swathe
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C2 verb /sweɪð/

swathe

envelopper
Meaning
To wrap or cover closely or completely.
Example
She swathed the baby in a soft blanket.
Elle enveloppa le bébé dans une couverture douce.
C2 noun /ˌkɛəriˈætɪd/

caryatid

colonne avec une figure féminine sculptée
Meaning
A stone carving of a draped female figure, used as a supporting column in architecture.
Example
The ancient temple featured a caryatid holding up the roof.
Le temple antique comportait une caryatide soutenant le toit.
C2 noun /ˈhʌm.ək/

hummock

butte
Meaning
A small hill, mound, or ridge of earth or ice.
Example
The hikers rested on a grassy hummock by the river.
Les randonneurs se sont reposés sur une butte herbeuse près de la rivière.
C2 verb /ˌɪn.trəˈmɪt/

intromit

introduire
Meaning
To insert or introduce something into a place or body.
Example
The doctor carefully intromitted the instrument into the wound.
Le médecin a introduit soigneusement l'instrument dans la plaie.
C2 noun /ˈfrɛʃɪt/

freshet

crue soudaine du fleuve
Meaning
A sudden overflow of a stream or river caused by heavy rain or melting snow.
Example
After the storm, the river turned into a raging freshet.
Après la tempête, la rivière est devenue un freshet furieux.
C2 adjective /ɪˈmɪsəbl/

immiscible

immiscible
Meaning
Describes liquids that do not mix together.
Example
Oil and water are immiscible liquids.
L'huile et l'eau sont des liquides immiscibles.
C2 verb /ˈdʒaɪreɪt/

gyrate

tourner rapidement
Meaning
to move or spin quickly in circles
Example
The dancer gyrated wildly to the rhythm of the drums.
La danseuse a tourné frénétiquement au rythme des tambours.
C2 verb /ˌsuːpərˈhiːt/

superheat

surchauffer
Meaning
to heat a substance beyond its normal boiling point without it becoming vapor
Example
Engineers superheat the steam to increase the efficiency of the turbine.
Les ingénieurs surchauffent la vapeur pour augmenter l'efficacité de la turbine.
C2 noun /ˈɡraɪndstoʊn/

grindstone

meule
Meaning
a thick disc of stone used for grinding, sharpening, or polishing tools
Example
The blacksmith sharpened his blade on the grindstone.
Le forgeron a affûté sa lame sur la meule.
C2 noun ˈfaɪ.təʊˌnjuː.tri.ənt

phytonutrient

phytonutriment
Meaning
Chemical compounds produced by plants that are beneficial to human health but not essential nutrients.
Example
Broccoli is rich in phytonutrients that enhance immunity.
Le brocoli est riche en phytonutriments qui renforcent l'immunité.
C2 adjective /əˈpɜːrtənənt/

appurtenant

appartenant
Meaning
Belonging to or associated with something, often used in legal/property contexts.
Example
The right of way is appurtenant to the landowner’s property.
Le droit de passage est appartenant à la propriété du propriétaire.
C2 adjective /ɪmˌpɜːrˈsweɪdəbl/

impersuadable

impossible à persuader
Meaning
not able to be convinced or persuaded
Example
She remained impersuadable despite all our arguments.
Elle est restée impossible à persuader malgré tous nos arguments.
C2 verb /diːˈnæʃənəlaɪz/

denationalize

dénationaliser
Meaning
to transfer ownership from the government to private individuals or companies
Example
The government decided to denationalize the bank to encourage private investment.
Le gouvernement a décidé de dénationaliser la banque pour encourager les investissements privés.
C2 adjective /ˈprɪɡɪʃ/

priggish

moraliste et prétentieux
Meaning
self-righteously moralistic and superior
Example
He came across as priggish when correcting everyone's manners.
Il semblait moraliste et prétentieux lorsqu'il corrigeait les manières de tout le monde.
C2 adjective /ˈflɪpənt/

flippant

désinvolte
Meaning
not showing a serious or respectful attitude
Example
His flippant remarks annoyed the teacher.
Ses remarques désinvoltes ont agacé le professeur.
C2 noun, verb /ɡɔːl/

