evade
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B2 verb /ɪˈveɪd/

evade

évader
Meaning
To escape or avoid something, especially by cleverness or trickery.
Example
He tried to evade the question by changing the subject.
Il a essayé d'éviter la question en changeant de sujet.
C2 noun /ˈɛksplɪkeɪtər/

explicator

explicateur
Meaning
a person who explains or interprets something in detail
Example
The critic served as an explicator of the poet’s complex works.
Le critique a servi d'explicateur des œuvres complexes du poète.
B1 verb /ɪmˈplɔɪ/

employ

employer
Meaning
to hire someone to do a job; to use something effectively
Example
The company plans to employ more engineers next year.
L'entreprise prévoit d'employer plus d'ingénieurs l'année prochaine.
B2 noun /ˈen.ə.dʒi sɪˈkjʊə.rɪ.ti/

energy security

sécurité énergétique
Meaning
The reliable availability of energy sources at an affordable price for a nation or region.
Example
Energy security ensures consistent supply.
La sécurité énergétique assure une fourniture constante.
C2 noun /ˈeb.taɪd/

Ebb-tide

basse mer
Meaning
the movement of the tide out to sea; a time when the sea level is falling
Example
During ebb-tide, we could walk further out on the beach.
Pendant la basse mer, nous pouvions marcher plus loin sur la plage.
C1 noun /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈniː/

Examinee

candidat à l'examen
Meaning
a person who is being tested in an examination
Example
Each examinee was given two hours to complete the test.
Chaque candidat à l'examen a reçu deux heures pour terminer le test.
B2 noun /ɪnˌsaɪkləˈpiːdiə/

encyclopedia

encyclopédie
Meaning
a book or set of books containing information on many subjects, usually arranged alphabetically
Example
She used an encyclopedia to complete her school project.
Elle a utilisé une encyclopédie pour compléter son projet scolaire.
A2 adjective /ˌjʊərəˈpiːən/

european

européen
Meaning
Relating to Europe or its people.
Example
She studied European history at university.
Elle a étudié l'histoire européenne à l'université.
A1 noun /ɪɡˈzɑːm.pəl/

example

exemple
Meaning
a thing or person regarded as a model to be followed or avoided
Example
He is a good example of a hardworking student.
Il est un bon exemple d'un étudiant travailleur.
B2 noun /ˈes.əns/

Essence

essence
Meaning
the intrinsic nature or indispensable quality of something
Example
The essence of good teaching is the ability to inspire students.
L'essence de la bonne enseignement est la capacité d'inspirer les étudiants.
B2 verb /ɪɡˈzɔːst/

exhaust

épuiser
Meaning
to tire out completely; to use up resources
Example
The long journey exhausted the children.
Le long voyage a épuisé les enfants.
B2 adjective ˈeθ.ɪ.kəl

ethical

éthique
Meaning
Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.
Example
Ethical considerations guide decisions.
Les considérations éthiques guident les décisions.
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrəʊtʃ/

encroach

bonheur
Meaning
to gradually take over or intrude on someone’s rights, territory, or space
Example
The buildings began to encroach on the protected forest land.
Elle n'a pas pu cacher son bonheur quand elle a reçu le prix.
B2 noun ˈekwɪti

equity

équité
Meaning
The value of the shares issued by a company.
Example
Owning equity in a company can yield significant returns.
Posséder des actions dans une entreprise peut générer des rendements importants.
C2 noun /ˈel.ɪ.fənt ˈæp.əl/

