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B1 verb /fəʊld/

fold

plier
Meaning
to bend something, especially paper or cloth, so that one part covers another
Example
She folded the letter neatly before placing it in the envelope.
Elle a plié la lettre soigneusement avant de la placer dans l'enveloppe.
B1 noun /dɪˈvɪʒən/

division

division
Meaning
the action of separating something into parts; or a large administrative unit
Example
The company has a separate division for research and development.
L'entreprise a une division séparée pour la recherche et le développement.
B1 noun /ˈspɪn.ɪtʃ/

Spinach

épinard
Meaning
a vegetable with large dark green leaves that are eaten cooked or uncooked
Example
Fresh spinach is very nutritious.
Les épinards frais sont très nutritifs.
B2 noun /ɡreɪn/

Grain

grain
Meaning
wheat or any other cultivated cereal crop used as food; a single seed of a cereal
Example
The farmer stored large quantities of grain in the barn after the harvest.
Le fermier a stocké de grandes quantités de grain dans la grange après la récolte.
B2 noun /wɜːrd fɔːrˈmeɪʃən/

word formation

formation des mots
Meaning
the process by which new words are created or existing words are modified in a language
Example
Word formation helps learners understand how new vocabulary develops in English.
La formation des mots est importante en linguistique.
B1 adjective /ɡrænd/

Grand

grand; magnifique; excellent;
Meaning
impressive; magnificent; excellent;
Example
The grand palace impressed all the visitors.
Le grand palais a impressionné tous les visiteurs.
B2 noun ˌsensɪˈtɪvɪti

sensitivity

sensibilité
Meaning
The quality or condition of being sensitive; responsiveness to stimuli.
Example
Bose proved plant sensitivity through experiments.
Bose a prouvé la sensibilité des plantes par des expériences.
B2 noun /ˈæli/

alley

ruelle
Meaning
a narrow passageway between or behind buildings
Example
They walked through a dark alley to reach the main road.
Ils ont traversé une ruelle sombre pour atteindre la rue principale.
A2 verb /ˈdraɪvɪŋ/

driving

conduite
Meaning
the act of controlling and operating a vehicle; guiding or motivating something forward
Example
She loves driving along the coast on weekends.
Elle adore conduire le long de la côte pendant le week-end.
B2 noun /ˈeɪkər/

acre

acre
Meaning
a unit of land area equal to 4,840 square yards (about 4,047 square meters)
Example
The farmer owns five acres of fertile land.
Le fermier possède cinq acres de terre fertile.
C2 adjective /ˈstɜːr.tər.əs/

stertorous

ronflement bruyant
Meaning
Characterized by heavy snoring or breathing.
Example
The patient’s stertorous breathing alarmed the nurses.
La respiration stertoreuse du patient a alarmé les infirmières.
A2 noun /reɪt/

rate

taux
Meaning
the cost or price of something, or the amount at which something happens
Example
The rate of inflation is increasing every year.
Le taux d'inflation augmente chaque année.
A2 noun /ˈtraɪ.sɪ.kəl/

Tricycle

tricycle
Meaning
a three-wheeled vehicle, especially one for children
Example
The child rode his tricycle in the park.
L'enfant a monté son tricycle dans le parc.
C2 noun /ˈmɛtəfɔːrm/

metaphorm

forme métaphorique
Meaning
A coined or rare term sometimes used to describe a hybrid form of metaphor and form in literature or art.
Example
The poet introduced a metaphorm to blend imagery with structure.
Le poète a introduit une métaphorme pour mélanger l'imagerie avec la structure.
C2 verb /ˈblʌstər/

bluster

vantes
Meaning
to speak loudly in an aggressive or threatening way, often without real power
Example
The manager blustered about firing people but did nothing.
Le manager a menacé de renvoyer des gens mais n'a rien fait.
C1 noun ˌfræɡ.mənˈteɪ.ʃən

fragmentation

fragmentation
Meaning
The process or state of breaking or being broken into fragments.
Example
Habitat fragmentation threatens many species.
La fragmentation de l'habitat menace de nombreuses espèces.
A2 modal verb /ʃæl/

shall

devoir
Meaning
used to express the future or indicate an intention or determination
Example
I shall return before sunset.
Je reviendrai avant le coucher du soleil.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpruːdənt/

imprudent

imprudent
Meaning
Not showing care for the consequences of an action.
Example
It was imprudent to drive in such stormy weather.
C'était imprudent de conduire par un temps aussi orageux.
B1 verb /leɪ/

lay

poser
Meaning
to put something down in a flat position; to place carefully
Example
Please lay the book on the table.
Veuillez poser le livre sur la table.
B1 noun /pəˈsɪf.ɪk ˈoʊ.ʃən/