gall

audace, déranger
Meaning
Annoyance, boldness, or to irritate.
Example
She had the gall to question his decision.
Elle avait l'audace de remettre en question sa décision.
C2 noun /sʌbˈɔːl.tən/

subaltern

une personne occupant une position subordonnée; dans l'armée, un officier subalterne
Meaning
A person holding a subordinate position; in the military, a junior officer.
Example
The subaltern was responsible for leading a small platoon of soldiers.
Le subalterne était responsable de la direction d'un petit peloton de soldats.
C2 adjective /ˌʌltrəˈmɒnteɪn/

ultramontane

partisan du Pape
Meaning
beyond the mountains, especially referring to support for the Pope over local church authority
Example
The debate highlighted the ultramontane position in church politics.
Le débat a mis en lumière la position ultramontaine dans la politique ecclésiastique.
C2 verb /dɒf/

doff

ôter (un chapeau) en signe de respect
Meaning
to take off an item of clothing, especially a hat, as a sign of respect
Example
He doffed his hat as the procession passed.
Il ôta son chapeau tandis que la procession passait.
C2 verb /lɪr/

leer

regard lubrique
Meaning
To look at someone in an unpleasant, sly, or sexually suggestive way.
Example
He leered at her in a way that made her uncomfortable.
Il l'a regardée d'une manière qui l'a rendue mal à l'aise.
C2 adjective /ˈfɒksi/

foxy

rusé
Meaning
Clever, cunning, or attractive.
Example
He came up with a foxy plan to win the game.
Il a proposé un plan rusé pour gagner le jeu.
C2 noun /ˈsɛntɔːr/

centaur

centaure
Meaning
A mythological creature with the upper body of a human and the lower body of a horse.
Example
The centaur is a well-known figure in Greek mythology.
Le centaure est une figure bien connue de la mythologie grecque.
C2 noun /ɪˈmɛtɪk/

emetic

émétique
Meaning
a substance that causes vomiting
Example
The doctor administered an emetic to remove the poison.
Le médecin a administré un émétique pour éliminer le poison.
C2 adjective /ʌnˈʌtərəbl/

unutterable

inexprimable
Meaning
Too great, intense, or awful to be expressed or described in words.
Example
She was filled with unutterable joy at the news of her success.
Elle était remplie de joie inexprimable en apprenant la nouvelle de son succès.
C2 noun /ɡæsˈtraɪtɪs/

gastritis

gastrite
Meaning
Inflammation of the lining of the stomach.
Example
The doctor diagnosed him with gastritis after his endoscopy.
Le médecin a diagnostiqué une gastrite après sa coloscopie.
C2 adjective /ˈproʊtiən/

protean

polyvalent
Meaning
tending or able to change frequently or easily; versatile
Example
She is a protean artist who experiments with many styles.
C'est une artiste polyvalente qui expérimente avec de nombreux styles.
C2 noun /ˈdɛskænt/

descant

mélodie supplémentaire
Meaning
An additional melody or counterpoint sung or played above the main melody.
Example
The choir added a beautiful descant to the hymn.
Le chœur a ajouté une belle mélodie supplémentaire à l'hymne.
C2 adjective /ˈstɒlɪd/

stolid

impassible, stoïque
Meaning
Calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation.
Example
Despite the chaos around him, he remained stolid and composed.
Malgré le chaos autour de lui, il resta calme et posé.
C2 adjective /ˈæʒər/

azure

azur
Meaning
A bright blue color like that of a clear sky.
Example
The clear sky was painted in a deep shade of azure.
Le ciel clair était peint d'une teinte profonde d'azur.
C2 adjective /ˈsʌmp.tʃuˌɛr.i/

sumptuary

relatif aux lois ou règlements limitant les dépenses personnelles pour des articles de luxe
Meaning
Relating to laws or regulations intended to limit personal spending on luxury goods.
Example
In medieval Europe, sumptuary laws restricted the wearing of expensive fabrics to the nobility.
Dans l'Europe médiévale, les lois somptuaires restreignaient le port de tissus coûteux à la noblesse.
C2 noun ˈɛn.ɡræm