Elephant Apple

pomme éléphant
Meaning
a tropical fruit with a hard shell and acidic flesh
Example
Elephant apple is used to make delicious jams and pickles.
La pomme éléphant est utilisée pour faire des confitures et des pickles délicieux.
C2 noun /ɪˈmɒljʊmənt/

emolument

salaire
Meaning
payment for work or services; salary or fees
Example
The professor received his annual emolument from the university.
Le professeur a reçu son salaire annuel de l'université.
A2 verb /ɪkˈspekt/

expect

s'attendre
Meaning
to think something will happen; to anticipate
Example
I expect the meeting to start at 9 AM.
Je m'attends à ce que la réunion commence à 9 heures.
B2 adjective /ˌɛm.pəˈθɛ.tɪk/

empathetic

empathique
Meaning
Showing ability to understand and share feelings of others.
Example
She was empathetic towards her friend's struggles.
Elle était empathique envers les luttes de son amie.
C1 verb /ɪnˈθjuːz/

enthuse

enthousiasmer
Meaning
to express excitement or admiration
Example
She enthused about her trip to Italy.
Elle a exprimé son enthousiasme à propos de son voyage en Italie.
C1 verb /ɪnˈθrɔːl/

enthrall

captiver
Meaning
to captivate or hold someone’s attention completely
Example
The magician’s tricks enthralled the children.
Les tours du magicien ont captivé les enfants.
B2 verb /ɪkˈstrækt/

extract

extraire
Meaning
to remove or take out something, often with effort
Example
The dentist had to extract the damaged tooth.
Le dentiste a dû extraire la dent endommagée.
A2 noun /ˈer.ər/

Error

erreur; faute
Meaning
a mistake; something done incorrectly or wrong
Example
The error in the calculation led to incorrect results.
L'erreur dans le calcul a conduit à des résultats incorrects.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːr.nɪst/

Earnest

sérieux; authentique; montrant une conviction profonde et sérieuse
Meaning
sincere; genuine; showing deep and serious conviction
Example
He made an earnest attempt to solve the problem.
Il a fait une tentative sérieuse pour résoudre le problème.
B2 verb, noun /ɪkˈsplɔɪt/

exploit

exploiter / utiliser
Meaning
to make full use of and derive benefit from (a resource); to use someone unfairly for one’s own advantage
Example
The company was accused of exploiting child labor.
La société a été accusée d'exploiter le travail des enfants.
C2 noun /ɪɡˈzɛmplɑːr/

exemplar

exemple
Meaning
A model or pattern to be copied or imitated.
Example
She is an exemplar of kindness and generosity.
Elle est un exemple de gentillesse et de générosité.
C1 verb ɪˈræd.ɪ.keɪt

eradicate

éradiquer
Meaning
To destroy completely; to put an end to something undesirable.
Example
Vaccination programs help eradicate infectious diseases.
Les programmes de vaccination aident à éradiquer les maladies infectieuses.
C2 verb /ɪkˈspʌndʒ/

expunge

effacer
Meaning
To erase or remove completely, often something unwanted.
Example
He managed to expunge the embarrassing memory from his mind.
Il a réussi à effacer le souvenir embarrassant de son esprit.
B1 adjective ˌiːkəˈnɒmɪk

economic

économique
Meaning
Relating to economics or the economy.
Example
The issue had significant economic implications.
Le problème avait des implications économiques majeures.
C1 adjective ɪɡˈzɛmpləri

exemplary

exemplaire
Meaning
Serving as a desirable model; representing the best of its kind.
Example
She was praised for her exemplary work ethic and dedication.
Elle a été félicitée pour son éthique de travail exemplaire et son dévouement.
B2 verb, adjective /ɪˈlæbəreɪt/ (verb), /ɪˈlæbərət/ (adjective)

elaborate

élaborer / détaillé et compliqué dans la conception
Meaning
verb: to explain something in detail; adjective: detailed and complicated in design
Example
She asked him to elaborate on his proposal.
Elle lui a demandé d'élaborer sur sa proposition.
C2 noun /ˌɛksəˈdʒiːsɪs/

exegesis

exégèse
Meaning
A critical explanation or interpretation of a text, especially a religious scripture.
Example
The professor gave a detailed exegesis of the biblical passage.
Le professeur a donné une exégèse détaillée du passage biblique.
A2 noun /ˌen.təˈteɪn.mənt/

