iliad
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN Anglais BN Bengali HI Hindi ES Espagnol FR Français DE Allemand RU Russe ZH Chinois JA Japonais
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
C2 noun /ˈɪl.i.æd/

iliad

Iliade
Meaning
An ancient Greek epic poem attributed to Homer, describing the events of the Trojan War.
Example
Students studied the Iliad to understand Greek mythology and heroism.
Les étudiants ont étudié l'Iliade pour comprendre la mythologie grecque et l'héroïsme.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.tə.mə.si/

Intimacy

intimité; proximité
Meaning
close familiarity or friendship; closeness; a private cozy atmosphere
Example
The couple valued the emotional intimacy they shared more than material possessions.
Le couple a plus apprécié l'intimité émotionnelle qu'ils partageaient que les biens matériels.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈplaɪəbl/

impliable

impliquable
Meaning
Capable of being implied or suggested.
Example
The meaning of the statement is not directly clear but is impliable from the context.
Le sens de la déclaration n'est pas directement clair, mais il est impliquable à partir du contexte.
C2 noun /ˌɪnsjəˈlærəti/

insularity

insularité
Meaning
The state of being isolated or narrow-minded.
Example
The insularity of the group prevented them from accepting new ideas.
L'insularité du groupe l'a empêché d'accepter de nouvelles idées.
C1 verb /ɪnˈsɪnjueɪt/

insinuate

insinuer
Meaning
To suggest or hint something indirectly and often unpleasantly.
Example
He insinuated that she had lied about her qualifications.
Il a insinué qu'elle avait menti sur ses qualifications.
C2 adjective/verb /ɪnˈkɑːrneɪt/

incarnate

incarné
Meaning
to embody or represent in human form; in flesh
Example
She is kindness incarnate.
Elle est la bonté incarnée.
C2 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈlɪdʒəs/

irreligious

irréligieux
Meaning
Indifferent or hostile to religion
Example
Some people in the community consider him irreligious because he never attends religious services.
Certaines personnes dans la communauté le considèrent comme irréligieux car il ne va jamais aux services religieux.
C2 noun /ɪnˈvɛktɪv/

invective

langage injurieux
Meaning
Insulting, abusive, or highly critical language.
Example
The politician’s speech was filled with invective against his opponents.
Le discours du politicien était rempli d'invectives contre ses adversaires.
B1 verb /ɪnˈvɑːlv/

involve

impliquer
Meaning
to include as a necessary part, or to engage someone in an activity
Example
The project will involve several departments working together.
Le projet impliquera plusieurs départements travaillant ensemble.
B2 noun /ˈaɪ.dəl/

Idol

idole; personne admirée
Meaning
an image or representation of a god used as an object of worship; a person who is greatly admired
Example
The singer became a teenage idol after her hit song topped the charts worldwide.
La chanteuse est devenue une idole adolescente après que sa chanson à succès ait atteint le sommet des classements mondiaux.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/

inattentive

inattentif
Meaning
not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration
Example
The inattentive student missed several important instructions.
L'étudiant inattentif a manqué plusieurs consignes importantes.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpælpəbəl/

impalpable

intangible
Meaning
unable to be felt by touch; difficult to grasp or understand
Example
There was an impalpable sense of fear in the room.
Il y avait une sensation intangible de peur dans la pièce.
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

inciter
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
Il a été accusé d'inciter aux émeutes.
B2 verb /ɪnˈfɛkt/

infect

infecter
Meaning
To contaminate with a disease-causing organism.
Example
The virus can infect healthy people quickly.
Le virus peut infecter rapidement les personnes en bonne santé.
A2 noun /ˈɪntəvjuː/

interview

entretien
Meaning
A meeting of people face to face, especially for consultation.
Example
The interview was conducted in a calm and professional manner.
L'entretien s'est déroulé de manière calme et professionnelle.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪf.ər.əns/

