psychiatric
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B2 adjective /ˌsaɪkiˈætrɪk/

psychiatric

psychiatrique
Meaning
relating to mental illness or its treatment
Example
The psychiatric hospital provides care for those with severe conditions.
L'hôpital psychiatrique fournit des soins à ceux qui souffrent de troubles graves.
C1 noun /ˈpædʒənt/

pageant

concours de beauté
Meaning
A public entertainment consisting of a procession of people in elaborate costumes, or a beauty contest.
Example
She won first place in the beauty pageant.
Elle a remporté la première place au concours de beauté
C1 noun /ˈpeɪθɒs/

pathos

pathos
Meaning
a quality in speech, writing, or events that evokes pity or deep emotion
Example
The documentary balanced pathos with hope, making the audience both weep and think.
Le documentaire a équilibré le pathos avec l'espoir, faisant pleurer et réfléchir le public.
B1 verb /ˈpɜːrtʃəs/

purchase

acheter
Meaning
to buy something; to acquire by paying money
Example
I need to purchase groceries for the week.
J'ai besoin d'acheter des courses pour la semaine.
B2 verb /ˈpjʊərɪfaɪ/

purify

purifier
Meaning
to make clean or pure; to remove impurities
Example
This filter will purify the water effectively.
Ce filtre purifiera l'eau de manière efficace.
B2 adjective prɪˈlɪm.ɪ.nər.i

preliminary

préliminaire
Meaning
Denoting an action or event preceding or done in preparation for something fuller or more important.
Example
Preliminary steps are crucial before the main project.
Les étapes préliminaires sont cruciales avant le projet principal.
C2 noun /ˈpær.əkˌsɪz.əm/

paroxysm

crise soudaine
Meaning
A sudden, violent outburst of emotion or activity.
Example
She was seized by a paroxysm of laughter.
Elle a été saisie par une crise de rire.
B1 verb /pɔːr/

pour

verser
Meaning
to flow or cause to flow in a steady stream; to rain heavily
Example
Please pour the water into the glass carefully.
S'il vous plaît versez l'eau dans le verre avec soin.
C2 adjective /ˈprɒvɪdənt/

provident

prévoyant
Meaning
making or indicative of timely preparation for the future
Example
She was provident in saving money for her children’s education.
Elle était prévoyante en économisant de l'argent pour l'éducation de ses enfants.
C2 noun /prɔːŋ/

prong

dent de fourchette
Meaning
a projecting pointed part, such as one of the pointed ends of a fork
Example
The fork has four prongs.
La fourchette a quatre dents.
B1 noun /ˈpaʊdər/

powder

poudre
Meaning
a fine, dry substance made of very tiny particles
Example
She sprinkled some powder on the cake.
Elle a saupoudré un peu de poudre sur le gâteau.
C1 noun /ˈpriː.tekst/

Pretext

prétexte
Meaning
a reason given in justification of a course of action that is not the real reason
Example
He used illness as a pretext to avoid the meeting.
Il a utilisé la maladie comme prétexte pour éviter la réunion.
C2 noun /ˈpɜːrtnəs/

pertness

effronterie
Meaning
boldness or forwardness in speech or behavior; sauciness
Example
Her pertness during the meeting surprised everyone.
Son effronterie lors de la réunion a surpris tout le monde.
C1 adjective /pərˈpetʃuəl/

perpetual

perpétuel
Meaning
never-ending or continuous
Example
She lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
Elle vivait dans une peur perpétuelle d'être découverte.
B1 adverb /pɑːrˈtɪkjʊləli/

particularly

particulièrement
Meaning
to a higher degree than is usual or expected
Example
She is particularly fond of Italian food.
Elle est particulièrement friande de la cuisine italienne.
C1 adjective /pəˈdæntɪk/

pedantic

excessivement préoccupé par les détails mineurs ou les règles
Meaning
Excessively concerned with minor details or rules; overly academic or bookish.
Example
Her pedantic explanations made the lecture dull.
Ses explications pédantes ont rendu la conférence ennuyeuse.
B1 adverb /ˈpɜː.mə.nənt.li/

permanently

de façon permanente
Meaning
in a way that lasts or remains unchanged for a long time or forever
Example
She moved to the city permanently after finishing her studies.
Elle a déménagé en ville de façon permanente après avoir terminé ses études.
B2 noun pɑrˈtɪʃən