Pacific Ocean

Océan Pacifique
Meaning
The largest and deepest ocean on Earth, stretching from Asia to the Americas.
Example
The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean on Earth.
L'océan Pacifique est le plus grand océan de la Terre.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪrjʊlənt/

virulent

extrêmement nuisible
Meaning
Extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
Example
The virulent disease spread rapidly across the region.
La maladie virulente s'est rapidement propagée à travers la région.
C1 adjective /prəˈfɛtɪk/

prophetic

prophétique
Meaning
accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future
Example
His prophetic words came true after many years.
Ses paroles prophétiques se sont réalisées après de nombreuses années.
C1 adjective /ˈmɒnstrəs/

Monstrous

monstrueux; extrêmement grand; choquant ou malveillant; anormal ou contre nature
Meaning
extremely large; shockingly evil or wrong; abnormal or unnatural
Example
The monstrous crime shocked the entire community.
Le crime monstrueux a choqué toute la communauté.
C1 noun /ˈherən/

Heron

héron
Meaning
large wading bird with long legs and neck that feeds on fish
Example
The heron stood motionless by the water's edge, waiting for fish.
Le héron se tenait immobile au bord de l'eau, attendant les poissons.
C2 adjective /kɒnˈsæŋɡwɪn/

consanguine

consanguin
Meaning
Of the same blood or origin; related by birth.
Example
The two families were consanguine through their grandparents.
Les deux familles étaient consanguines par leurs grands-parents.
C2 noun /kɒŋk/

Conch

conque
Meaning
a large sea shell that can be used as a horn; the marine mollusk that lives in such a shell
Example
The fisherman blew the conch shell to signal the end of the day.
Le pêcheur a soufflé dans la conque pour signaler la fin de la journée.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənt/

condiment

condiment
Meaning
a substance such as salt, mustard, or ketchup that is used to add flavor to food
Example
Ketchup is a popular condiment in many countries.
Le ketchup est un condiment populaire dans de nombreux pays.
B2 noun /ˌɔːltəˈreɪʃən/

alteration

altération
Meaning
a change or modification made to something
Example
The tailor made an alteration to the suit.
Le tailleur a fait une altération au costume.
C1 verb /ˈkwɪkən/

quicken

accélérer
Meaning
to make or become faster; to accelerate
Example
His pulse began to quicken as he approached the finish line.
Son pouls a commencé à s'accélérer à mesure qu'il s'approchait de la ligne d'arrivée.
C1 noun /ˈsaɪd.laɪn dɪˈskʌʃənz/

sideline discussions

discussions secondaires
Meaning
Informal or secondary conversations that occur outside the main agenda of a formal meeting.
Example
Sideline discussions often lead to agreements.
Les discussions secondaires mènent souvent à des accords.
C1 noun kɒɡˈnɪʃ.ən

cognition

cognition
Meaning
The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses.
Example
Cognition plays a key role in learning.
La cognition joue un rôle clé dans l'apprentissage.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒz.mɪk/

cosmic

cosmique, vaste
Meaning
relating to the universe or cosmos; vast
Example
Astronomers study cosmic phenomena to understand the universe.
Les astronomes étudient les phénomènes cosmiques pour comprendre l'univers.
A2 noun /buːt/

Boot

botte
Meaning
sturdy footwear covering the foot and ankle or lower leg
Example
He laced up his hiking boots before the mountain trek.
Il a mis ses bottes de randonnée avant la randonnée en montagne.
B1 adjective /əˈkeɪ.ʒən.əl/