Indifference

indifférence; désintérêt; apathie
Meaning
lack of interest, concern, or sympathy; the state of not caring about something
Example
His indifference to his studies resulted in poor grades throughout the semester.
Son indifférence à ses études a conduit à de mauvaises notes tout au long du semestre.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪt/

inflate

gonfler
Meaning
to fill with air or gas so it expands; to increase excessively or artificially
Example
The mechanic inflated the tire to the correct pressure.
Le mécanicien a gonflé le pneu à la bonne pression.
C1 verb ɪˈmɜːrs

immerse

plonger
Meaning
To involve oneself deeply in a particular activity or interest; to surround completely.
Example
Immerse yourself in the new language.
Plongez-vous dans la nouvelle langue.
B1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdənt/

incident

incident
Meaning
an event or occurrence, often unpleasant or unusual
Example
The police quickly responded to the incident in the park.
La police a rapidement répondu à l'incident dans le parc.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflæməˌtɔːri/

inflammatory

bonheur
Meaning
causing inflammation in the body; arousing anger, hostility, or strong emotion
Example
His inflammatory speech triggered protests across the city.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 adjective /ˈɪnfəməs/

infamous

infâme
Meaning
well known for some bad quality or deed
Example
The dictator was infamous for his cruelty.
Le dictateur était infâme pour sa cruauté.
C2 adjective /ˌɪməˈmɔːriəl/

immemorial

immémorial
Meaning
Extending back beyond memory or record; ancient.
Example
The tradition has been followed since time immemorial.
La tradition est suivie depuis des temps immémoriaux.
C2 verb ˈɪnʌndeɪt

inundate

inonder, submerger quelqu'un ou quelque chose avec des choses ou des personnes à traiter
Meaning
To flood; overwhelm someone or something with things or people to be dealt with
Example
The company was inundated with requests after the advertisement.
L'entreprise a été inondée de demandes après la publicité.
B1 adverb /ɪnˈkrɛdɪbli/

incredibly

incroyablement
Meaning
to a great degree; extremely or unbelievably
Example
The view from the top of the mountain was incredibly beautiful.
La vue du sommet de la montagne était incroyablement belle.
B1 noun ɪˈnɪʃətɪv

initiative

initiative
Meaning
An act or strategy intended to resolve a difficulty or improve a situation; a fresh approach to something.
Example
NASA's initiative to return humans to the Moon is ambitious.
L'initiative de la NASA pour ramener des humains sur la Lune est ambitieuse.
A1 adjective /ˈɪntrəstɪŋ/ or /ˈɪntəˌrɛstɪŋ/

interesting

intéressant
Meaning
Arousing curiosity or attention; holding one’s interest.
Example
The documentary about space was very interesting.
Le documentaire sur l'espace était très intéressant.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɔːrˈɡænɪk/

inorganic

inorganique
Meaning
relating to substances that are not derived from living organisms; lacking organic structure or growth
Example
Inorganic compounds are commonly studied in chemistry labs.
Les composés inorganiques sont courants en chimie.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtræk.tə.bəl/

intractable

incontrôlable
Meaning
Difficult or impossible to manage, control, or solve.
Example
The conflict has become an intractable problem.
Le conflit est devenu un problème incontrôlable.
C2 noun /ˌɪnsəˈrɛkʃən/

insurrection

insurrection
Meaning
A violent uprising against an authority or government.
Example
The army was called in to suppress the insurrection.
L'armée a été appelée pour réprimer l'insurrection.
B2 adjective /ˈɪmɪnənt/

imminent

imminent
Meaning
About to happen; likely to occur very soon.
Example
Dark clouds signaled that a storm was imminent.
Les nuages sombres ont signalé qu'une tempête était imminente.
C2 verb /ɪnˈtɜːrpəˌleɪt/

interpolate

interpoler
Meaning
To insert something, often words, into a text or conversation; to estimate values between known data points.
Example
The editor interpolated a missing paragraph into the manuscript.
L'éditeur a interpolé un paragraphe manquant dans le manuscrit.
C1 noun /ˌɪnflɛksɪˈbɪlɪti/

inflexibility

inflexibilité
Meaning
the quality of being rigid or unwilling to change; lack of adaptability
Example
The inflexibility of the rules caused unnecessary delays.
L’inflexibilité des règles a causé des retards inutiles.
C1 adjective /ˈɪndɪɡoʊ bluː/