Entertainment

divertissement
Meaning
the action of providing or being provided with amusement or enjoyment
Example
The concert provided excellent entertainment for the entire family.
Le concert a offert un excellent divertissement pour toute la famille.
B2 noun /ˈɛθɪk/

ethic

éthique
Meaning
a set of moral principles, especially ones relating to a particular group, system, or profession
Example
He has a strong work ethic and always meets deadlines.
Il a une forte éthique de travail et respecte toujours les délais.
C1 noun ˌiː.kəʊˈfrend.li ˌɜː.bən.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

eco-friendly urbanization

urbanisation écologique
Meaning
The development of cities in a way that is not harmful to the environment.
Example
Eco-friendly urbanization reduces environmental degradation.
L'urbanisation écologique réduit la dégradation de l'environnement.
C1 adjective /ˌiːɡoʊˈsentrɪk/

egocentric

égocentrique
Meaning
thinking only about yourself and not about others
Example
His egocentric behavior annoyed everyone at the meeting.
Son comportement égocentrique a agacé tout le monde à la réunion.
C1 noun /eb/

Ebb

reflux; marée descendante
Meaning
the receding tide; a gradual decline or reduction
Example
The fishermen waited for the ebb before returning to shore.
Les pêcheurs ont attendu le reflux avant de retourner à la rive.
B2 noun /ɪkˈspəʊʒər/

exposure

exposition
Meaning
the state of being exposed to contact with something, especially harmful
Example
Prolonged exposure to the sun can damage your skin.
Une exposition prolongée au soleil peut endommager votre peau.
C1 adjective /ɪˈnæmərd/

enamored

amoureux
Meaning
filled with love or admiration
Example
He became enamored with classical music after attending the concert.
Il est devenu amoureux de la musique classique après avoir assisté au concert.
C2 verb /ɪˈfeɪs/

efface

effacer
Meaning
To erase or wipe out something; to make oneself inconspicuous.
Example
Time had effaced the letters on the old gravestone.
Le temps avait effacé les lettres sur la vieille pierre tombale.
C1 noun /ˈɛf.ɪ.kə.si/

efficacy

efficacité
Meaning
The ability to produce a desired or intended result; effectiveness.
Example
The efficacy of the vaccine has been proven in trials.
L'efficacité du vaccin a été prouvée lors des essais.
C1 adjective /ɪˈɡriːdʒəs/

egregious

atroce
Meaning
Outstandingly bad; shocking.
Example
The company was fined for its egregious safety violations.
L'entreprise a été condamnée à une amende pour ses violations atroces de la sécurité.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstrɛmɪti/

extremity

extrémité
Meaning
The farthest point or limit of something; a severe or extreme condition.
Example
He was pushed to the extremity of his patience.
Il a été poussé à l'extrême de sa patience.
A2 noun /ˈel.ɪ.fənt/

Elephant

éléphant
Meaning
a very large gray mammal with long curved teeth and a long nose called a trunk
Example
The elephant is the largest land animal in the world.
L'éléphant est l'animal terrestre le plus grand du monde.
B1 noun /ɪnˈɡeɪdʒ.mənt/

engagement

engagement, participation
Meaning
The action of engaging or being engaged; participation or involvement.
Example
Social media engagement helps brands connect with their audience.
L'engagement sur les réseaux sociaux aide les marques à se connecter avec leur public.
C2 adjective /ɪˈpɪstələri/

epistolary

épistolaire
Meaning
Related to the writing of letters; expressed in or through letters.
Example
The novel is written in an epistolary style, consisting of letters between characters.
Le roman est écrit dans un style épistolaire, composé de lettres échangées entre les personnages.
C1 noun /ɪkˈspɛktənsi/