partition

partition
Meaning
The action of dividing or being divided into parts; separation.
Example
Partition caused unrest.
La partition a causé des troubles.
B2 noun /ˈpeɪtrən/

patron

mécène
Meaning
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, or cause
Example
The library is supported by generous patrons.
La bibliothèque est soutenue par des mécènes généreux.
C1 adjective /priˈɛmptɪv/

preemptive

préventif
Meaning
Serving or intended to prevent something by taking action first.
Example
The government took preemptive measures to control inflation.
Le gouvernement a pris des mesures préventives pour contrôler l'inflation.
B2 verb /pəˈluːt/

pollute

polluer
Meaning
to make air, water, or land dirty and harmful to people, animals, and plants
Example
Factories pollute the environment with toxic chemicals.
Les usines polluent l’environnement avec des produits chimiques toxiques.
A2 verb /plænt/

plant

planter
Meaning
to put seeds or plants in the ground; to place something firmly
Example
She planted roses in her garden.
Elle a planté des roses dans son jardin.
C2 noun /ˈpaʊ.waʊ/

powwow

réunion informelle
Meaning
an informal meeting or conference to discuss something
Example
The team held a quick powwow before the presentation.
L'équipe a tenu une réunion rapide avant la présentation.
C1 noun /ˈpɪt.fɔːl/

pitfall

piège, difficulté
Meaning
a hidden or unexpected danger or difficulty
Example
Investors must be aware of the pitfalls of the market.
Les investisseurs doivent être conscients des pièges du marché.
C1 noun /ˈprɛsɪpɪs/

precipice

précipice
Meaning
A very steep cliff or a situation of great danger.
Example
The hikers stood at the edge of the precipice, gazing into the valley below.
Les randonneurs étaient debout au bord du précipice, regardant la vallée en bas.
C1 noun ˈpɜː.mə.kʌl.tʃər

permaculture

permaculture
Meaning
The development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient.
Example
Permaculture promotes self-sufficient farming systems.
La permaculture promeut des systèmes agricoles autonomes.
B1 noun ˈproʊtest

protest

protestation
Meaning
A statement or action expressing disapproval of or objection to something.
Example
Students organized a protest.
Les étudiants ont organisé une manifestation.
B1 adjective /pərˈtɪk.jʊ.lər/

particular

particulier
Meaning
specific or special; distinct from others
Example
He is very particular about his diet.
Il est très particulier à propos de son régime.
C1 noun /ˈplæn.teɪn ˈflaʊ.ər/

Plantain flower

fleur de plantain
Meaning
The flower bud of a banana plant, used as a vegetable in cooking
Example
We cooked plantain flower curry for dinner.
Nous avons cuisiné du curry de fleur de plantain pour le dîner.
A1 noun /ˈpɑːpə/

papa

papa
Meaning
an informal or affectionate term for one’s father
Example
Papa is picking me up from school today.
Papa vient me chercher à l’école aujourd’hui.
C2 verb /preɪt/

prate

bavarder de manière insensée
Meaning
to talk foolishly or at tedious length about something
Example
He would prate endlessly about his minor achievements.
Il parlait sans fin de ses petites réussites.
C2 noun /ˈfeɪlæŋks/

phalanx

phalanx
Meaning
A group of people or things arranged in a compact, close formation; also an ancient Greek military formation.
Example
A phalanx of reporters waited outside the courthouse.
Un groupe de journalistes attendait devant le tribunal.
B2 noun /ˈpref.ər.əns/

Preference

préférence
Meaning
a greater liking for one alternative over another or others
Example
She has a preference for classical music over pop music.
Elle a une préférence pour la musique classique plutôt que la musique pop.
C1 noun /pəˈlɪɡ.ə.mi/

Polygamy

polygamie
Meaning
the practice of marrying multiple spouses at the same time
Example
Polygamy is illegal in many countries around the world.
La polygamie est illégale dans de nombreux pays à travers le monde.
C2 adjective /ˌpɪkəˈrɛsk/

picaresque

histoire d'un héros malicieux
Meaning
relating to a style of fiction depicting the adventures of a roguish hero
Example
The novel is a picaresque tale of a clever vagabond.
Le roman est une histoire picaresque d'un vagabond rusé.
C2 adjective /pərˈspɪkjuəs/

perspicuous

clair
Meaning
Clearly expressed and easily understood; lucid.
Example
The teacher gave a perspicuous explanation of the theory.
L'enseignant a donné une explication claire de la théorie.
B2 adjective /ˌsaɪkəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