Indigo-blue

bleu indigo
Meaning
a deep blue color with a purplish tinge
Example
The indigo-blue sky looked magnificent at twilight.
Le ciel bleu indigo semblait magnifique au crépuscule.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfleɪtɪd/

inflated

gonflé
Meaning
excessively increased in size, value, or importance; filled with air or gas
Example
The company faced criticism for its inflated prices.
L'entreprise a fait face à des critiques en raison de ses prix gonflés.
C2 noun /ɪnˈɛrənsi/

inerrancy

inerrance
Meaning
the belief or quality of being free from error; absolute correctness
Example
Some religious groups strongly affirm the inerrancy of their sacred texts.
Certains groupes religieux affirment fermement l'inerrance de leurs textes sacrés.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈkoʊ.ɪt/ or /ɪnˈkoʊ.eɪt/

inchoate

incomplet
Meaning
Just begun and not fully formed; rudimentary.
Example
His inchoate ideas needed more research to be developed.
Ses idées incomplètes avaient besoin de plus de recherches pour être développées.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈɪnvəlɪd/ (adjective), /ɪnˈvælɪd/ (noun)

invalid

invalide
Meaning
Not valid; having no force or effect. Also refers to a person too weak or ill to care for themselves.
Example
The court declared the contract invalid.
Le tribunal a déclaré le contrat invalide.
B2 adverb /ɪmˈpɔːtəntli/

importantly

de manière importante
Meaning
in a way that is of great significance or value
Example
Importantly, the report highlights the need for immediate action.
De manière importante, le rapport souligne la nécessité d'une action immédiate.
C2 noun (compound/erroneous entry) /ɪnˈɛksərəbl ɑːrmi/

inexorableinexorablearmy

armée imparable
Meaning
This appears to be a corrupted or concatenated form; interpreted as 'inexorable army' — an unstoppable or relentless force.
Example
The rebels feared the inexorable army approaching their stronghold.
Les rebelles craignaient l'armée imparable qui approchait de leur bastion.
C2 noun /ˌɪmbəˈsɪləti/

imbecility

imbécillité
Meaning
Extreme foolishness, stupidity, or weakness of mind.
Example
The plan was abandoned due to its sheer imbecility.
Le plan a été abandonné en raison de son imbecilité pure.
C2 noun /ɪmˈpaɪ.ə.ti/

Impiety

impiété
Meaning
lack of piety or reverence, especially for a god; disrespect or irreverence toward religious matters
Example
His impiety shocked the religious community when he mocked their sacred ceremonies.
Son impiété a choqué la communauté religieuse lorsqu'il s'est moqué de leurs cérémonies sacrées.
B2 noun ɪnˈsɛntɪvz

incentives

incitations, incitatifs
Meaning
Things that motivate or encourage one to do something.
Example
Tax incentives are used to encourage investment in renewable energy.
Les incitations fiscales sont utilisées pour encourager les investissements dans l'énergie renouvelable.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈdɪs.ɪ.plɪ.nər.i

interdisciplinary

interdisciplinaire
Meaning
Relating to more than one branch of knowledge.
Example
The interdisciplinary approach in education enhances problem-solving skills.
L'approche interdisciplinaire en éducation améliore les compétences en résolution de problèmes.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛpərəbəl/

Irreparable

irréparable
Meaning
impossible to repair or fix; permanent damage that cannot be undone
Example
The accident caused irreparable damage to his spine.
L'accident a causé des dommages irréparables à sa colonne vertébrale.
C2 noun /ɪmˈpɒs.tʃər/

Imposture

imposture; fraude; tromperie
Meaning
the practice of deceiving others by pretending to be someone else; fraudulent deception
Example
The elaborate imposture lasted for months before investigators uncovered the truth.
L'imposture élaborée a duré des mois avant que les enquêteurs ne découvrent la vérité.
C2 adjective /ˌɪndaɪˈdʒestəbəl/

Indigestible

indigeste; difficile à digérer
Meaning
difficult or impossible to digest; hard to process in the stomach
Example
The old bread became hard and indigestible.
Le vieux pain est devenu dur et indigeste.
B2 noun ˌɪmplɪmenˈteɪʃən

implementation

mise en œuvre
Meaning
The process of putting a decision or plan into effect; execution.
Example
Proper implementation of policies is crucial.
La mise en œuvre correcte des politiques est cruciale.
C1 noun /ˌɪnækˈtɪvɪti/

inactivity

inactivité
Meaning
the state of not being active physically or mentally; lack of action
Example
Prolonged inactivity can negatively affect both physical and mental health.
Une inactivité prolongée peut nuire à la santé physique et mentale.
C2 noun /ɪˈluːmɪnənt/

illuminant

illuminant
Meaning
A substance or device that produces light.
Example
The lamp acted as an illuminant in the dark cave.
La lampe a agi comme un illuminant dans la grotte sombre.
A1 pronoun /ɪts/

