher de la scène.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪˈsɛkʃuəl/

asexual

asexuel
Meaning
Without sexual feelings, associations, or reproduction through sex.
Example
Many plants reproduce through asexual methods like budding or splitting.
De nombreuses plantes se reproduisent par des méthodes asexuées comme le bourgeonnement ou la division.
C1 adjective ˈɒptɪmaɪzd

optimized

optimisé, amélioré, plus efficace
Meaning
Made as fully perfect, functional, or effective as possible; improved to achieve maximum efficiency.
Example
The system has been optimized for faster performance.
Le système a été optimisé pour des performances plus rapides.
C1 noun /ˈnaɪ.tɪŋ.ɡeɪl/

Nightingale

rossignol
Meaning
small songbird known for its beautiful singing, especially at night
Example
The nightingale sang sweetly in the moonlight.
Le rossignol chanta doucement sous la lumière de la lune.
C1 verb /dɪˈplɔːr/

deplore

déplorer
Meaning
to feel or express strong disapproval of something; to regret deeply
Example
Many people deplore the violence shown on television.
Beaucoup de gens déplorent la violence montrée à la télévision.
C1 noun, verb /tɪndʒ/

tinge

une légère touche de couleur ou de saveur
Meaning
a slight added color, flavor, or feeling; to add a slight amount of color or quality
Example
Her voice was tinged with sadness.
Sa voix était teintée de tristesse.
C1 noun /ˈhɛrəsi/

heresy

hérésie
Meaning
belief or opinion that goes against established religious doctrine or accepted beliefs.
Example
In medieval times, heresy was often punished severely.
Au Moyen Âge, l'hérésie était souvent punie sévèrement.
C1 verb /ˈsɪvɪlaɪz/

civilize

civiliser
Meaning
to bring a society or group to a more developed, organized, or socially acceptable state; to educate and refine behavior
Example
Education can help civilize communities by promoting shared values and respect.
L’éducation peut aider à civiliser les communautés en favorisant des valeurs partagées et le respect.
C1 adjective /trænsˈluːsənt/

translucent

semi-transparent
Meaning
allowing light to pass through, but not clearly enough to see detailed images
Example
She placed the flower in a translucent vase.
Elle a placé la fleur dans un vase semi-transparent.
C1 noun ˌlaɪ.əˈbɪl.ə.ti

liability

responsabilité
Meaning
The state of being responsible for something, especially by law; a debt or financial obligation.
Example
The company's liabilities exceeded its assets.
Les responsabilités de l'entreprise ont dépassé ses actifs.
C1 noun /ˌmænɪˈfɛstoʊ/

manifesto

manifeste
Meaning
a public declaration of policy and aims, especially by a political party
Example
The party released its manifesto before the election.
Le parti a publié son manifeste avant les élections.
C1 noun kəˈmjunəl ˈhɑrməni

communal harmony

harmonie communautaire
Meaning
Peaceful coexistence and cooperation among different groups in a community.
Example
Maintaining communal harmony requires mutual respect and understanding.
Maintenir l'harmonie communautaire nécessite le respect et la compréhension mutuels.
C1 noun /kɑːrˈtɒɡrəfi/

cartography

cartographie
Meaning
The science or practice of drawing maps.
Example
She studied cartography at university to learn how to design maps.
Elle a étudié la cartographie à l'université pour apprendre à concevoir des cartes.
C1 noun ˌɒp.tɪ.maɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

optimization

optimisation
Meaning
Improving processes to increase performance and efficiency.
Example
SEO optimization helps websites rank higher on search engines.
L'optimisation SEO aide les sites web à se classer plus haut dans les moteurs de recherche.
C1 noun /ɪˈnæməl/

enamel

émail
Meaning
a hard, glossy substance used as a protective or decorative coating; the hard outer layer of teeth
Example
The dentist explained that enamel protects the teeth from decay.
Le dentiste a expliqué que l'émail protège les dents contre la carie.
C1 adjective /ˈprɒdɪɡəl/

prodigal

dissipateur
Meaning
spending money or resources freely and recklessly; wastefully extravagant
Example
The prodigal son returned home after wasting his inheritance.
Le fils prodigue est revenu à la maison après avoir gaspillé son héritage.
C1 noun /ˈdʒiː.nəs/

genus

genre
Meaning
a category in biological classification ranking above species and below family
Example
The tiger belongs to the genus Panthera.
Le tigre appartient au genre Panthera.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpjʊər/