expectancy

attente
Meaning
the state of expecting something; anticipation or likelihood
Example
There was a sense of expectancy in the room before the results were announced.
Il y avait un sentiment d'attente dans la pièce avant que les résultats ne soient annoncés.
B2 verb /ɪkˈskluːd/

exclude

exclure
Meaning
To deliberately leave out or prevent someone or something from being included.
Example
The list excludes temporary workers.
La liste exclut les travailleurs temporaires.
A1 adjective/adverb /ɪˈnʌf/

enough

suffisant
Meaning
as much or as many as required
Example
We have enough food for everyone.
Nous avons suffisamment de nourriture pour tout le monde.
C1 verb ˈɛk.spɪ.daɪt

expedite

accélérer
Meaning
Make an action or process happen sooner or be accomplished more quickly.
Example
The government took steps to expedite the approval process.
Le gouvernement a pris des mesures pour accélérer le processus d’approbation.
C1 adjective ɪˈθɪə.ri.əl

ethereal

céleste, délicat, surnaturel
Meaning
Extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world.
Example
Her voice had an ethereal quality.
Sa voix avait une qualité éthérée.
C1 noun /ɪˈpɪt.ə.mi/

epitome

un exemple parfait d'une qualité ou d'un type particulier; la meilleure représentation de quelque chose
Meaning
A perfect example of a particular quality or type; the best representation of something.
Example
She is the epitome of grace and kindness.
Elle est l'épitomé de la grâce et de la gentillesse.
C2 adjective /ɛkˈstrɪnzɪk/

extrinsic

extrinsèque
Meaning
Not part of the essential nature of someone or something; coming from outside.
Example
His motivation was largely extrinsic, driven by rewards and recognition.
Sa motivation était en grande partie extrinsèque, motivée par des récompenses et de la reconnaissance.
C1 verb /ˈiːvzdrɒp/

eavesdrop

écouter en cachette
Meaning
to secretly listen to a conversation
Example
She stood near the door to eavesdrop on their conversation.
Elle était près de la porte pour écouter discrètement leur conversation.
C1 verb ɪɡˈzɛm.plɪ.faɪ

exemplify

illustrer
Meaning
To be a typical example of or to illustrate something clearly, to show as an example or demonstrate.
Example
His dedication exemplifies true leadership.
Sa dévotion illustre un véritable leadership.
A1 adjective /ˈiːzi/

easy

facile
Meaning
not difficult; requiring little effort
Example
The exam was surprisingly easy.
L'examen était étonnamment facile.
A2 noun /ˈen.ə.mi/

Enemy

ennemi
Meaning
a person who is actively opposed or hostile to someone or something
Example
In the story, the hero had to face his greatest enemy.
Dans l'histoire, le héros a dû affronter son plus grand ennemi.
C1 verb /ɪkˈstoʊl/

extol

exalter
Meaning
to praise enthusiastically and highly
Example
The teacher extolled the student's dedication and hard work.
Le professeur a exalté le dévouement et le travail acharné de l'étudiant.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈsplɔɪtətɪv/

exploitative

exploitant
Meaning
making use of a situation or people unfairly and unethically for one's own advantage
Example
The workers protested against the exploitative practices of the factory.
Les travailleurs ont protesté contre les pratiques exploitantes de l'usine.
B2 verb /ɛksˈheɪl/

exhale

expirer
Meaning
to breathe out air from the lungs
Example
She slowly exhaled after holding her breath.
Elle a lentement exhalé après avoir retenu sa respiration.
C2 noun /ˌɛksɪˈkreɪʃən/

execration

malédiction
Meaning
An act of cursing or denouncing someone or something with hatred.
Example
The dictator’s name was spoken with execration after his fall.
Le nom du dictateur a été prononcé avec malédiction après sa chute.
B2 verb /ɪˈvoʊk/

evoke

évoquer
Meaning
to bring a feeling, memory, or image into the mind
Example
The old song evoked memories of her childhood.
La vieille chanson a évoqué des souvenirs de son enfance.
C1 noun/adjective /ɪˈliːtɪst/