its

son
Meaning
Belonging to or associated with a thing previously mentioned.
Example
The company changed its logo last year.
L'entreprise a changé son logo l'année dernière.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɜː.sənˈeɪ.ʃən/

impersonation

usurpation d'identité
Meaning
The action of pretending to be another person for the purpose of entertainment or fraud.
Example
Online impersonation is a serious cybercrime.
L'usurpation d'identité en ligne est un crime informatique grave.
C2 noun /ɪnˈvɛstɪtʃər/

investiture

cérémonie d'investiture
Meaning
the formal ceremony of conferring authority, rank, or office
Example
The king held an investiture ceremony for the new knight.
Le roi a organisé une cérémonie d'investiture pour le nouveau chevalier.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

incriminer
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
La nouvelle preuve pourrait incriminer le suspect dans l'affaire de vol.
C2 noun /ˌɪndɛnˈteɪʃən/

indentation

indentation
Meaning
A space left at the beginning of a line of text; a notch or deep recess on a surface.
Example
The teacher asked the students to use proper indentation in their essays.
Le professeur a demandé aux élèves d'utiliser une indentation correcte dans leurs essais.
C2 verb /ˈɪməleɪt/

immolate

immoler
Meaning
To kill or sacrifice, especially by burning.
Example
The protesters threatened to immolate themselves in front of the building.
Les manifestants ont menacé de s'immoler devant le bâtiment.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈseɪʃəbl̩/

insatiable

insatiable
Meaning
impossible to satisfy; always wanting more
Example
Her insatiable curiosity drove her to read every book in the library.
Sa curiosité insatiable l'a poussée à lire tous les livres de la bibliothèque.
C1 adjective ɪmˈpɛkəbl

impeccable

impeccable
Meaning
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Example
His impeccable taste in fashion was admired by all his peers.
Son goût impeccable en mode était admiré par tous ses pairs.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfjuːʒən/

infusion

infusion
Meaning
the act of introducing something into another; a drink made by steeping leaves or herbs in liquid
Example
She prepared a calming infusion of chamomile tea.
Elle a préparé une infusion apaisante de thé à la camomille.
A1 pronoun /aɪ/

i

je
Meaning
used by a speaker to refer to himself or herself
Example
I am learning English every day.
Je suis en train d'apprendre l'anglais tous les jours.
C2 noun /ˈɪkθiəˌsɔːrz/

ichthyosaurs

ichtyosaures (un type de reptile marin éteint)
Meaning
Extinct marine reptiles that resembled fish and dolphins, dominant during the Mesozoic era.
Example
Ichthyosaurs were swift predators of the ancient seas.
Les ichtyosaures étaient des prédateurs rapides des mers anciennes.
B2 adjective /ˈaɪ.dəl/

Idle

paresseux; inactif; ne travaillant pas
Meaning
lazy; inactive; not working or being used
Example
The factory workers were idle during the strike.
Les ouvriers de l'usine étaient inactifs pendant la grève.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈsɛnseɪt/

insensate

insensible
Meaning
lacking physical sensation or empathy; without feeling or sensitivity
Example
The dictator's insensate cruelty shocked the world.
La cruauté insensible du dictateur a choqué le monde.
A2 adverb /ˌɪnˈdɔːrz/

indoors

à l’intérieur
Meaning
inside a building; within an enclosed space
Example
Because of the rain, everyone stayed indoors.
À cause de la pluie, tout le monde est resté à l’intérieur.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɑːrʃəl/

Impartial

impartial; neutre
Meaning
treating all sides fairly; unbiased; neutral
Example
A good judge must remain impartial throughout the trial.
Un bon juge doit rester impartial tout au long du procès.
B2 adjective /aɪˈrɒnɪk/

ironic

ironique, sarcastique
Meaning
happening in the opposite way to what is expected, often amusing or sarcastic
Example
It is ironic that the fire station burned down.
Il est ironique que la caserne de pompiers ait brûlé.
A2 pronoun /ɪtˈsɛlf/

itself

lui-même
Meaning
Used to emphasize the thing just mentioned; by its own power or effort.
Example
The cat cleaned itself after eating.
Le chat s'est nettoyé lui-même après avoir mangé.
C2 verb /ɪnˈveɪ/

inveigh

critiquer sévèrement
Meaning
To speak or write about something with great hostility and criticism.
Example
He inveighed against the corruption in government.
Il a critiqué sévèrement la corruption dans le gouvernement.
B2 noun /ˌɪmpərˈfɛkʃən/