psychological

psychologique
Meaning
relating to the mind or mental processes.
Example
She studied the psychological effects of trauma on children.
Elle a étudié les effets psychologiques du traumatisme sur les enfants.
C2 noun /ˈpɛrɪstaɪl/

peristyle

perronne entourée de colonnes
Meaning
A continuous porch formed by a row of columns surrounding the perimeter of a building or courtyard.
Example
The Roman villa featured a beautiful peristyle garden.
La villa romaine présentait un beau jardin péristyle.
A2 noun ˈprɒdʒekt

project

projet
Meaning
An individual or collaborative enterprise that is carefully planned to achieve a particular aim
Example
Working on two projects simultaneously is difficult.
Travailler sur deux projets simultanément est difficile.
B2 adjective /prɛsˈtɪdʒəs/

prestigious

prestigieux
Meaning
having a high reputation; respected
Example
Harvard University is one of the most prestigious universities in the world.
L'Université de Harvard est l'une des universités les plus prestigieuses du monde.
B2 noun /ˈplænər/

planner

planificateur
Meaning
a person who makes plans or a book used for organizing schedules and tasks
Example
She uses a daily planner to organize her meetings.
Elle utilise un planificateur quotidien pour organiser ses réunions.
A2 adjective /ˈpɜːrfɪkt/

Perfect

parfait; impeccable; excellent
Meaning
flawless; excellent; without fault
Example
She delivered a perfect performance on stage.
Elle a donné une performance parfaite sur scène.
B2 noun /ˈprɛmɪs/

premise

prémisse / bâtiment
Meaning
a statement or idea on which reasoning or an argument is based; also a building or property
Example
His argument was based on a false premise.
Son argument était basé sur une fausse prémisse.
B2 verb /prɪˈsiːdɪd/

preceded

précédé
Meaning
came before something in time, order, or position
Example
Dark clouds preceded the heavy rainfall.
Les nuages sombres ont précédé la forte pluie.
C2 noun /ˌpɑːrtjʊˈrɪʃən/

parturition

accouchement
Meaning
The act of giving birth; childbirth.
Example
The doctor explained the stages of parturition to the students.
Le médecin a expliqué les étapes de l'accouchement aux étudiants.
C2 adjective /pərˈsɪpiənt/

percipient

perspicace
Meaning
Having good understanding or insight; able to perceive things clearly.
Example
As a percipient critic, she recognized the deeper meaning of the play.
En tant que critique perspicace, elle a reconnu la signification plus profonde de la pièce.
B2 adjective /ˌfɪl.əˈsɒf.ɪ.kəl/

philosophical

philosophique
Meaning
relating to the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence
Example
She maintained a calm and philosophical attitude during the crisis.
Elle a gardé une attitude calme et philosophique pendant la crise.
B2 adjective /ˈpær.ə.lel/

Parallel

parallèle
Meaning
side by side and having the same distance continuously between them; similar or corresponding
Example
The two roads run parallel to each other for several miles.
Les deux routes courent parallèles l'une à l'autre sur plusieurs miles.
B1 noun /pruːf/

proof

preuve
Meaning
evidence or argument establishing a fact or the truth of a statement
Example
The detective presented proof of the suspect's guilt.
Le détective a présenté la preuve de la culpabilité du suspect.
B2 noun /saɪˈkaɪətri/

psychiatry

psychiatrie
Meaning
the branch of medicine focused on the study and treatment of mental illness
Example
She decided to study psychiatry to help people with mental health issues.
Elle a décidé d'étudier la psychiatrie pour aider les personnes ayant des problèmes de santé mentale.
C2 noun /ˈpɛdənt/

pedant

personne pédante
Meaning
A person who is excessively concerned with minor details or rules, often in a showy way.
Example
The professor was criticized as a pedant who focused too much on trivial details.
Le professeur a été critiqué comme un pédant qui se concentrait trop sur des détails triviaux.
C1 noun /pluːm/

plume

une grande plume douce ou quelque chose qui ressemble à une plume
Meaning
a large, soft feather or something resembling a feather
Example
The soldier wore a red plume on his helmet.
Le soldat portait une plume rouge sur son casque.
B2 noun /ˌpɜːrsəˈnel/