Engram

Signaux physiques dans le cerveau pour le stockage et la récupération de la mémoire
Meaning
Physical signs or patterns in the brain for memory storage and retrieval
Example
Scientists study engrams to understand how memories are stored.
Les scientifiques étudient les engrammes pour comprendre comment les souvenirs sont stockés.
C2 noun /foʊˈtɑːmɪtri/

photometry

science de la mesure de la lumière
Meaning
the science of measuring visible light in terms of its perceived brightness to human eyes
Example
Photometry helps in designing efficient lighting systems.
La photométrie aide à concevoir des systèmes d'éclairage efficaces.
C2 noun /ɪnˈhɪərəns/

inherence

inhérence
Meaning
The state of being an essential or permanent part of something.
Example
The inherence of risk is part of every business venture.
L'inhérence du risque fait partie de chaque aventure d'entreprise.
C2 noun /mɪˌsɛdʒəˈneɪʃən/

miscegenation

métissage
Meaning
the interbreeding of people considered to be of different racial types
Example
The law once prohibited miscegenation in many countries.
La loi interdisait autrefois la miscegénation dans de nombreux pays.
C2 noun /ˌbenɪˈdɪkʃən/

Benediction

bénédiction
Meaning
a blessing, especially a ceremonial one; an expression of good wishes
Example
The priest gave his benediction to the newlyweds.
Le prêtre a donné sa bénédiction aux nouveaux mariés.
C2 noun /haɪnd/

Hind

biche
Meaning
a female deer, especially a red deer
Example
The hind protected her fawn from predators.
La biche a protégé son faon des prédateurs.
C2 verb /ˈvɪvɪfaɪ/

vivify

vivifier
Meaning
to give life or energy to something; to animate or enliven
Example
The teacher’s enthusiasm helped vivify the boring lecture.
L'enthousiasme du professeur a aidé à vivifier la conférence ennuyeuse.
C2 adjective /ˌdɒktrɪˈnɛər/

doctrinaire

doctrinaire
Meaning
stubbornly devoted to a theory or doctrine without regard to practical considerations
Example
His doctrinaire approach to politics alienated many supporters.
Son approche doctrinaire de la politique a aliéné de nombreux partisans.
C2 noun /ˈfɪɡmənt/

figment

invention, imagination
Meaning
something invented or imaginary; a fabrication of the mind
Example
The story of the haunted house is just a figment of her imagination.
L'histoire de la maison hantée n'est qu'un produit de son imagination.
C2 noun /ˈtʃaɪ.nə bɑːks/

China box

jasmin d'oranger
Meaning
a small evergreen shrub with tiny white fragrant flowers
Example
The China box plant produced clusters of small white flowers.
La plante de jasmin d'oranger a produit des grappes de petites fleurs blanches.
C2 noun /rɪˈsɪdɪvɪst/

recidivist

récidiviste
Meaning
A person who repeatedly commits crimes, especially after having been punished.
Example
The police identified him as a recidivist who had been arrested several times before.
La police l'a identifié comme un récidiviste qui avait été arrêté plusieurs fois auparavant.
C2 noun /juːˌtɪlɪˈtɛəriənɪzəm/

utilitarianism

utilitarisme
Meaning
The ethical theory that actions are right if they are useful or for the benefit of the majority.
Example
Utilitarianism suggests that we should act to maximize overall happiness.
L'utilitarisme suggère que nous devrions agir pour maximiser le bonheur global.
C2 noun /ˈkriːdoʊ/

credo

crédo
Meaning
A statement of the beliefs or aims that guide someone's actions.
Example
Honesty has always been the central credo of his life.
L'honnêteté a toujours été le crédo central de sa vie.
C2 noun /rʌmp/