Occasional

occasionnel
Meaning
occurring infrequently or irregularly; happening from time to time
Example
She enjoys occasional walks in the park.
Elle aime les promenades occasionnelles dans le parc.
C1 noun /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

sustainable agriculture

agriculture durable
Meaning
Farming practices that meet current food needs while preserving environmental resources and maintaining the ability to produce food for future generations through ecologically sound methods.
Example
Sustainable agriculture practices protect the environment while ensuring food security.
Les pratiques d'agriculture durable protègent l'environnement tout en assurant la sécurité alimentaire.
C2 adjective /ˈtɔːrpɪd/

torpid

léthargique
Meaning
Mentally or physically inactive; sluggish or lethargic.
Example
After the long hike, he felt torpid and unmotivated.
Après la longue randonnée, il se sentait léthargique et démotivé.
B2 noun /ˈkʊk.uː/

Cuckoo

coucou
Meaning
a bird known for its distinctive call and for laying eggs in other birds' nests
Example
We heard the cuckoo calling from the forest early in the morning.
Nous avons entendu le chant du coucou depuis la forêt tôt le matin.
B2 adjective /kəmˈpoʊzd/

composed

calme
Meaning
calm and in control of oneself; made up of or formed from
Example
He remained composed even under pressure.
Il est resté calme même sous pression.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪθiˈɪstɪk/

atheistic

athéiste
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of atheists or atheism.
Example
She grew up in an atheistic household with no religious rituals.
Elle a grandi dans une maison athée sans rituels religieux.
A2 noun /nɒk/

Knock

coup; toc
Meaning
a sudden sharp blow; the sound of striking something
Example
There was a loud knock at the door late at night.
Il y a eu un grand coup à la porte tard dans la nuit.
C2 verb /ˌnɒnˈplʌs/

nonplus

décontenancer
Meaning
To surprise and confuse someone so much that they are unsure how to react.
Example
The unexpected question seemed to nonplus the speaker.
La question inattendue sembla décontenancer l'orateur.
C1 adjective /dɪˈskrɪmɪˌneɪtɪŋ/

discriminating

discriminant
Meaning
Having refined taste or good judgment; able to recognize subtle differences.
Example
She is known for her discriminating taste in art.
Elle est connue pour son goût discriminant en art.
B1 noun /rɪˈzɔː.sɪz/

resources

ressources
Meaning
A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets.
Example
The region was rich in herbal resources.
La région était riche en ressources herbacées.
C1 verb dɪˈlɪnieɪt

delineate

décrire de manière précise
Meaning
To describe or portray something precisely
Example
The artist delineated the scene in intricate detail.
L'artiste a délimité la scène avec des détails complexes.
C1 adjective /ˈstæɡ.nənt/

Stagnant

stagnant; immobile; sans développement
Meaning
not moving or flowing; showing no activity or development
Example
The stagnant water in the pond was covered with algae.
L'eau stagnante dans l'étang était recouverte d'algues.
C1 noun /ˈpɛdəstəl/

pedestal

socle / piédestal
Meaning
the base or support on which a statue or object stands
Example
The statue was placed on a marble pedestal.
La statue a été placée sur un piédestal en marbre.
C2 noun /ˈvɜːrdɪɡriːs/

verdigris

dépôt vert ou bleu
Meaning
A green or bluish deposit that forms on copper, brass, or bronze surfaces due to oxidation.
Example
The old statue was covered in verdigris after years of exposure to the rain.
La vieille statue était couverte de verdigris après des années d'exposition à la pluie.
C1 adverb /ˈrɪdʒɪdli/

Rigidly

rigidement; de manière inflexible
Meaning
in a strict, inflexible manner; without compromise
Example
The rules are rigidly enforced in this institution.
Les règles sont rigidement appliquées dans cette institution.
C1 noun /ˈpoʊtənsi/

potency

puissance
Meaning
The power or ability of something to affect or influence; strength or effectiveness.
Example
The potency of the new medicine amazed the doctors.
La puissance du nouveau médicament a étonné les médecins.
C1 noun /ˈskæf.əld/

Scaffold

échafaud
Meaning
a temporary structure used by workers to stand on when building or repairing something high; a platform for execution
Example
The workers erected a scaffold to paint the building's exterior.
Les ouvriers ont érigé un échafaud pour peindre l'extérieur du bâtiment.
C1 noun /ˈlɔː.ləs.nəs/