personnel

personnel
Meaning
People employed in an organization or engaged in an organized undertaking such as military service.
Example
The company is hiring more personnel for its new branch.
L'entreprise embauche davantage de personnel pour sa nouvelle succursale.
B2 adjective /ˈplɛʒərəbl/

pleasurable

plaisant, agréable
Meaning
giving pleasure or enjoyment
Example
Reading a good book is a pleasurable activity.
Lire un bon livre est une activité plaisante.
C1 noun /ˌpænəˈsiːə/

panacea

panacée
Meaning
A solution or remedy for all difficulties or diseases.
Example
Education is often seen as a panacea for social problems.
L'éducation est souvent considérée comme une panacée pour les problèmes sociaux.
C2 adjective /pəˈlɛmɪkəl/

polemical

polemique
Meaning
relating to or involving strongly critical or controversial writing or speech
Example
She wrote a polemical article challenging traditional beliefs.
Elle a écrit un article polémique remettant en question les croyances traditionnelles.
B2 noun /ˈproʊtəˌtaɪp/

prototype

prototype
Meaning
The first model or version of something, used as a sample for testing or improvement.
Example
The company built a prototype of the new smartphone before mass production.
L'entreprise a construit un prototype du nouveau smartphone avant la production en série.
B2 noun /pɪt/

pit

trou
Meaning
a large hole in the ground or a hollow area
Example
The workers dug a deep pit to build the foundation.
Les travailleurs ont creusé un grand trou pour construire les fondations.
C2 noun /ˌpɜːrspɪˈkjuːəti/

perspicuity

perspicuité
Meaning
Clarity and ease in speech or writing; the quality of being clearly expressed.
Example
The perspicuity of his lecture made it easy for students to understand complex topics.
La perspicuité de sa conférence a facilité la compréhension des sujets complexes par les étudiants.
B1 noun prɪˈven.ʃən

prevention

prévention
Meaning
The action of stopping something from happening or arising.
Example
Prevention of fascism ensures democracy.
La prévention du fascisme assure la démocratie.
C2 noun /ˈpɑːdreɪ/

padre

prêtre
Meaning
A title for a priest, especially in the Roman Catholic Church; also used informally for 'father'.
Example
The soldiers attended mass led by the padre.
Les soldats ont assisté à la messe dirigée par le prêtre.
C1 adjective /ˈpəʊ.tənt/

Potent

puissant; fort; efficace
Meaning
having great strength, power, or effect; influential
Example
The medicine is very potent and should be taken carefully.
Le médicament est très puissant et doit être pris avec précaution.
C1 verb /ˈpeɪtrənaɪz/

patronize

traiter avec condescendance
Meaning
to treat someone in a condescending way; to be a regular customer of a business
Example
Don't patronize me with your fake sympathy.
Ne me traite pas avec ta fausse sympathie.
C1 adjective /ˈpræk.tɪ.kə.bəl/

practicable

praticable
Meaning
able to be done or put into practice successfully
Example
The plan is not practicable without more resources.
Le plan n'est pas praticable sans plus de ressources.
C1 adjective /pəˈleɪ.ʃəl/

palatial

palatial
Meaning
resembling a palace in being spacious and splendid
Example
They stayed in a palatial hotel during their vacation.
Ils ont séjourné dans un hôtel palais pendant leurs vacances.
B2 verb /poʊk/

poke

piquer
Meaning
to push or prod with a finger or pointed object
Example
Don't poke me with your finger.
Ne me pique pas avec ton doigt.
A2 noun /ˈprɛzɪdənt/

president

président
Meaning
the elected head of a republican state
Example
The president addressed the nation last night.
Le président a adressé la nation hier soir.
B1 adverb /ˈprɒpərli/

properly

correctement
Meaning
in the correct or suitable manner
Example
He performed the task properly to avoid mistakes.
Il a effectué la tâche correctement pour éviter les erreurs.
C2 noun /fɪˈlændərər/

philanderer

volage
Meaning
a man who habitually engages in casual romantic or sexual affairs
Example
The politician was exposed as a notorious philanderer.
Le politicien a été exposé comme un célèbre volage.
C1 verb /pəˈruːz/

peruse

bonheur
Meaning
to read something carefully and thoroughly; sometimes used to mean to browse casually
Example
She sat down to peruse the contract before signing it.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B2 adjective /ˈpæn.ɪ.ki/

Panicky

paniqué; anxieux et craintif
Meaning
feeling or showing panic; anxious and fearful
Example
The crowd became panicky when the fire alarm sounded.
La foule est devenue paniquée lorsque l'alarme incendie a retenti.
B2 noun /prɪˈkɔː.ʃən/