Rump

postérieur; fesses; bas du dos
Meaning
the hindquarters or buttocks; the lower back area
Example
The horse injured its rump during the fall.
Le cheval s'est blessé le postérieur pendant la chute.
C2 noun /ˌoʊpəˈlɛsəns/

opalescence

opalescence
Meaning
a milky or pearly appearance of a surface like that of an opal
Example
The pearl had a gentle opalescence under the light.
La perle avait une douce opalescence sous la lumière.
C2 adjective /ˈkwɒdreɪt/

quadrate

carré
Meaning
square or nearly square; having four sides or being suited or corresponding to something
Example
The tiles had a neat quadrate shape that made the floor look orderly.
Les carreaux avaient une forme carrée nette qui donnait à le sol un aspect ordonné.
C2 adjective /sɪˈnɒptɪk/

synoptic

synoptique
Meaning
giving a general overview or summary; presenting a broad view
Example
The report offers a synoptic view of climate trends over the past century.
Le rapport offre une vue synoptique des tendances climatiques du siècle dernier.
C2 noun /ˈdʒʌŋkɪt/

junket

voyage ou célébration
Meaning
A trip or celebration, often funded by someone else, usually for pleasure or promotional purposes.
Example
The company organized a junket for journalists to promote their new resort.
L'entreprise a organisé un voyage pour les journalistes afin de promouvoir leur nouveau complexe.
C2 noun /drɛɡz/

dregs

dregs
Meaning
the remnants of a liquid left in a container, together with any sediment or grounds; the most worthless part of something
Example
He drank the dregs of the coffee before leaving.
Il a bu les dregs du café avant de partir.
C2 verb /ˈɛdɪfaɪ/

edify

édifier
Meaning
To instruct or improve someone morally or intellectually.
Example
Good books can both entertain and edify the reader.
Les bons livres peuvent à la fois divertir et édifier le lecteur.
C2 noun /ˈɪndələns/

indolence

indolence
Meaning
Avoidance of activity or exertion; laziness.
Example
His indolence kept him from finishing the project on time.
Son indolence l'a empêché de terminer le projet à temps.
C2 adjective /ˈɡloʊboʊs/

globose

globulaire
Meaning
Spherical or nearly spherical in shape.
Example
The cactus has large globose fruits.
Le cactus a de gros fruits globulaires.
C2 noun /ɪˈfʌldʒəns/

effulgence

éclat
Meaning
Brilliant radiance or shining brightness.
Example
The effulgence of the sunrise lit up the entire valley.
L'éclat du lever du soleil éclairait toute la vallée.
C2 adjective /ˈplɛntɪəs/

plenteous

abondant
Meaning
existing in great quantity; abundant
Example
The harvest was plenteous, providing enough food for the entire village.
La récolte était abondante, fournissant suffisamment de nourriture pour tout le village.
C2 verb /sleɪk/

slake

étancher la soif
Meaning
To satisfy thirst or desire.
Example
She drank cold water to slake her thirst.
Elle a bu de l'eau froide pour étancher sa soif.
C2 noun /draɪd roʊz ˈpɛtəlz/

Dried Rose Petals

pétales de rose séchés
Meaning
dehydrated petals from roses used for culinary and aromatic purposes
Example
The dessert was garnished with dried rose petals.
Le dessert a été garni de pétales de rose séchés.
C2 noun /əˈfleɪtəs/

afflatus

inspiration divine
Meaning
a sudden divine inspiration or creative impulse
Example
The poet wrote the verses under a sudden afflatus of inspiration.
Le poète écrivit les vers sous une soudaine inspiration divine.
C2 adjective /sʌbˈlɪŋɡwəl/

sublingual

sublingual
Meaning
situated or applied under the tongue
Example
The doctor prescribed a sublingual tablet for faster absorption.
Le médecin a prescrit un comprimé sublingual pour une absorption plus rapide.
C2 noun /ˈhoʊʒəri/

hosiery

chaussettes et vêtements pour les jambes
Meaning
Stockings, socks, and other knitted clothing for the legs and feet.
Example
She bought new hosiery for the winter season.
Elle a acheté de nouveaux bas pour la saison hivernale.
C2 verb /ˈbɜːrnɪʃ/

burnish

lustrer
Meaning
To polish something by rubbing; to enhance or improve.
Example
He burnished the old table until it shone.
Il a lustré la vieille table jusqu'à ce qu'elle brille.
C2 adjective /ɪkˈstɛnsəbl/

extensible

extensible
Meaning
able to be extended; capable of expansion.
Example
The software is designed to be extensible with new features.
Le logiciel est conçu pour être extensible avec de nouvelles fonctionnalités.
C2 noun /pæˈstiːʃ/