Lawlessness

illégalité
Meaning
absence of law and order; a state where laws do not exist or are not enforced
Example
The city descended into lawlessness after the government collapsed.
La ville est tombée dans l'illégalité après l'effondrement du gouvernement.
B1 verb /ˈpʌzəl/

puzzle

casse-tête
Meaning
to confuse or perplex; to think hard about something
Example
The math problem will puzzle even the experts.
Le problème de mathématiques troublera même les experts.
C2 noun /ˈbɒmbæst/

bombast

langage pompeux
Meaning
speech or writing that is overly pompous and inflated
Example
His campaign speech was full of bombast but lacked real substance.
Son discours de campagne était rempli de bombast mais manquait de véritable substance.
B2 noun ˈkɑː.bən

carbon

carbone
Meaning
The chemical element of atomic number 6, occurring as diamond, graphite, and charcoal.
Example
Carbon emissions must be controlled.
Les émissions de carbone doivent être contrôlées.
A2 noun /ˈpoʊst ˌɒfɪs/

post office

bureau de poste
Meaning
a public building or agency where mail is sent, received, and other postal services are provided
Example
I went to the post office to mail a package.
Je suis allé au bureau de poste pour envoyer un colis.
B2 adjective /ˈvaɪ.brənt/

Vibrant

vibrant; plein de vie; éclatant
Meaning
full of energy and life; bright and striking
Example
The vibrant colors of the sunset painted the sky beautifully.
Les couleurs vibrantes du coucher du soleil ont peint le ciel magnifiquement.
A2 noun /ˈkloʊðɪŋ/

clothing

vêtements
Meaning
items worn to cover the body; apparel collectively
Example
Warm clothing is essential in winter.
Les vêtements chauds sont essentiels en hiver.
C1 verb /ˈmɑːrdʒɪnəlaɪz/

marginalize

marginaliser, mettre à l'écart
Meaning
To treat a person or group as unimportant or insignificant.
Example
The policy marginalized minority communities.
La politique a marginalisé les communautés minoritaires.
A2 noun sɔːŋz

songs

chansons
Meaning
A short poem or other set of words set to music or meant to be sung.
Example
Listen to songs to learn pronunciation.
Écoutez des chansons pour apprendre la prononciation.
C1 noun /straɪf/

strife

conflit, lutte
Meaning
angry or violent conflict; struggle or discord
Example
The region has been torn apart by political strife.
La région a été déchirée par des conflits politiques.
B1 verb /ɡræb/

grab

attraper
Meaning
To seize something quickly and firmly.
Example
He tried to grab the ball before it rolled away.
Il a essayé de saisir le ballon avant qu'il ne roule.
C1 verb /rɪˈtɔːrt/

retort

réplique
Meaning
To reply quickly or sharply, often in a witty or angry manner.
Example
He quickly retorted that he was not to blame.
Il a rapidement répondu qu'il n'était pas à blâmer.
C2 noun /ˈdʒʌŋkɪt/

junket

voyage ou célébration
Meaning
A trip or celebration, often funded by someone else, usually for pleasure or promotional purposes.
Example
The company organized a junket for journalists to promote their new resort.
L'entreprise a organisé un voyage pour les journalistes afin de promouvoir leur nouveau complexe.
B2 noun /ˈtɜːnˌəʊvə/

turnover

chiffre d'affaires
Meaning
the amount of business conducted during a particular period, or the rate at which employees leave a company
Example
The company reported a high turnover in its sales department.
L'entreprise a rapporté un chiffre d'affaires élevé dans son département des ventes.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəˈkaʊntəbl/

unaccountable

inexplicable
Meaning
Not able to be explained or justified.
Example
She felt an unaccountable fear as she entered the dark room.
Elle ressentait une peur inexplicable en entrant dans la pièce sombre.
C1 adjective ˈæl.ɡə.rɪ.ðəm drɪv.ən

algorithm-driven

piloté par algorithmes.
Meaning
Controlled or powered by computer algorithms.
Example
Algorithm-driven systems increase accuracy.
Les systèmes pilotés par des algorithmes augmentent la précision.
A2 verb /ˈædvərˌtaɪz/

advertise

faire de la publicité
Meaning
to promote or publicize a product or service
Example
They advertise their products on television.
Ils font de la publicité pour leurs produits à la télévision.
C1 noun /ˈmeɪniæk/

maniac

maniaque
Meaning
a person who behaves in a wildly foolish, dangerous, or violent way
Example
The driver was speeding like a maniac.
Le conducteur roulait à toute vitesse comme un maniaque.
A1 noun /mɪlk/