Precaution

précaution
Meaning
an action taken in advance to prevent something dangerous or unpleasant from happening
Example
As a precaution, we should bring extra water on the hike.
Comme précaution, nous devrions apporter de l'eau supplémentaire lors de la randonnée.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

philanthropie
Meaning
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
Example
Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.
La philanthropie a contribué à améliorer les soins de santé dans de nombreux pays en développement.
B1 noun /ˈpɑr.dən/

Pardon

pardon; excuse;
Meaning
forgiveness; the action of forgiving or being forgiven for an error or offense
Example
I beg your pardon for interrupting the meeting.
Je vous demande pardon pour avoir interrompu la réunion.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrdʒəri/

perjury

parjure
Meaning
The offense of willfully telling an untruth in a court after taking an oath.
Example
She was convicted of perjury after giving false evidence.
Elle a été condamnée pour parjure après avoir donné de faux témoignages.
C2 verb /pɑːrtʃ/

parch

sècher
Meaning
to make something extremely dry, especially by exposure to heat
Example
The scorching sun began to parch the fields.
Le soleil brûlant a commencé à sécher les champs.
C1 adjective ˈpɪv.ə.təl

pivotal

crucial
Meaning
Of crucial importance in relation to the development or success of something else.
Example
Renewable energy plays a pivotal role in sustainability.
L'énergie renouvelable joue un rôle crucial dans la durabilité.
C2 adverb /ˈprɒksɪmətli/

proximately

près
Meaning
In a near or close manner; nearly.
Example
The village lies proximately to the river.
Le village est près de la rivière.
C1 noun /ˈpɔːsɪti/

paucity

pauvreté / manque
Meaning
the presence of something in only small or insufficient quantities
Example
The project was delayed due to a paucity of funds.
Le projet a été retardé en raison du manque de fonds.
A2 adjective /ˈprɒpər/

proper

approprié
Meaning
conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality
Example
He made sure to wear proper attire for the interview.
Il s'est assuré de porter des vêtements appropriés pour l'entretien.
C1 noun /peɪˈiː/

payee

bénéficiaire
Meaning
A person to whom money is paid or is to be paid.
Example
The payee must sign the check before cashing it.
Le bénéficiaire doit signer le chèque avant de l'encaisser.
B1 adjective /peɪl/

Pale

pâle; délavé; faible
Meaning
having a light color; lacking brightness or vividness; weak or faint
Example
She looked pale after being sick for a week.
Elle semblait pâle après avoir été malade pendant une semaine.
C2 adjective /ˈpɛkənt/

peccant

coupable
Meaning
Guilty of a moral offense or wrongdoing; sinful.
Example
The judge declared the peccant official unfit for office.
Le juge a déclaré l'officiel coupable inapte à son poste.
C2 noun /pɪˈlɑːf/

Pillaw

pilav
Meaning
a dish of rice cooked in seasoned broth, often with meat and vegetables
Example
We enjoyed a delicious chicken pillaw for dinner.
Nous avons dégusté un délicieux pilav au poulet pour le dîner.
C1 adjective /prəˈlɪf.ɪk/

prolific

prolifique
Meaning
Present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful; producing many works, results, or offspring.
Example
The author is prolific, having written over 30 books.
L'auteur est prolifique, ayant écrit plus de 30 livres.
C1 noun /ˈpɛsəl/

pestle

pilon
Meaning
A heavy tool with a rounded end used for crushing or grinding substances in a mortar.
Example
She used a pestle to grind the spices.
Elle a utilisé un pilon pour moudre les épices.
C2 adjective /prəˈpɪʃəs/

propitious

propice
Meaning
giving or indicating a good chance of success; favorable
Example
The sunny weather was a propitious start to the picnic.
Le temps ensoleillé était un début propice pour le pique-nique.
B2 adjective /pəˈθet.ɪk/