pastiche

pastiche
Meaning
a work of art, literature, or music that imitates the style of another artist, period, or genre
Example
The film was a clever pastiche of 1950s detective movies.
Le film était un habile pastiche des films policiers des années 1950.
C2 noun /ˌlɛksɪˈkɒɡrəfi/

lexicography

lexicographie
Meaning
The art or practice of compiling dictionaries.
Example
Lexicography requires both linguistic and cultural knowledge.
La lexicographie nécessite à la fois des connaissances linguistiques et culturelles.
C2 adjective /ˈɑːrtləs/

artless

naturel, simple
Meaning
Without deception or pretentiousness; natural and simple.
Example
Her artless smile made everyone feel at ease.
Son sourire naturel a mis tout le monde à l'aise.
C2 adjective /ˈtjuːmɪd/

tumid

gonflé, enflé, ou pompeux dans le style
Meaning
Swollen, enlarged, or pompous in style.
Example
His tumid prose was difficult to read.
Sa prose gonflée était difficile à lire.
C2 adjective /ˈdəʊl.səm/

dolesome

triste
Meaning
Filled with grief or sadness; mournful.
Example
The dolesome ballad brought tears to their eyes.
La ballade triste a apporté des larmes à leurs yeux.
C2 verb /dɪsˈkʌmfɪt/

discomfit

déconcerter
Meaning
to make someone feel uneasy, embarrassed, or confused
Example
The interviewer’s tough questions discomfited the candidate.
Les questions difficiles de l'intervieweur ont déstabilisé le candidat.
C2 adjective /juːˈfoʊniəs/

euphonious

son harmonieux
Meaning
Pleasing to the ear; having a sweet sound.
Example
The poet's euphonious language made the verse a delight to read.
Le langage euphonieux du poète rendait le vers un plaisir à lire.
C2 verb /fɔːrˈfɛnd/

forfend

protéger, défendre, prévenir
Meaning
to protect or defend against something undesirable; to prevent
Example
May good fortune forfend any danger from our journey.
Que la bonne fortune protège contre tout danger durant notre voyage.
C2 noun, verb /ˈhæmstrɪŋ/

hamstring

tendon à l'arrière de la cuisse; en tant que verbe, rendre quelqu'un ou quelque chose inefficace ou l'empêcher de fonctionner efficacement
Meaning
a tendon at the back of the thigh; as a verb, to cripple or severely restrict the effectiveness of someone or something.
Example
Budget cuts hamstrung the organization’s plans.
Les réductions budgétaires ont affaibli les plans de l'organisation.
C2 noun /ˌæbnɪˈɡeɪʃən/

abnegation

abnégation
Meaning
the act of renouncing or rejecting something, especially self-denial
Example
The monk’s life was one of complete abnegation of worldly pleasures.
La vie du moine était une complète abnégation des plaisirs mondains.
C2 noun /ˈfɪl.ə.dʒɪ.nɪst/

philogynist

personne qui aime ou admire les femmes
Meaning
a person who loves or admires women
Example
As a known philogynist, he advocated for women's education.
En tant que philogyniste connu, il a plaidé en faveur de l'éducation des femmes.
C2 noun /ˈreɪdɪks/

radix

base
Meaning
the base or root of something; the number on which a system of numeration is built
Example
In mathematics, the decimal system has a radix of ten.
En mathématiques, le système décimal a une base de dix.
C2 noun /ɡriːn ˈdʒækfruːt/

Green Jackfruit

jacquier vert
Meaning
unripe fruit of the jackfruit tree, commonly used as a vegetable in cooking
Example
Green jackfruit is often used in curries and stews.
Le jacquier vert est souvent utilisé dans les currys et les ragoûts.
C2 verb /əˈleɪ/

allay

apaiser
Meaning
to reduce the intensity of fear, worry, or pain; to calm
Example
The teacher tried to allay the students’ fears before the exam.
L'enseignant a essayé de calmer les peurs des élèves avant l'examen.
C2 noun /ˈvɔːdəvɪl/