imperfection

imperfection
Meaning
a flaw, defect, or weakness; the state of being imperfect
Example
She accepted her imperfection as part of being human.
Elle a accepté son imperfection comme faisant partie de l’humanité.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈkɒntɪnənt/

incontinent

incontinent
Meaning
lacking control over urination or defecation; lacking self-restraint
Example
The patient was incontinent after surgery.
Le patient était incontinent après l'opération.
B1 verb ɪnˈkriːsɪŋ

increasing

croissant
Meaning
Becoming or making greater in size, amount, intensity, or degree; growing.
Example
Increasing awareness about education is necessary.
Augmenter la sensibilisation à l'éducation est nécessaire.
C2 adjective /ɪˈmɒdɪst/

immodest

prétentieux / indécent
Meaning
lacking humility or decency; excessively proud or improper
Example
His immodest remarks offended the audience.
Ses remarques prétentieuses ont offensé le public.
C1 adjective /ˌaɪdiəˈlɪstɪk/

Idealistic

idéaliste
Meaning
pursuing high principles or ideals; unrealistically optimistic
Example
She has an idealistic view of changing the world.
Elle a une vision idéaliste de changer le monde.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈstɪŋk.tɪv/

instinctive

instinctif, naturel, automatique
Meaning
Based on instinct; done without conscious thought; natural and automatic.
Example
His instinctive reaction saved his life.
Sa réaction instinctive lui a sauvé la vie.
B1 adjective /ˌɪmpəˈlaɪt/

impolite

impoli
Meaning
Not showing good manners; rude.
Example
It is impolite to interrupt someone while they are speaking.
Il est impoli d'interrompre quelqu'un pendant qu'il parle.
C2 noun /ɪmp/

imp

petit diablotin espiègle
Meaning
a small mischievous devil or sprite; a playful troublemaker
Example
The child was acting like a little imp, hiding his toys everywhere.
L'enfant agissait comme un petit diablotin, cachant ses jouets partout.
C1 noun ˌɪntədɪˈpɛndənsi

interdependency

interdépendance
Meaning
The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Example
The interdependency of the countries led to greater cooperation.
L'interdépendance des pays a conduit à une coopération accrue.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈvaɪələbl/

inviolable

inviolable
Meaning
never to be broken, dishonored, or violated
Example
Human rights are considered inviolable in modern democracies.
Les droits de l'homme sont considérés comme inviolables dans les démocraties modernes.
C1 noun /ˌɪməˈtjʊərəti/

immaturity

immaturité
Meaning
the state of not being fully developed emotionally, mentally, or physically; lack of maturity
Example
His immaturity made it difficult for him to handle responsibility.
Son immaturité a rendu la gestion des responsabilités difficile.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɒl.ər.ə.bəl/

Intolerable

intolérable
Meaning
unable to be endured; extremely unpleasant or painful
Example
The noise from the construction site was intolerable.
Le bruit du chantier était intolérable.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈtækt/

intact

intacte
Meaning
Remaining whole, complete, and undamaged.
Example
Despite the storm, the old house remained intact.
Malgré la tempête, la vieille maison est restée intacte.
A2 verb /ɪnˈkluːd/

include

inclure
Meaning
to have as part of a whole; to contain or comprise
Example
The price includes all taxes.
Le prix inclut toutes les taxes.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈfɪə.ri.ər/

inferior

inférieur
Meaning
Of lower quality, rank, or status.
Example
This material is inferior to the one we used before.
Ce matériau est inférieur à celui que nous avons utilisé auparavant.
C2 noun /ɪnˈkwɪzɪtər/

inquisitor

inquisiteur
Meaning
A person who asks many questions, often in an official or harsh manner.
Example
The inquisitor demanded detailed answers from the witness.
L'inquisiteur a exigé des réponses détaillées du témoin.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪstənt/

inconsistent

incohérent
Meaning
Not staying the same throughout; lacking harmony or regularity.
Example
His answers were inconsistent and confusing.
Ses réponses étaient incohérentes et confuses.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʌkt/

induct

admettre formellement quelqu'un dans une position, organisation ou bureau
Meaning
to formally admit someone into a position, organization, or office
Example
She was inducted into the university's honor society.
Elle a été admise dans la société d'honneur de l'université.
C1 verb ɪˈnɔː.ɡjə.reɪ.tɪd