Impure

impur
Meaning
contaminated; not clean; mixed with foreign substances
Example
The impure water caused health problems in the village.
L'eau impure a causé des problèmes de santé dans le village.
C1 adjective /ˈsleɪ.vɪʃ/

slavish

esclave
Meaning
showing no originality; completely imitative or overly submissive
Example
His slavish devotion to tradition prevented any innovation.
Sa dévotion esclave à la tradition a empêché toute innovation.
C1 adjective /æmˈfɪb.i.əs/

Amphibious

amphibie
Meaning
able to live both on land and in water; suitable for both land and water operations
Example
The amphibious vehicle can travel on both land and water.
Le véhicule amphibie peut voyager à la fois sur terre et dans l'eau.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːkənt/

piquant

piquant
Meaning
having a pleasantly sharp or spicy taste; interestingly provocative
Example
The chef added a piquant sauce to the dish to enhance its flavor.
Le chef a ajouté une sauce piquante au plat pour rehausser sa saveur.
C1 noun /ˈtɒr.ənt/

Torrent

torrent; courant rapide
Meaning
a strong and fast-moving stream of water or other liquid; a sudden, violent, and copious outpouring
Example
The heavy rain created a torrent of water rushing down the mountain.
La forte pluie a créé un torrent d'eau dévalant la montagne.
C1 noun /dɜːrθ/

dearth

pénurie
Meaning
A scarcity or lack of something.
Example
There was a dearth of food during the famine.
Il y avait une pénurie de nourriture pendant la famine.
C1 noun /ˈlɛdʒɪsleɪtər/

legislator

législateur
Meaning
a person who makes laws, especially a member of a legislative body
Example
The legislator introduced a bill to improve healthcare.
Le législateur a introduit un projet de loi pour améliorer les soins de santé.
C1 noun /slæb/

slab

dalle
Meaning
a large, thick, flat piece of stone, concrete, or other hard material
Example
The workers laid a concrete slab for the foundation.
Les ouvriers ont posé une dalle de béton pour la fondation.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈbʊrʒ.wɑː/

bourgeois

bourgeois
Meaning
Relating to the middle class, often with materialistic values or conventional attitudes.
Example
The novel criticizes the bourgeois lifestyle of the city dwellers.
Le roman critique le mode de vie bourgeois des habitants de la ville.
C1 verb /ˈvæŋkwɪʃ/

vanquish

vaincre
Meaning
to defeat thoroughly, especially in battle or competition
Example
The army vanquished its enemies with superior strategy.
L'armée a vaincu ses ennemis grâce à une stratégie supérieure.
C1 noun /ˈfæs.ɪt/

facet

facette, aspect, partie
Meaning
One of the many aspects or features of something; a particular part or element of something.
Example
Every facet of the project was carefully analyzed.
Chaque facette du projet a été soigneusement analysée.
C1 verb /rɪˈzaʊnd/

resound

résonner
Meaning
To fill a place with sound; to be celebrated or talked about widely.
Example
The hall resounded with applause.
La salle résonna avec des applaudissements.
C1 adjective /suːˈpɜːrlətɪv/

superlative

superlatif
Meaning
Of the highest quality or degree; expressing the extreme form of an adjective or adverb.
Example
Her performance was superlative, earning her a standing ovation.
Sa performance était superlative, lui valant une ovation debout.
C1 noun/verb /kruːˈseɪd/