elitist

élitiste
Meaning
A person who believes that a society should be led by an elite; showing preference for a privileged class.
Example
His elitist attitude made him unpopular among his peers.
Son attitude élitiste l'a rendu impopulaire parmi ses pairs.
B2 verb ɪmˈpaʊərɪŋ

empowering

autonomiser
Meaning
Giving someone the authority or power to do something; making someone stronger and more confident.
Example
Empowering children can lead to societal progress.
Autonomiser les enfants peut conduire à des progrès sociaux.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋ/

Exceeding

excessif; au-delà
Meaning
going beyond; surpassing; extremely
Example
The project was completed with exceeding excellence.
Le projet a été achevé avec une excellence excessive.
C2 noun /ˌɛmjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

emulation

émulation
Meaning
Reproducing something or following someone to achieve success.
Example
The software allows the emulation of old video games on modern devices.
Le logiciel permet l'émulation de vieux jeux vidéo sur des appareils modernes.
C2 noun /ɪkˈstɛnsər/

extensor

muscle extenseur
Meaning
a muscle that serves to extend or straighten a limb or part of the body.
Example
The extensor muscles in the arm help straighten the elbow.
Les muscles extenseurs du bras aident à redresser le coude.
B1 noun ˈem.fə.sɪs

emphasis

accent
Meaning
Special importance, value, or prominence given to something; stress laid on a particular point or aspect.
Example
The speaker placed emphasis on sustainable development.
L'orateur a mis l'accent sur le développement durable.
C1 verb /ɪmˈbrɔɪl/

embroil

embrouiller
Meaning
to involve someone deeply in a conflict, argument, or difficult situation
Example
The politician was embroiled in a major corruption scandal.
Le politicien était embourbé dans un grand scandale de corruption.
B1 adjective /ˈɛstɪmeɪtɪd/

estimated

estimé
Meaning
roughly calculated or judged; an approximate value or amount
Example
The estimated cost of the project is five million dollars.
Le coût estimé du projet est de cinq millions de dollars.
C2 noun ˈɛn.ɡræm

Engram

Signaux physiques dans le cerveau pour le stockage et la récupération de la mémoire
Meaning
Physical signs or patterns in the brain for memory storage and retrieval
Example
Scientists study engrams to understand how memories are stored.
Les scientifiques étudient les engrammes pour comprendre comment les souvenirs sont stockés.
B2 noun /ˈɛmɪɡrənt/

emigrant

émigrant
Meaning
A person who leaves their own country to settle permanently in another.
Example
The emigrant started a new life in Canada.
L'émigrant a commencé une nouvelle vie au Canada.
B2 adverb /ɪkˈskluːsɪvli/

exclusively

exclusivement
Meaning
only; not shared with others
Example
This service is available exclusively to premium members.
Ce service est disponible exclusivement pour les membres premium.
B2 adjective /ɪˈven.tʃu.əl/

Eventual

final
Meaning
happening or existing at the end of a process; final; ultimate
Example
The eventual outcome was better than expected.
Le résultat final était meilleur que prévu.
A2 noun /ɪˌlɛkˈtrɪsɪti/

electricity

électricité
Meaning
A form of energy resulting from the existence of charged particles.
Example
The storm caused a power cut and we had no electricity.
L'orage a provoqué une coupure de courant et nous n'avions pas d'électricité.
B1 adverb /ɪnˈtaɪərli/