inaugurated

inauguré
Meaning
Begin or introduce (a system, policy, or period) formally.
Example
The organization was inaugurated officially.
L'organisation a été inaugurée officiellement.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənl/

institutional

institutionnel
Meaning
Relating to an organization or established practice.
Example
The government made several institutional reforms in education.
Le gouvernement a mis en œuvre plusieurs réformes institutionnelles dans l'éducation.
B2 adjective /ɪmˈplɪsɪt/

implicit

implicite
Meaning
Suggested or understood without being directly stated.
Example
Her trust in him was implicit.
Sa confiance en lui était implicite.
B2 noun /ɪnˈveɪʒən/

invasion

invasion
Meaning
An instance of invading a country, region, or personal space with armed force or unwelcome presence.
Example
The army prepared for the possibility of an invasion.
L'armée s'est préparée à la possibilité d'une invasion.
A2 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈdʌk.ʃən/

introduction

introduction
Meaning
the action of introducing something or someone; an opening or beginning part
Example
The professor gave a brief introduction before starting the lecture.
Le professeur a donné une brève introduction avant de commencer le cours.
C1 noun ɪnˈflɛk.ʃən

inflection

inflexion
Meaning
The change in pitch or tone of voice when speaking for emphasis.
Example
His inflection kept the audience engaged.
Son inflexion a captivé le public.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈplækəbl/

implacable

implacable
Meaning
unable to be appeased, calmed, or pacified
Example
The soldiers faced an implacable enemy who refused to surrender.
Les soldats ont affronté un ennemi implacable qui a refusé de se rendre.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkwɪzɪtɪv/

inquisitive

inquisitif
Meaning
Curious or eager to learn and ask questions.
Example
The inquisitive child asked endless questions about the stars.
L'enfant inquisitif a posé d'innombrables questions sur les étoiles.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfleɪm/

inflame

enflammer
Meaning
to arouse strong feelings or provoke anger; to cause inflammation in the body
Example
The politician's remarks served to inflame public opinion.
Les remarques du politicien ont servi à enflammer l'opinion publique.
B2 noun /ɪnˈvɛstɪˌɡeɪtər/

investigator

bonheur
Meaning
a person who carries out a formal inquiry or investigation
Example
The investigator gathered evidence from the crime scene.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B2 noun, verb /ˈɪnstɪˌtjuːt/

institute

institut
Meaning
as a noun, an organization founded for a specific purpose; as a verb, to establish or initiate
Example
The university decided to institute new rules for the library.
L'université a décidé d'instituer de nouvelles règles pour la bibliothèque.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Indignity

indignité; humiliation; déshonneur;
Meaning
treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or loss of dignity; humiliation
Example
She refused to suffer the indignity of being searched without proper cause.
Elle a refusé de subir l'indignité d'être fouillée sans raison valable.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpɒndərəbl̩/

imponderable

impondérable
Meaning
Something difficult or impossible to estimate, assess, or understand
Example
The outcome of the election depends on many imponderable factors.
Le résultat des élections dépend de nombreux facteurs impondérables.
A2 noun/adjective /ˌɪndɪˈvɪdʒuəl/

individual

individu
Meaning
A single human being as distinct from a group; relating to one person.
Example
Each individual has the right to freedom of speech.
Chaque individu a le droit à la liberté d'expression.
B2 adjective /ɪˈlɪt.ər.ət/

Illiterate

analphabète; illettré; ignorants
Meaning
unable to read or write; lacking education
Example
The program aims to help illiterate adults learn to read and write.
Le programme vise à aider les adultes illettrés à apprendre à lire et à écrire.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈdʒɛnjuəs/

ingenuous

ingénu
Meaning
Innocent, naive, and unsuspecting; showing childlike simplicity and sincerity.
Example
Her ingenuous smile revealed her genuine kindness.
Son sourire ingénu révélait sa véritable gentillesse.
B1 noun /ɪnˈstrʌkʃənz/

instructions

instructions
Meaning
Detailed information on how something should be done or operated.
Example
Please follow the instructions on the box.
Veuillez suivre les instructions sur la boîte.
C2 verb /ɪmˈpɛnd/

impend

se profiler
Meaning
to be about to happen; to loom threateningly
Example
Dark clouds suggested that a storm was impeding.
Les nuages sombres suggéraient qu'une tempête était imminente.
C1 verb /ɪnˈfrɪndʒ/