Milk

lait
Meaning
a white liquid produced by cows, goats, or other mammals, used as food
Example
Children need to drink milk for strong bones.
Les enfants doivent boire du lait pour avoir des os solides.
B2 adjective /ɪkˈsprɛsɪv/

expressive

expressif
Meaning
Effectively conveying thought or feeling.
Example
Her eyes were so expressive that no words were needed.
Ses yeux étaient tellement expressifs qu'aucun mot n'était nécessaire.
B2 noun /ˈprɒs.pekts/

prospects

perspectives
Meaning
The possibility or likelihood of some future event occurring.
Example
The prospects for growth look promising.
Les perspectives de croissance semblent prometteuses.
C2 verb /ɪnˈθroʊn/

enthrone

introniser
Meaning
to install someone on a throne or to give someone high status
Example
The king was enthroned in a grand ceremony.
Le roi fut intronisé lors d'une grande cérémonie.
B1 noun, verb /bʌz/

buzz

bourdonnement
Meaning
to make a low continuous humming sound; a feeling of excitement or interest
Example
I could hear the phone buzz during the meeting.
J’ai entendu le téléphone bourdonner pendant la réunion.
A2 noun, verb /ˈriːzən/

reason

raison, motif
Meaning
A cause, explanation, or justification for an action or event; to think or argue logically.
Example
There is no reason to be upset.
Il n'y a aucune raison d'être contrarié.
B2 noun fɪkst ˈɪnkʌm

fixed income

revenu fixe
Meaning
Investment that provides a return in the form of fixed periodic payments.
Example
Fixed income investments provide reliable returns.
Les investissements à revenu fixe fournissent des rendements fiables.
B2 adjective ədˈmɪn.ɪ.strə.tɪv

administrative

administratif
Meaning
Relating to the running of a business, organization, etc.; concerned with or relating to management or administration.
Example
Administrative reforms improve efficiency.
Les réformes administratives améliorent l'efficacité.
A2 noun /taɪər/

tire

pneu
Meaning
a rubber covering around a wheel
Example
The car’s tire burst on the highway.
Le pneu de la voiture a éclaté sur l'autoroute.
B2 noun /ˈdiː.lɪŋ/

Dealing

transaction; traitement; affaires
Meaning
business transactions; the way of treating people or handling situations
Example
His fair dealing with customers earned him an excellent reputation.
Son traitement équitable des clients lui a valu une excellente réputation.
A1 adverb /naʊ/

now

maintenant
Meaning
at the present moment or time
Example
I am studying now.
Je suis en train d'étudier maintenant.
C1 verb, noun /sæp/

sap

sève / épuiser
Meaning
As a noun: the vital fluid in plants; As a verb: to gradually weaken or drain strength.
Example
The long journey began to sap his energy.
Le long voyage a commencé à épuiser son énergie.
C2 adjective, adverb /əˈbʌvˌbɔːrd/

aboveboard

Honnête et ouvert
Meaning
Open and honest; without deception or trickery.
Example
The business deal was completely aboveboard.
L'accord commercial était complètement honnête et ouvert.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪlfəl/

willful

volontaire
Meaning
Deliberate, intentional, or stubbornly determined to do as one wants.
Example
Her willful disregard for the rules got her into trouble.
Son comportement volontaire en ignorant les règles l'a mise dans une situation difficile.
B1 noun /sɛks/

sex

sexe
Meaning
the biological distinction between male and female; sexual activity
Example
He was asked about his sex at the doctor's office.
Il a été interrogé sur son sexe au cabinet du médecin.
A1 noun /ɡaɪ/

guy

mec
Meaning
an informal term for a man; sometimes used to refer to a person in general
Example
That guy over there is my best friend.
Ce mec là-bas est mon meilleur ami.
B2 noun /ˈswiː.pər/

Sweeper

balayeur
Meaning
a person whose job is to clean floors and streets by sweeping
Example
The sweeper cleaned the school corridor every morning.
Le balayeur nettoyait le couloir de l'école chaque matin.
C1 verb /ˈrʌsl/

rustle

bruire
Meaning
To make a soft, light sound like leaves or paper moving.
Example
The leaves rustled gently in the evening breeze.
Les feuilles bruissaient doucement dans la brise du soir.
C2 noun /bəˈnæləti/

banality

banalité
Meaning
The condition of being unoriginal, boring, or obvious; trite remark or quality.
Example
The speech was criticized for its banality and lack of originality.
Le discours a été critiqué pour sa banalité et son manque d'originalité.
A2 verb /əˈpɪə/

appear

apparaître
Meaning
to become visible or come into sight; to seem
Example
She appeared suddenly at the door.
Elle est apparue soudainement à la porte.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt/

indulgent

indulgent
Meaning
Having a tendency to be overly generous or lenient with someone.
Example
The indulgent mother allowed her child to stay up late.
La mère indulgente a permis à son enfant de rester éveillé tard.
B2 adjective /ˈɔː.rəl/