Pathetic

pathétique; lamentable
Meaning
arousing pity; extremely poor or inadequate
Example
His pathetic attempt to apologize made things worse.
Son effort pathétique pour s'excuser a empiré les choses.
B2 noun /ˈpær.ə.dɒks/

paradox

paradoxe
Meaning
A seemingly contradictory statement or situation that may be true; an apparent inconsistency.
Example
The paradox of freedom is that it requires rules.
Le paradoxe de la liberté est qu'il nécessite des règles.
B1 adjective; verb (past and past participle of prepare) /prɪˈpɛrd/

prepared

préparé
Meaning
made ready in advance; having made plans or taken steps beforehand
Example
She was fully prepared for the final exam.
Elle était bien préparée pour l’examen final.
A2 verb /prəˈvaɪd/

provide

fournir
Meaning
to give or supply something that is needed or wanted
Example
The teacher will provide extra materials for the students.
Le professeur fournira des matériaux supplémentaires pour les étudiants.
B2 noun ˌfoʊ.t̬oʊˈsɪn.θə.sɪs

photosynthesis

photosynthèse
Meaning
The process by which green plants use sunlight to synthesize foods from carbon dioxide and water.
Example
Plants depend on photosynthesis for survival.
Les plantes dependent de la photosynthese pour leur survie.
C2 adjective /ˈpɔːrtli/

portly

corpulent
Meaning
Having a stout or somewhat fat body, often implying dignity or authority.
Example
The portly man entered the room with confidence.
L'homme corpulent est entré dans la pièce avec confiance.
B2 noun /ˈpærɪʃ/

parish

paroisse
Meaning
A local church community or the area served by a parish church.
Example
The parish gathered for Sunday service.
La paroisse s'est réunie pour le service du dimanche.
B2 noun ˈpɛstɪˌsaɪd

pesticide

pesticide
Meaning
A substance used for destroying insects or other organisms harmful to cultivated plants or to animals.
Example
The pesticide sprayed in the field killed the harmful insects.
Le pesticide pulvérisé dans le champ a tué les insectes nuisibles.
C1 adjective /ˌsaɪkoʊsəˈmætɪk/

psychosomatic

psychosomatique
Meaning
Relating to a physical illness or condition caused or aggravated by mental factors such as stress.
Example
Her stomach pain was diagnosed as psychosomatic, linked to stress.
Sa douleur à l'estomac a été diagnostiquée comme psychosomatique, liée au stress.
B2 noun /ˈprɛʃər ˈkʊkər/

Pressure cooker

cocotte-minute
Meaning
a sealed cooking pot that uses steam pressure to cook food faster
Example
Using a pressure cooker reduces cooking time by more than half.
L'utilisation d'une cocotte-minute réduit le temps de cuisson de plus de moitié.
C1 noun /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd ˈrɛz.ɪ.djuː/

pesticide-residue

résidus de pesticides
Meaning
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
Example
Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health.
Un excès de résidus de pesticides dans les aliments peut être nocif pour la santé.
B2 noun /ˈfɪʃ.ɪŋ/

phishing

vol d'informations par fraude
Meaning
The fraudulent practice of sending emails purporting to be from reputable companies in order to induce individuals to reveal personal information.
Example
Phishing emails often trick people into revealing passwords.
Les e-mails de phishing trompent souvent les gens pour qu'ils révèlent leurs mots de passe.
C2 noun /ˈpɒlɪti/

polity

politique, système de gouvernement
Meaning
an organized society or form of government
Example
The ancient Greek polity had a system of city-states.
La politique grecque antique avait un système de cités-états.
C2 adjective /pʌŋkˈtɪliəs/

punctilious

pointilleux
Meaning
Showing great attention to detail or correct behavior.
Example
She was punctilious in her attention to etiquette.
Elle était pointilleuse dans son attention à l'étiquette.
C2 noun /pʌɡˈnæsɪti/

pugnacity

pugnacité
Meaning
A natural disposition to be combative or aggressive.
Example
The coach admired the player's pugnacity on the field.
L'entraîneur admirait la pugnacité du joueur sur le terrain.
C2 verb /ˈpɛkjʊˌleɪt/

peculate

détourner
Meaning
To embezzle or steal money, especially public funds.
Example
The corrupt official was found guilty of peculating government funds.
Le fonctionnaire corrompu a été reconnu coupable d'avoir détourné des fonds publics.
C2 noun /ˌpraɪmoʊˈdʒɛnɪtʃər/

primogeniture

primogéniture
Meaning
The right of the firstborn child to inherit the family estate or title.
Example
Under primogeniture, the eldest son inherited the entire estate.
Sous la primogéniture, le fils aîné a hérité de l'ensemble du domaine.
B2 adjective /ˈprɪm.ɪ.tɪv/