infringe

enfreindre
Meaning
To actively break the terms of a law, agreement, or right.
Example
Copying this software without permission will infringe copyright laws.
Copier ce logiciel sans permission enfreindra les lois sur le droit d'auteur.
B2 adjective ɪnˈev.ɪ.tə.bəl

inevitable

inévitable
Meaning
Certain to happen; unavoidable.
Example
Death is an inevitable part of life.
La mort est une partie inévitable de la vie.
C2 noun /ɪˈreɪdiəns/

irradiance

irradiance
Meaning
the quality of shining brightly; the intensity of light falling on a surface
Example
The irradiance of the sun at noon was overwhelming.
L'irradiance du soleil à midi était accablante.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɒvərɪʃ/

impoverish

appauvrir
Meaning
To make someone poor or reduce the quality or richness of something.
Example
The long war impoverished the entire nation.
La longue guerre a appauvri toute la nation.
A2 adjective /ˈɪntrəstɪd/

interested

intéressé
Meaning
Showing curiosity or concern about something.
Example
She is very interested in learning new languages.
Elle est très intéressée par l'apprentissage de nouvelles langues.
C2 verb /ɪmˈpjuːn/

impugn

contester la vérité, la validité ou l'honnêteté d'une déclaration ou d'un motif
Meaning
to dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of a statement or motive
Example
The lawyer tried to impugn the credibility of the witness.
L'avocat a essayé de contester la crédibilité du témoin.
C1 noun/verb /ˈɪmprɪnt/

imprint

empreinte
Meaning
A mark or impression made by pressure; to establish or fix firmly in someone's mind.
Example
The event left an indelible imprint on the city's history.
L'événement a laissé une empreinte indélébile dans l'histoire de la ville.
B2 noun ɪnˈfleɪʃən

inflation

inflation
Meaning
A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money.
Example
Inflation erodes the purchasing power of consumers.
L'inflation érode le pouvoir d'achat des consommateurs.
B2 adverb /ɪmˈpɒlɪtli/

impolitely

impoliment
Meaning
in a rude or discourteous manner; without showing respect or proper manners
Example
He spoke impolitely to the waiter despite the polite service.
Il a parlé impoliment au serveur malgré le bon service.
C1 noun ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl ˈdæmɪdʒ

irreversible damage

dommages irréversibles
Meaning
Harm or injury that cannot be undone or repaired.
Example
Climate change causes irreversible damage to ecosystems.
Le changement climatique cause des dommages irréversibles aux écosystèmes.
C2 noun /ɪnˈsɪpiəns/

incipience

début
Meaning
the beginning or initial stage of something
Example
The project was still in its incipience when funding was approved.
Le projet en était encore à ses débuts lorsque le financement a été approuvé.
C2 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈkɒnsɪləbl/

irreconcilable

irréconciliable
Meaning
impossible to make compatible or bring into harmony; unable to resolve differences
Example
The couple separated due to irreconcilable differences.
Le couple s'est séparé en raison de différences irréconciliables.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːrnəl/

infernal

infernal
Meaning
relating to hell; extremely troublesome or annoying
Example
The workers complained about the infernal noise from the construction site.
Les travailleurs se sont plaints du bruit infernal provenant du site de construction.
C1 noun /aɪl/

isle

petite île
Meaning
A small island or peninsula, often poetic or literary.
Example
They spent their honeymoon on a beautiful tropical isle.
Ils ont passé leur lune de miel sur une belle île tropicale.
B2 noun /ɪnˈspekʃən/

inspection

inspection
Meaning
a careful examination of something, especially to check that it is correct or safe
Example
The building passed the safety inspection last week.
Le bâtiment a passé l'inspection de sécurité la semaine dernière.
B2 verb /ˈɪl.ə.streɪt/

illustrate

illustrer
Meaning
to explain or make something clear by using examples, pictures, or comparisons
Example
The teacher used diagrams to illustrate the concept.
Le professeur a utilisé des diagrammes pour illustrer le concept.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛər/

impair

altérer
Meaning
to weaken or damage something, especially a function or ability
Example
Smoking can impair your lung capacity.
Fumer peut nuire à votre capacité pulmonaire.
C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

inversement; de manière opposée
Meaning
in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner
Example
The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.
Le prix des biens est inversement lié à leur disponibilité sur le marché.