Oral

oral; relatif à la bouche
Meaning
spoken rather than written; relating to the mouth
Example
The oral examination will test your speaking skills.
L'examen oral évaluera vos compétences orales.
C2 noun /ˈbɪlɪŋzˌɡeɪt/

billingsgate

langage grossier ou abusif
Meaning
Coarse or abusive language; vulgar or offensive speech.
Example
The heated argument quickly descended into billingsgate.
La discussion animée est rapidement descendue dans un langage grossier.
B2 verb /θɔː/

thaw

fondre
Meaning
to melt or cause to melt after being frozen
Example
The ice began to thaw in the sun.
La glace a commencé à fondre au soleil.
C1 noun /ˈpruːdəns/

prudence

prudence
Meaning
The quality of being cautious, wise, and exercising good judgment.
Example
She invested her money with great prudence.
Elle a investi son argent avec une grande prudence.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌbɛər/

forebear

ancêtre
Meaning
An ancestor, especially one who lived a long time ago.
Example
He often speaks of his forebears with great respect.
Il parle souvent de ses ancêtres avec beaucoup de respect.
B2 adjective /ˈklʌm.zi/

clumsy

maladroit
Meaning
awkward in movement or lacking skill
Example
He is so clumsy that he drops things all the time.
Il est tellement maladroit qu'il laisse toujours tomber des choses.
C1 noun /ˈprɛljuːd/

prelude

prélude
Meaning
An action, event, or statement that serves as an introduction to something more important.
Example
The small fight was only a prelude to a bigger conflict.
La petite bagarre n'était qu'un prélude à un plus grand conflit.
A1 verb /spend/

spend

dépensé
Meaning
to use money to buy something; to pass time
Example
I spend too much money on books.
Je dépense trop d'argent pour des livres.
C2 noun /ˈsʌfərəns/

sufferance

tolérance
Meaning
patient endurance of pain, hardship, or delay; passive consent or tolerance
Example
He lived in poverty with quiet sufferance.
Il vivait dans la pauvreté avec une tolérance silencieuse.
C2 noun /ˈɔːlmənæk/

almanac

almanach
Meaning
An annual publication containing calendars, weather forecasts, astronomical data, and other useful information.
Example
He consulted the almanac to check the phases of the moon.
Il a consulté l'almanach pour vérifier les phases de la lune.
C1 verb ɪˈluːd

elude

échapper
Meaning
Evade or escape from, typically in a skillful or cunning way; avoid being caught.
Example
The thief managed to elude the police.
Le voleur a réussi à échapper à la police.
B2 verb /ɪnˈrɪtʃ/

enrich

enrichir
Meaning
To improve or enhance the quality or value of something.
Example
Space exploration enriches human understanding.
L'exploration spatiale enrichit la compréhension humaine.
C2 noun /lɪˈnoʊ.li.əm/

linoleum

linoléum
Meaning
a durable, washable floor covering made from solidified linseed oil, wood flour, or cork dust on a canvas backing
Example
They decided to cover the kitchen floor with linoleum.
Ils ont décidé de recouvrir le sol de la cuisine avec du linoléum.
B1 adjective /skɪld/

Skilled

compétent
Meaning
having or showing the knowledge, ability, or training to perform certain activities or work well
Example
He is a skilled carpenter who can build beautiful furniture.
Il est un menuisier compétent qui peut construire de beaux meubles.
B2 verb ɪnˈfɔːrsɪŋ

enforcing

appliquer
Meaning
To compel observance of or compliance with a law, rule, or obligation.
Example
Enforcing strict laws is necessary to prevent violations.
Appliquer des lois strictes est nécessaire pour prévenir les violations.
B1 noun ˈtʊə.nə.mənt