vaudeville

vaudeville
Meaning
A type of entertainment popular in the early 20th century, featuring a mixture of comedy, song, dance, and variety acts.
Example
The vaudeville show included comedians, magicians, and dancers.
Le spectacle de vaudeville comprenait des comédiens, des magiciens et des danseurs.
C2 noun /ˌvɑːljəˈbɪləti/

volubility

volubilité
Meaning
The quality of talking fluently, readily, or incessantly.
Example
His volubility made him a successful radio host.
Sa volubilité en fit un animateur de radio à succès.
C2 adjective /rəˈʃɛrʃ/

recherche

exclusif
Meaning
Rare, exotic, or obscure, often in a sophisticated or refined way.
Example
The gallery displayed many recherche artworks from unknown artists.
La galerie a exposé de nombreuses œuvres d'art exclusives d'artistes inconnus.
C2 noun /ɪnˈvɛktɪv/

invective

langage injurieux
Meaning
Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.
Example
The politician’s speech was filled with invective against his opponents.
Le discours du politicien était rempli d'invectives contre ses adversaires.
C2 adjective /ʌnˈsʌlid/

unsullied

immaculé
Meaning
not spoiled or made impure; perfectly clean or pure
Example
His reputation remained unsullied despite the accusations.
Sa réputation est restée immaculée malgré les accusations.
C2 noun /rɪˌkrɪmɪˈneɪʃən/

recrimination

contre-accusation
Meaning
an accusation made in response to an accusation; mutual blaming
Example
The debate quickly descended into mutual recriminations.
Le débat a rapidement dégénéré en contre-accusations mutuelles.
C2 adjective /ˈpɔːntʃi/

paunchy

ventru
Meaning
Having a large or protruding belly.
Example
The paunchy man struggled to button his shirt.
L'homme ventru peinait à boutonner sa chemise.
C2 noun /ˈswɑːvɪti/

suavity

douceur et charme
Meaning
smoothness and charm in manner
Example
His suavity made him popular in social gatherings.
Sa douceur et son charme le rendaient populaire dans les rassemblements sociaux.
C2 adjective /kənˈvɜːrsənt/

conversant

familier, connaisseur
Meaning
familiar with or knowledgeable about something
Example
She is conversant with the latest developments in technology.
Elle est familière avec les derniers développements technologiques.
C2 adjective /ˌpɛrɪpəˈtɛtɪk/

peripatetic

nomade
Meaning
Traveling from place to place, especially for work or based on lifestyle.
Example
He led a peripatetic life as a traveling teacher.
Il menait une vie de nomade en tant qu'enseignant itinérant.
C2 adjective /ˈiːkwaɪn/

equine

relatif aux chevaux
Meaning
Relating to or resembling a horse.
Example
The veterinarian specialized in equine medicine.
Le vétérinaire s'est spécialisé en médecine équine.
C2 noun /ˌniːoʊˈdɑːrwɪnɪzəm/

neo-darwinism

néo-darwinisme
Meaning
A modern interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution, integrating genetics and natural selection.
Example
Neo-Darwinism combines Darwin’s theory of natural selection with modern genetics.
Le néo-darwinisme combine la théorie de la sélection naturelle de Darwin avec la génétique moderne.
C2 noun /əˈpɒθəˌkɛri/

apothecary

apothicaire
Meaning
A historical term for a person who prepared and sold medicines and drugs.
Example
The village apothecary provided remedies for many common illnesses.
L'apothicaire du village a fourni des remèdes pour de nombreuses maladies courantes.
C2 noun /ruːd/

rood

croix
Meaning
a crucifix, especially one positioned above the entrance to the chancel of a church
Example
The old church displayed a carved rood above the altar.
L'ancien église affichait une croix sculptée au-dessus de l'autel.
C2 verb əˈmiːljəreɪt

ameliorate

améliorer, perfectionner
Meaning
To make better; improve or enhance something.
Example
The new policies are designed to ameliorate living conditions.
Les nouvelles politiques sont conçues pour améliorer les conditions de vie.
C2 adjective /ˈmɔːdlɪn/

maudlin

trop sentimental
Meaning
Overly sentimental, often tearfully or weakly emotional.
Example
He became maudlin after a few drinks.
Il est devenu trop sentimental après quelques verres.
C2 noun /rɪˈpruːf/