Entirely

totalement; complètement
Meaning
completely; wholly; fully
Example
The building was entirely destroyed in the fire.
Le bâtiment a été complètement détruit dans l'incendie.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/

exuberant

exubérant
Meaning
full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
The children were exuberant after winning the game.
Les enfants étaient exubérants après avoir gagné le jeu.
B1 noun /ˈiː.tɪŋ ˈhæb.ɪts/

eating habits

habitudes alimentaires
Meaning
A person's usual pattern and preferences in food consumption.
Example
Developing good eating habits leads to better health.
Développer de bonnes habitudes alimentaires conduit à une meilleure santé.
C1 adjective ɪˌɡæl.ɪˈteə.ri.ən

egalitarian

égalitaire
Meaning
Believing in or based on the principle that all people are equal and deserve equal rights and opportunities.
Example
The new law promotes an egalitarian society.
La nouvelle loi promeut une société égalitaire.
C1 noun /ˈɛmbləm/

emblem

emblème
Meaning
A symbolic object, design, or figure representing an idea, group, or identity.
Example
The dove is an emblem of peace.
La colombe est un emblème de la paix.
C2 adjective /ˈɛksplɪkəbəl/

explicable

explicable
Meaning
able to be explained or understood
Example
His sudden anger was explicable given the stressful situation.
Sa colère soudaine était explicable compte tenu de la situation stressante.
C2 noun /ɪkˌspɒstjʊˈleɪʃən/

expostulation

protestation
Meaning
the act of expressing protest or disagreement
Example
His expostulation against the unfair rules was ignored.
Sa protestation contre les règles injustes a été ignorée.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʒen.dər/

engender

engendrer
Meaning
To cause or give rise to a feeling, situation, or condition.
Example
The speech engendered hope among the people.
Le discours a engendré de l'espoir parmi les gens.
B2 noun ˈiːkoʊˌtʊrɪzəm

Eco-tourism

éco-tourisme
Meaning
A form of tourism involving responsible travel to natural areas that conserves the environment and improves the well-being of local people.
Example
Eco-tourism promotes responsible travel to natural areas.
L'éco-tourisme promeut des voyages responsables vers des zones naturelles.
C2 adjective ˈɛr.jʊ.daɪt

erudite

érudit ou savant
Meaning
Having or showing great knowledge or learning; scholarly and intellectual.
Example
The professor's erudite lecture fascinated the students.
Le discours érudit du professeur a fasciné les étudiants.
C2 noun /ɪˈfjuːʒən/

effusion

effusion
Meaning
An unrestrained outpouring of words, feelings, or emotions.
Example
His letter was an effusion of love and longing.
Sa lettre était une effusion d'amour et de désir.
C2 noun /ɪˈklɛktɪˌsɪzəm/

eclecticism

éclatisme
Meaning
A method or practice of deriving ideas, style, or taste from a broad and diverse range of sources.
Example
The architect’s work shows eclecticism by blending modern and traditional elements.
Le travail de l'architecte montre de l'éclatisme en mélangeant des éléments modernes et traditionnels.
C1 noun /ˈjuː.fə.mɪ.zəm/

euphemism

un terme doux ou indirect utilisé à la place de celui considéré trop direct ou dur
Meaning
A mild or indirect term substituted for one considered too harsh or direct; polite expression for something unpleasant.
Example
The phrase "passed away" is a euphemism for "died".
L'expression 'passé de l'autre côté' est un euphémisme pour 'mort'.
C2 noun /ɪˈfluːviəm/

effluvium

effluve
Meaning
an unpleasant or harmful odor, secretion, or discharge
Example
The effluvium from the factory spread across the neighborhood.
L'effluve de l'usine s'est répandu dans tout le quartier.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæspəˌreɪtɪd/

exasperated

très agacé
Meaning
greatly annoyed or irritated
Example
She gave him an exasperated look after his repeated mistakes.
Elle lui a lancé un regard très agacé après ses erreurs répétées.
B2 noun ɪnˈdev.ər

endeavor

effort
Meaning
An attempt to achieve a goal; a serious determined effort.
Example
The endeavor to innovate space tourism is ambitious.
L'effort pour innover dans le tourisme spatial est ambitieux.
B2 adjective ˌiːvəˈluːʃənəri