crusade

croisade, campagne vigoureuse
Meaning
a vigorous campaign for a social, political, or religious cause; to fight passionately for a cause
Example
She has been crusading for women's rights all her life.
elle a lutté pour les droits des femmes toute sa vie.
C1 noun /rɪˈteɪnər/

retainer

avance / appareil de maintien
Meaning
a fee paid in advance to secure someone's services, or a device that holds something in place
Example
The lawyer asked for a retainer before taking the case.
L'avocat a demandé un avance avant de prendre l'affaire.
C1 noun ˈpraʊ.es

prowess

compétence
Meaning
Skill or expertise in a particular activity or field.
Example
Prowess in sports enhances team strength.
La compétence dans les sports renforce la force de l'équipe.
C1 noun /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

deprivation

privation, pénurie, manque
Meaning
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.
Example
Sleep deprivation affects cognitive function.
La privation de sommeil affecte la fonction cognitive.
C1 verb /rɪˈpʌls/

repulse

repousser / provoquer du dégoût
Meaning
to drive back an attack or attacker by force; to cause intense dislike or disgust
Example
The army managed to repulse the enemy attack.
L'armée a réussi à repousser l'attaque ennemie.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

incriminer
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait incriminer le suspect dans l'affaire de vol.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/

instinctive

instinctif, naturel, automatique
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
Sa réaction instinctive lui a sauvé la vie.
C1 verb sɪˈkwɛstər

sequester

isoler, cacher
Meaning
To isolate or hide away.
Example
The carbon captured by trees can be sequestered for years.
Le carbone capturé par les arbres peut être isolé pendant des années.
C1 noun dɪˈtætʃ.mənt

detachment

détachement
Meaning
The state of being objective or aloof; not being emotionally involved.
Example
Buddhist philosophy encourages detachment from material desires.
La philosophie bouddhiste encourage le détachement des désirs matériels.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈkɪndrəd/

kindred

bonheur
Meaning
A person's relatives or family; similar in nature or character.
Example
They discovered kindred spirits in each other.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈspiːkəbl/

unspeakable

indicible
Meaning
too bad or shocking to be expressed in words
Example
The survivors endured unspeakable horrors during the war.
Les survivants ont enduré des horreurs indicibles pendant la guerre.
C1 noun mɪˈtɪkjʊləsnɪs

meticulousness

grande attention aux détails
Meaning
Great attention to detail; very careful and precise.
Example
His meticulousness made the project successful.
Sa méticulosité a rendu le projet réussi.
C1 noun /ʌpˈhiːvəl/

upheaval

bouleversement
Meaning
a violent or sudden change or disruption to something
Example
The company faced a major upheaval after the sudden resignation of its CEO.
L'entreprise a connu un grand bouleversement après la démission soudaine de son PDG.
C1 adjective /tɛkˈtɑː.nɪk/

tectonic

tectonique
Meaning
Relating to the structure of the earth's crust and the large-scale processes that take place within it.
Example
Tectonic movements cause earthquakes and mountain formation.
Les mouvements tectoniques causent des tremblements de terre et la formation des montagnes.
C1 noun /ˈboʊ.ə/

Boa

boa constrictor
Meaning
a large non-venomous snake that kills prey by constriction
Example
The boa constrictor wrapped around its prey.
Le boa constrictor s'est enroulé autour de sa proie.
C1 noun /ˈdɒɡmə/

dogma

dogme
Meaning
A principle or set of principles laid down by an authority as incontrovertibly true.
Example
The religious leader strictly adhered to traditional dogma.
Le leader religieux s'est strictement conformé au dogme traditionnel.
C1 noun /ˈɛstjʊəri/

estuary

estuaire
Meaning
the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream
Example
The city is located near the estuary of the river.
La ville est située près de l'estuaire du fleuve.
C1 noun /ˈhæŋ.ər/