reproof

réprobation, censure
Meaning
An expression of blame or disapproval.
Example
His careless words drew a sharp reproof from his mother.
Ses paroles imprudentes ont provoqué une vive réprobation de sa mère.
C2 noun /ˌɛpɪˈsaɪklɔɪd/

epicycloid

épicycloïde
Meaning
a curve traced by a point on the circumference of a circle that rolls around the outside of another circle
Example
The mathematician demonstrated how to draw an epicycloid.
Le mathématicien a démontré comment dessiner une épicycloïde.
C2 verb /ˈmjuːtɪleɪt/

mutilate

mutiler
Meaning
to inflict serious damage on something, often by cutting or tearing
Example
The ancient manuscript was mutilated by careless handling.
Le manuscrit ancien a été mutilé par une manipulation négligente.
C2 adjective /fjuːˈnɪəriəl/

funereal

funéraire
Meaning
having the mournful, somber character of a funeral
Example
The room was filled with a funereal silence after the announcement.
La pièce était remplie d'un silence funéraire après l'annonce.
C2 noun /rɪˈfræk.tər/

refractor

réfracteur
Meaning
A type of telescope that uses lenses to focus light.
Example
Refractor telescopes use lenses to focus light.
Les télescopes réfracteurs utilisent des lentilles pour focaliser la lumière.
C2 noun /ˈsfɛrɔɪd/

spheroid

sphéroïde
Meaning
A three-dimensional shape that is almost spherical but slightly flattened or elongated.
Example
The Earth is not a perfect sphere but an oblate spheroid.
La Terre n'est pas une sphère parfaite mais un sphéroïde oblat.
C2 adjective /prɪˈhɛnsaɪl/

prehensile

préhensile
Meaning
adapted for seizing or grasping, especially by wrapping around an object
Example
The monkey used its prehensile tail to hang from the branch.
Le singe a utilisé sa queue préhensile pour se suspendre à la branche.
C2 noun /ɪnˈkʌmbrəns/

encumbrance

fardeau / obstacle
Meaning
a burden or obstacle that makes progress or movement difficult
Example
Debt can become a serious encumbrance in life.
La dette peut devenir un fardeau sérieux dans la vie.
C2 verb /ˈsnɪvəl/

snivel

pleurer ou se plaindre d'une manière faible ou agaçante
Meaning
to cry or complain in a weak or annoying way
Example
He began to snivel when he didn’t get his way.
Il a commencé à pleurer quand il n'a pas obtenu ce qu'il voulait.
C2 noun /ˌhaɪdroʊməˈkænɪks/

hydromechanics

hydromécanique
Meaning
The study of the mechanical properties and behavior of fluids in motion and at rest.
Example
Hydromechanics provides the foundation for naval architecture.
L'hydromécanique fournit la base de l'architecture navale.
C2 adjective /hərˈmɛtɪk/

hermetic

hermétique
Meaning
Completely sealed, especially so that no air can enter or escape.
Example
The medicine was kept in a hermetic container.
Le médicament a été conservé dans un conteneur hermétique.
C2 verb /əˈmælɡəmeɪt/

amalgamate

fusionner
Meaning
to combine or unite to form one organization or structure; to merge
Example
The two companies decided to amalgamate their operations.
Les deux entreprises ont décidé de fusionner leurs opérations.
C2 noun /dɪˈmʌrɪdʒ/

demurrage

démurrage
Meaning
a charge payable to the owner of a ship or vehicle for not loading or unloading on time
Example
The company had to pay demurrage for delaying the unloading of goods.
L'entreprise a dû payer des frais de démurrage pour avoir retardé le déchargement des marchandises.
C2 verb /ˌdɪskəmˈpoʊz/

discompose

déstabiliser
Meaning
To disturb the order or calmness of something or someone.
Example
The unexpected question seemed to discompose her.
La question inattendue sembla la déstabiliser.
C2 noun /ˈkælvɪnɪzəm/

calvinism

calvinisme
Meaning
A Protestant theological system based on John Calvin’s teachings, emphasizing predestination and the sovereignty of God.
Example
Calvinism played a major role in shaping Protestant theology.
Le calvinisme a joué un rôle majeur dans la formation de la théologie protestante.
C2 noun /ˈmoʊlə ˈkɑrplɪt/