tournament

tournoi
Meaning
A series of contests between a number of competitors, competing for an overall prize.
Example
The tournament showcased exceptional talent.
Le tournoi a montré un talent exceptionnel.
C2 noun /ˌriːkəˌpɪtjʊˈleɪʃən/

recapitulation

récapitulation
Meaning
The act of summarizing or repeating the main points of something.
Example
The professor gave a brief recapitulation of the lecture before ending the class.
Le professeur a donné une brève récapitulation du cours avant de terminer la classe.
B2 noun kəˈmɒd.ə.ti

commodity

marchandise
Meaning
A raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold.
Example
Oil is a valuable commodity in the global market.
Le pétrole est une marchandise précieuse sur le marché mondial.
A2 phrasal verb /bæk ʌp/

back up

soutenir; sauvegarder; reculer
Meaning
to support or help someone; to make a copy of data for safety; to move backward
Example
Please back up your files before updating the system.
Veuillez sauvegarder vos fichiers avant de mettre à jour le système.
C1 verb/noun /pərˈvɜːrt/

pervert

pervertir / personne pervertie
Meaning
As a verb: to distort the meaning or purpose of something; as a noun: a person with abnormal or immoral sexual behavior.
Example
He tried to pervert the truth to escape punishment.
Il a tenté de pervertir la vérité pour échapper à la punition.
C2 noun /ˈbɜːrɡər/

burgher

bourgeois
Meaning
A citizen of a town, typically a member of the wealthy middle class.
Example
The burgher was respected as a prosperous merchant in the city.
Le bourgeois était respecté comme un marchand prospère dans la ville.
B2 adjective /ʌnˈiːzi/

Uneasy

inquiet; anxieux; mal à l'aise
Meaning
worried; anxious; uncomfortable; restless
Example
She felt uneasy about walking alone at night.
Elle se sentait inquiète de marcher seule la nuit.
C1 noun /ɡəˈrɪlə/

guerrilla

guérillero
Meaning
a member of a small independent group taking part in irregular fighting, typically against larger forces
Example
The guerrilla fighters used ambushes to attack enemy positions.
Les combattants guérilleros ont utilisé des embuscades pour attaquer les positions ennemies.
B2 adjective /ˌʌnɪnˈfɔːrmd/

uninformed

mal informé
Meaning
lacking knowledge or awareness about a particular subject; not educated or informed
Example
The decision was made by an uninformed committee.
La décision a été prise par un comité mal informé.
A2 verb /kənˈfjuːz/

confuse

confondre
Meaning
To make someone unable to think clearly; to bewilder.
Example
The complex instructions confused the students.
Les instructions complexes ont dérouté les étudiants.
C1 noun /fɪˈnɑːleɪ/

finale

final
Meaning
the last part or conclusion of a performance, event, or series
Example
The concert ended with a spectacular finale.
Le concert s'est terminé par un final spectaculaire.
B1 noun /ˈhʌŋɡər/

hunger

faim
Meaning
the feeling of discomfort caused by lack of food
Example
The child cried out of hunger.
L'enfant pleurait de faim.
C2 noun ˌæb.əˈreɪ.ʃən

aberration

aberration, déviation, anomalie
Meaning
A departure from what is normal, usual, or expected, typically one that is unwelcome.
Example
The scientist dismissed the data as an aberration.
Le scientifique a rejeté les données comme une aberration.
B1 noun /pərˈsɛntɪdʒ/

percentage

pourcentage
Meaning
a proportion or share in relation to a whole
Example
The percentage of students who passed the exam was high.
Le pourcentage d'étudiants ayant réussi l'examen était élevé.
C2 noun ˈpɑː.stər.ə.lɪ.zəm

pastoralism

pastoralisme, système de pâturage basé sur l'herbe
Meaning
A form of animal husbandry where domesticated animals are released onto large vegetated outdoor lands for grazing.
Example
Pastoralism is a traditional way of managing livestock.
Le pastoralisme est une manière traditionnelle de gérer le bétail.
B2 noun /tækˈseɪʃən/

taxation

taxation
Meaning
The system of imposing and collecting taxes.
Example
Taxation is necessary for funding public services.
La taxation est nécessaire pour financer les services publics.
B2 verb /ɪˈvæljueɪt/

evaluate

évaluer
Meaning
To assess or judge the value, quality, or significance of something.
Example
The teacher will evaluate the students’ projects tomorrow.
Le professeur évaluera les projets des élèves demain.