evolutionary

évolutif
Meaning
Relating to or denoting the gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
Example
The evolutionary changes in species are fascinating.
Les changements évolutifs dans les espèces sont fascinants.
C2 verb /ˈɛdɪfaɪ/

edify

édifier
Meaning
To instruct or improve someone morally or intellectually.
Example
Good books can both entertain and edify the reader.
Les bons livres peuvent à la fois divertir et édifier le lecteur.
C2 noun /ɪˈlɪksər/

elixir

élixir
Meaning
A magical or medicinal potion believed to cure illnesses or grant immortality.
Example
The old legend spoke of an elixir that could grant eternal youth.
La vieille légende parlait d'un élixir qui pourrait accorder la jeunesse éternelle.
B2 noun ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəl ˌdɛɡrəˈdeɪʃən

environmental degradation

dégrégation environnementale
Meaning
The deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources and destruction of ecosystems.
Example
Environmental degradation threatens biodiversity.
La dégradation environnementale menace la biodiversité.
B1 noun /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

examination

examen
Meaning
a formal test of knowledge or ability
Example
She is preparing for her final examination.
Elle se prépare pour son examen final.
C2 adjective /ˈɛstɪməbl/

estimable

estimable
Meaning
Worthy of great respect.
Example
Her estimable achievements inspired the whole community.
Ses réalisations estimables ont inspiré toute la communauté.
B2 verb /ɪnˈhæns/

enhance

améliorer
Meaning
to improve the quality, value, or extent of something
Example
The new features will enhance the user experience.
Les nouvelles fonctionnalités amélioreront l'expérience utilisateur.
C2 noun /ɪkˌsprəʊ.priˈeɪ.ʃən/

expropriation

expropriation
Meaning
The act of government taking private property, also known as confiscation, nationalization, or seizure.
Example
The land expropriation led to disputes among landowners.
L'expropriation des terres a entraîné des disputes entre les propriétaires fonciers.
B2 noun ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm

ecosystem

écosystème
Meaning
A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment.
Example
A balanced ecosystem is crucial for environmental sustainability.
Un écosystème équilibré est crucial pour la durabilité environnementale.
C2 noun /ˈɛskwaɪər/

esquire

esquire
Meaning
A title of respect often used after a man's name, especially for lawyers in the United States.
Example
John Smith, Esquire, will be representing the client in court.
John Smith, Esquire, représentera le client au tribunal.
B2 verb ɪnˈhɑːnst

enhanced

amélioré
Meaning
Intensify, increase, or further improve the quality, value, or extent of something.
Example
Enhanced strategies improve outcomes.
Les stratégies améliorées améliorent les résultats.
C1 phrase ˈiː.kəʊˌsɪs.təm kəˈlæps

ecosystem collapse

effondrement de l'écosystème
Meaning
The complete breakdown of an ecological system, resulting in the inability to maintain its structure and function.
Example
Unchecked deforestation can lead to ecosystem collapse.
La déforestation incontrôlée peut conduire à l'effondrement de l'écosystème.
B2 noun /ˈaɪ.lɪd/

Eyelid

paupière
Meaning
either of the upper or lower folds of skin that cover the eye when closed
Example
Her eyelids felt heavy with sleep.
Ses paupières se sentaient lourdes de sommeil.
A1 noun /iːst/

east

est
Meaning
The direction from which the sun rises; one of the four cardinal points.
Example
The sun rises in the east.
Le soleil se lève à l'est.
A1 pronoun /ˈɛvribɒdi/

everybody

tout le monde
Meaning
all people; everyone
Example
Everybody enjoyed the party.
Tout le monde a apprécié la fête.
C1 adverb ˌekspəˈnenʃəli

exponentially

exponentiellement
Meaning
At a rapidly increasing rate; growing or expanding very quickly and intensely.
Example
Internet adoption is growing exponentially worldwide.
L'adoption d'Internet croît de manière exponentielle dans le monde entier.
B2 verb ɪˈmɜːdʒɪz

emerges

émerger
Meaning
To come forth, appear, or arise from something
Example
A major health crisis emerges from pollution.
Une grande crise de santé émerge de la pollution.
A1 noun /ɪər/