Hanger

cintre
Meaning
a shaped piece of wood, plastic, or metal with a hook at the top, used to hang up clothes
Example
She hung her dress on a wooden hanger to prevent it from getting wrinkled.
Elle a accroché sa robe sur un cintre en bois pour éviter qu'elle ne se froisse.
C1 adjective /ˈɪrɪtəbl/

irritable

irritable
Meaning
easily annoyed or made angry
Example
She became irritable after working long hours without rest.
Elle est devenue irritable après avoir travaillé de longues heures sans repos.
C1 noun /ˈfaɪərɑːm/

firearm

arme à feu
Meaning
a weapon capable of firing a projectile using gunpowder or other propellant
Example
The police found a hidden firearm during the investigation.
La police a trouvé une arme à feu cachée lors de l'enquête.
C1 noun ɪkˌstræp.əˈleɪ.ʃən

extrapolation

extrapolation
Meaning
The action of estimating or concluding something by assuming that existing trends will continue.
Example
His extrapolation of market trends helped in financial planning.
Son extrapolation des tendances du marché a aidé à la planification financière.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ/

encroach

bonheur
Meaning
to gradually take over or intrude on someone’s rights, territory, or space
Example
The buildings began to encroach on the protected forest land.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur quand elle a reçu le prix.
C1 verb /ˈtɒpl/

topple

renverser
Meaning
to fall or cause to fall over; to overthrow
Example
The earthquake caused the old building to topple.
Le tremblement de terre a fait tomber l'ancien bâtiment.
C1 verb /nəˈsɛsɪteɪt/

necessitate

rendre nécessaire
Meaning
To make something necessary or unavoidable.
Example
The heavy rains necessitated the cancellation of the event.
Les fortes pluies ont rendu l'annulation de l'événement inévitable.
C1 adjective /pləˈtɒnɪk/

platonic

platonique
Meaning
relating to a close relationship that is not romantic or sexual
Example
They have a platonic friendship that has lasted for years.
Ils ont une amitié platonique qui dure depuis des années.
C1 adjective /ˌɛnɪɡˈmætɪk/

enigmatic

énigmatique
Meaning
mysterious and difficult to interpret or understand
Example
He gave me an enigmatic smile.
Il m'a donné un sourire énigmatique.
C1 noun, adjective, verb /səˈbɔːrdənət/ (noun/adjective), /səˈbɔːrdəˌneɪt/ (verb)

subordinate

subordonné
Meaning
lower in rank or position; to treat as less important
Example
He manages ten subordinates in his department.
Il gère dix subordonnés dans son département.
C1 noun /ˈkleɪmənt/

claimant

demandeur
Meaning
a person who makes a claim, especially in a legal or financial context
Example
The claimant filed for compensation after the accident.
Le demandeur a déposé une demande de compensation après l'accident.
C1 noun /ˌdez.ɪɡˈneɪ.ʃən/

Designation

désignation; titre; poste; statut officiel
Meaning
the action of choosing someone for a position; a name, title, or official status
Example
His designation as team leader came with additional responsibilities and authority.
Sa désignation en tant que leader d'équipe s'accompagnait de responsabilités supplémentaires et d'autorité.
C1 noun /ɪmˈbɑː.ɡoʊ/

embargo

embargo commercial
Meaning
A trade ban, restriction, or prohibition imposed by a government or international organization on a country.
Example
The UN imposed an embargo on arms exports.
L'ONU a imposé un embargo sur les exportations d'armes.
C1 verb rɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ

replenish

reconstituer
Meaning
Fill something up again.
Example
Drinking water helps replenish lost fluids in the body.
Boire de l'eau aide à reconstituer les liquides perdus dans le corps.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɒm.ni.ə/