Mola carplet

poisson mola
Meaning
a small freshwater fish of the carp family, commonly found in South Asian rivers and ponds
Example
The mola carplet is a popular small fish used in Bengali cuisine.
Le poisson mola est un petit poisson populaire utilisé dans la cuisine bengalie.
C2 verb /ˈekspərˌɡeɪt/

expurgate

expurger
Meaning
To remove offensive or objectionable parts from a text or speech.
Example
The publisher decided to expurgate the novel before reprinting it.
L’éditeur a décidé d’expurger le roman avant de le réimprimer.
C2 noun /seɪn/

seine

grand filet
Meaning
A large fishing net that hangs vertically in the water.
Example
The fishermen cast their seine into the river.
Les pêcheurs ont jeté leur grand filet dans la rivière.
C2 noun /krɪpˈtɒɡ.rə.fi/

cryptography

pratique de sécuriser les informations par des techniques de cryptage ou de codage
Meaning
The practice of securing information through encryption or coding techniques
Example
Modern cryptography ensures secure online transactions.
La cryptographie moderne garantit des transactions en ligne sécurisées.
C2 adjective /ˈfækʃəs/

factious

factionnel
Meaning
causing disagreement or division within a group; inclined to form factions
Example
The debate became factious, splitting the committee into rival camps.
Le débat est devenu factionnel, divisant le comité en camps rivaux.
C2 noun /ɪˈfɛmɪnəsi/

effeminacy

efféminéité
Meaning
The quality of showing traits traditionally associated with women, such as delicacy or softness.
Example
In ancient times, effeminacy was often criticized as a sign of weakness.
Dans les temps anciens, l'efféminéité était souvent critiquée comme un signe de faiblesse.
C2 verb /ˌpriːɔːrˈdeɪn/

preordain

prédéterminer
Meaning
To decide or determine an outcome in advance, especially by fate or divine will.
Example
They believed their meeting was preordained by destiny.
Ils croyaient que leur rencontre était prédestinée par le destin.
C2 adjective /ˈpɛstɪlənt/

pestilent

pestilentiel
Meaning
Causing or tending to cause death or destruction; harmful or pernicious.
Example
The pestilent atmosphere of the swamp made people sick.
L'atmosphère pestilentielle du marais rendait les gens malades.
C2 adjective /ˈtriːzənəbl/

treasonable

trahison
Meaning
Relating to or involving the crime of treason.
Example
The general was accused of treasonable conduct.
Le général a été accusé de conduite traitresse.
C2 noun /ˈleɪ.ɪ.ti/

laity

laïcs
Meaning
Ordinary members of a religious community who are not clergy.
Example
The church welcomed the laity to participate in the event.
L'église a accueilli les laïcs pour participer à l'événement.
C2 verb /ˈɡæmbəl/

gambol

sauter joyeusement
Meaning
to run or jump about playfully
Example
The lambs gamboled in the field under the sun.
Les agneaux sautaient joyeusement dans le champ sous le soleil.
C2 verb /ˈpjuːtrɪfaɪ/

putrefy

putréfier
Meaning
to decay or rot, producing a foul smell
Example
The meat began to putrefy in the heat.
La viande a commencé à pourrir sous la chaleur.
C2 noun /ˈmɜːkinəs/

murkiness

obscurité
Meaning
The quality of being dark, gloomy, or unclear.
Example
The murkiness of the water made it hard to see the fish.
L'obscurité de l'eau rendait difficile de voir les poissons.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈstɛnsəbl/

inextensible

inextensible
Meaning
Not capable of being stretched or extended.
Example
This rope is made of an inextensible material.
Cette corde est faite d’un matériau inextensible.
C2 verb /ˈrɔɪstər/

roister

réjouir bruyamment
Meaning
to revel noisily; to engage in loud, boisterous celebration
Example
The fans roistered in the streets after the victory.
Les fans ont fait la fête dans les rues après la victoire.