Ear

oreille; audition; capacité d'entendre
Meaning
the organ of hearing; the ability to hear or listen
Example
She whispered something in his ear during the meeting.
Elle murmura quelque chose dans son oreille pendant la réunion.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzuːd/

exude

exsuder
Meaning
to display a quality strongly and openly; to release a liquid or smell slowly
Example
He exudes confidence whenever he speaks in public.
Il exsude de la confiance chaque fois qu'il parle en public.
C2 verb /ɪnˈθroʊn/

enthrone

introniser
Meaning
to install someone on a throne or to give someone high status
Example
The king was enthroned in a grand ceremony.
Le roi fut intronisé lors d'une grande cérémonie.
B1 noun /ˈɛldər/

elder

aîné
Meaning
a person who is older or has higher rank; an older person in a family or community
Example
We should always respect our elders.
Nous devons toujours respecter nos aînés.
C2 adjective /ɪˈlɪʒən/

elysian

céleste
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of paradise; delightful and heavenly.
Example
They spent an elysian week on the quiet island.
Ils ont passé une semaine céleste sur l'île tranquille.
B2 verb /ɪɡˈzɜrt/

exert

exercer
Meaning
to apply or bring to bear; to use physical or mental effort
Example
He exerted all his strength to lift the heavy box.
Il a exercé toute sa force pour soulever la boîte lourde.
A2 abbreviation /ɛtˈsɛtərə/

etc

etcetera
Meaning
Used to indicate additional, similar items in a list that are not mentioned.
Example
The shop sells fruits, vegetables, dairy, etc.
Le magasin vend des fruits, des légumes, des produits laitiers, etcetera.
B1 noun /ɪˈskeɪp/

Escape

évasion; fuite; libération
Meaning
an act of breaking free from confinement or control; a way out
Example
The prisoner's escape from the jail shocked the authorities.
L'évasion du prisonnier de la prison a choqué les autorités.
C2 verb /ɪˈmɛnd/

emend

corriger
Meaning
to correct or revise a text, especially for errors
Example
The editor emended the manuscript before publication.
L'éditeur a corrigé le manuscrit avant la publication.
C2 noun /ɪˈfʌldʒəns/

effulgence

éclat
Meaning
Brilliant radiance or shining brightness.
Example
The effulgence of the sunrise lit up the entire valley.
L'éclat du lever du soleil éclairait toute la vallée.
C2 verb /ɪˈvɪsəˌreɪt/

eviscerate

éviscérer, détruire
Meaning
to remove the internal organs of; to deprive of essential content
Example
The critics eviscerated the movie for its weak storyline.
les critiques ont détruit le film à cause de son histoire faible.
C1 noun /ˈɛn.kleɪv/

enclave

enclave
Meaning
a distinct area or group enclosed within a larger one
Example
The city has a small Italian enclave where traditions are preserved.
La ville possède un petit enclave italien où les traditions sont préservées.
C2 verb /ɪkˈstɛnjueɪt/

extenuate

excuser
Meaning
to make an offense, fault, or situation seem less serious by providing an excuse or explanation
Example
The lawyer tried to extenuate his client's actions by highlighting his difficult childhood.
L'avocat a essayé d'excuser les actions de son client en mettant en lumière son enfance difficile.
C1 noun /ɪˈlɪpsɪs/

ellipsis

ellipse
Meaning
The omission of words in a sentence, represented by three dots (...).
Example
The writer used an ellipsis to show that part of the quote was omitted.
L'écrivain a utilisé une ellipse pour montrer qu'une partie de la citation a été omise.