Insomnia

insomnie
Meaning
habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep; the condition of being unable to sleep
Example
Her chronic insomnia made it difficult for her to concentrate during work hours.
Son insomnie chronique lui rendait difficile de se concentrer pendant les heures de travail.
C1 verb /ˈfɔːrfɪt/

forfeit

perdre, renoncer comme pénalité
Meaning
to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty for wrongdoing
Example
He had to forfeit the match after breaking the rules.
Il a dû abandonner le match après avoir enfreint les règles.
C1 verb /ˈpɪlɪdʒ/

pillage

piller
Meaning
to rob or plunder a place, especially during war
Example
The invading army pillaged the village and took all valuables.
L'armée envahissante a pillé le village et a pris tous les objets précieux.
C1 noun /ˈfrek.əl/

Freckle

tache de rousseur
Meaning
a small brownish spot on the skin, often becoming more pronounced through exposure to the sun
Example
Her face was covered with cute freckles that appeared every summer.
Son visage était couvert de jolies taches de rousseur qui apparaissaient chaque été.
C1 adjective /ˈɑp.ər.ə.tɪv/

Operative

actif; en vigueur; fonctionnant; opérationnel;
Meaning
Functioning; in effect; working; active;
Example
The new safety protocols became operative immediately after the accident.
Les nouveaux protocoles de sécurité sont devenus opérationnels immédiatement après l'accident.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/

counteract

contrer
Meaning
to act against something in order to reduce its effect
Example
The medicine helps counteract the side effects of the treatment.
Le médicament aide à contrer les effets secondaires du traitement.
C1 noun /ˈmɒn.ə.təʊn/

monotone

monotone
Meaning
A continuous sound, especially of a person's voice, that does not rise and fall in pitch.
Example
The teacher's monotone made the lecture hard to follow.
Le monotone de l'enseignant rendait la conférence difficile à suivre.
C1 noun ɡrɪt

grit

détermination
Meaning
Long-term determination and perseverance in the face of hardship and challenges.
Example
His grit and hard work led him to success.
Sa détermination et son travail acharné l'ont conduit au succès.
C1 noun /kənˈteɪdʒən/

contagion

contagion
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.
La peur s'est propagée comme une contagion à travers la foule.
C1 verb /kənˈstrɪkt/

constrict

constrict
Meaning
to make narrower or tighter; to shrink or compress
Example
The snake constricted its prey before swallowing.
Le serpent a contracté sa proie avant de l'avaler.
C1 noun /əˈpɒsəl/

apostle

apôtre, défenseur
Meaning
A vigorous and pioneering advocate or supporter of a particular cause, often used for the early Christian disciples.
Example
He became an apostle of environmental protection.
Il est devenu un apôtre de la protection de l'environnement.
C1 noun /ɪˈnɜː.ʃə/

Inertia

inertie; manque d'activité
Meaning
a tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged; lack of activity or movement
Example
The team's inertia prevented them from adapting to the rapidly changing market conditions.
L'inertie de l'équipe les a empêchés de s'adapter aux conditions du marché en évolution rapide.
C1 noun /ˈtʃɪz.əl/

Chisel

ciseau
Meaning
a tool with a sharp flat edge used for cutting or shaping wood, stone, or metal
Example
The carpenter used a chisel to carve the wood.
Le charpentier a utilisé un ciseau pour sculpter le bois.
C1 noun /ˈʃʊɡ.ər ˈkæn.di/

Sugar candy

bonbon de sucre
Meaning
crystallized sugar formed into small pieces; rock candy made from sugar syrup
Example
The children enjoyed eating colorful sugar candy at the festival.
Les enfants ont adoré manger des bonbons sucrés colorés lors du festival.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtʌtʃəbəl/

Untouchable

intouchable; au-delà de la critique ou de l'attaque
Meaning
not able to be touched or affected; beyond criticism or attack
Example
The CEO seemed untouchable despite the scandal.
Le PDG semblait intouchable malgré le scandale.
C1 noun /ˈɑd.ɪ.ti/

Oddity

étrangeté
Meaning
something that is strange or unusual; a peculiar trait
Example
His habit of sleeping standing up was considered an oddity.
Son habitude de dormir debout était considérée comme une étrangeté.