Primitive

primitif; de base; brut; sous-développé; simple
Meaning
ancient; basic; crude; undeveloped; simple
Example
The tribe still uses primitive tools for hunting and farming.
La tribu utilise encore des outils primitifs pour chasser et cultiver.
B2 noun /pænt/

Pant

pantalon
Meaning
a piece of clothing worn on the lower body covering each leg separately
Example
She bought a new pair of pants for the party.
Elle a acheté un nouveau pantalon pour la fête.
C1 noun /ˌpæl.pɪˈteɪ.ʃən/

Palpitation

battement de cœur rapide, fort ou irrégulier dû à l'agitation ou à une condition médicale
Meaning
a noticeably rapid, strong, or irregular heartbeat due to agitation or medical condition
Example
She experienced palpitations before her job interview.
Elle a ressenti des palpitations avant son entretien d'embauche.
C1 noun /ˈpraɪməsi/

primacy

primauté
Meaning
the state of being first in importance or authority
Example
The primacy of education cannot be denied.
La primauté de l'éducation ne peut être niée.
C1 noun /ˈplʌn.dər.ər/

Plunderer

pilleur
Meaning
a person who steals goods, especially during war or civil disorder
Example
The plunderers ransacked the village after the battle.
Les pilleurs ont saccagé le village après la bataille.
C2 adjective /ˌpɜːrtɪˈneɪʃəs/

pertinacious

têtu
Meaning
holding firmly to an opinion, purpose, or course of action; stubbornly persistent
Example
The pertinacious lawyer refused to give up the case.
L'avocat têtu a refusé d'abandonner l'affaire.
B1 verb pres

press

presser. appuyer.
Meaning
Exert force on (someone or something), typically with one's finger or hand, in order to move them away from oneself.
Example
Press firmly to operate the machine.
Appuyez fermement pour faire fonctionner la machine.
C2 noun /ˌpɛntəˈhiːdrən/

pentahedron

pentaèdre
Meaning
A solid geometric figure with five faces.
Example
In geometry class, the teacher explained the structure of a pentahedron.
Dans le cours de géométrie, le professeur a expliqué la structure d'un pentaèdre.
C2 noun ˈpɑː.stər.ə.lɪ.zəm

pastoralism

pastoralisme, système de pâturage basé sur l'herbe
Meaning
A form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands for grazing.
Example
Pastoralism is a traditional way of managing livestock.
Le pastoralisme est une manière traditionnelle de gérer le bétail.
A1 noun /peɪdʒ/

page

page
Meaning
one side of a sheet of paper, or a single sheet of paper in a book or document
Example
Turn to the next page for more information.
Allez à la page suivante pour plus d'informations.
B1 adjective /ˈpeɪn.fəl/

painful

douloureux
Meaning
causing physical or emotional pain
Example
The injury was very painful, and he needed immediate care.
La blessure était très douloureuse et il avait besoin de soins immédiats.
C1 adjective /ˈpjuː.ni/

puny

faible
Meaning
Small, weak, or insignificant.
Example
He felt puny compared to his stronger classmates.
Il se sentait faible comparé à ses camarades de classe plus forts.
C2 adjective /ˈprʊəriənt/

prurient

lubrique
Meaning
having or showing an excessive interest in sexual matters
Example
The magazine was criticized for its prurient content.
Le magazine a été critiqué pour son contenu lubrique.
C1 noun /ˈpɑːr.keɪ/

parquet

plancher en bois
Meaning
A floor made of wooden blocks arranged in a geometric pattern.
Example
The old mansion had a beautiful parquet floor.
Le vieux manoir avait un magnifique plancher en bois.
C1 noun /ˈplez.ən.tri/

Pleasantry

politesse
Meaning
a remark made in order to be polite or friendly; light conversation or jokes
Example
They exchanged pleasantries before the meeting began.
Ils ont échangé des politesses avant que la réunion ne commence.
C1 noun ˌpɒlɪˈneɪʃən

Pollination

pollinisation
Meaning
The process by which pollen is transferred from flowers, enabling plant reproduction.
Example
Butterflies play a vital role in pollination.
Les papillons jouent un rôle essentiel dans la pollinisation.
C2 adjective /ˌfærɪˈseɪɪkəl/

pharisaical

pharisaïque
Meaning
Excessively concerned with formal rules or outward show of morality, often in a hypocritical way.
Example
His pharisaical behavior made people doubt his sincerity.
Son comportement pharisaïque a fait douter les gens de sa sincérité.