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C1 noun /saɪˈteɪʃən/

citation

citation
Meaning
a quotation from or reference to a book, paper, or author
Example
The research paper included a citation from Shakespeare.
L'article de recherche comprenait une citation de Shakespeare.
B2 adjective /ˌsuː.pəˈnætʃ.ər.əl/

Supernatural

surnaturel
Meaning
relating to things that cannot be explained by natural or scientific laws; beyond the normal or physical world
Example
The old house was said to have supernatural powers.
On disait que la vieille maison avait des pouvoirs surnaturels.
C2 verb /ˈæntɪdeɪt/

antedate

antérioriser
Meaning
to be earlier in time; to assign a date earlier than the actual one
Example
The manuscript antedates the modern printing press.
Le manuscrit précède l'invention de l'imprimerie moderne.
B1 noun /ˈɪnstrəmənt/

instrument

instrument
Meaning
A tool or device used for a particular purpose, especially for scientific or musical work.
Example
The doctor used a special instrument during the surgery.
Le médecin a utilisé un instrument spécial pendant la chirurgie.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʌŋk.tʃər/

Juncture

moment crucial
Meaning
a particular point in events or time; a critical moment when important decisions must be made
Example
At this juncture, we need to make a crucial decision about our future.
À ce moment crucial, nous devons prendre une décision importante pour notre avenir.
B2 adjective /ˌben.ɪˈfɪʃ.əl/

beneficial

bénéfique
Meaning
Resulting in good; favorable or advantageous.
Example
Eye rubbing can be beneficial in moderation.
Se frotter les yeux peut être bénéfique avec modération.
C2 adjective /ˌmɛrəˈtrɪʃəs/

meretricious

artificiel
Meaning
apparently attractive but having no real value or integrity.
Example
The design was flashy but meretricious.
Le design était flashy mais artificiel.
B1 verb /rɪˈtɜrnɪŋ/

returning

retour
Meaning
Coming or going back to a place or person.
Example
The group is returning to the port on December 25th.
Le groupe retourne au port le 25 décembre.
B2 adjective /ˈiːtəbl̩/

eatable

comestible
Meaning
suitable or safe for eating
Example
The berries are not only eatable but also quite tasty.
Les baies ne sont pas seulement comestibles mais aussi assez savoureuses.
A1 adjective /tʃiːp/

Cheap

bon marché; peu coûteux
Meaning
low in price; costing little money
Example
This restaurant serves cheap but delicious food.
Ce restaurant sert de la nourriture bon marché mais délicieuse.
C2 noun /ˌɪntərˈsɛsər/

intercessor

intercesseur
Meaning
a person who intervenes or pleads on behalf of another
Example
He acted as an intercessor to resolve the conflict between the two families.
Il a agi en tant qu'intercesseur pour résoudre le conflit entre les deux familles.
A2 noun /ˈdɪfɪkəlti/

difficulty

Meaning
the state or condition of being hard to do, deal with, or understand
Example
He faced great difficulty in learning a new language.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːr.vɪ.tuːd/

Servitude

servitude
Meaning
the state of being a slave or completely subject to someone more powerful
Example
Many people fought to escape the servitude imposed by the colonial system.
De nombreuses personnes se sont battues pour échapper à la servitude imposée par le système colonial.
B2 noun /ˈkoʊ.brə/

Cobra

cobra
Meaning
a venomous snake with a hood that can be spread when threatened
Example
The cobra raised its hood and hissed at the intruder.
Le cobra a levé sa capuche et a sifflé à l'intrus.
B1 noun /ˈpoʊ.lər beər/

Polar Bear

ours polaire
Meaning
a large white bear that lives in the Arctic regions
Example
The polar bear swims in the icy Arctic waters.
L'ours polaire nage dans les eaux glacées de l'Arctique.
C2 verb /blæsˈfiːm/

blaspheme

blasphémer
Meaning
to speak irreverently about God or sacred things
Example
He was accused of blaspheming during the heated argument.
Il a été accusé de blasphémer pendant la dispute intense.
A2 noun /ˈtʊərɪst/

tourist

touriste
Meaning
a person who is traveling or visiting a place for pleasure
Example
The city attracts many tourists every year.
La ville attire de nombreux touristes chaque année.
B2 noun /ˈruːstər/

rooster

coq
Meaning
A male domestic chicken, especially one that crows.
Example
The rooster crowed at dawn, waking up the whole village.
Le coq a chanté à l'aube, réveillant tout le village.
C1 noun /ˌmɛrɪˈtɒkrəsi/

meritocracy

méritocratie
Meaning
A system in which advancement is based on individual ability or achievement.
Example
In a true meritocracy, the most capable people rise to leadership positions.
Dans une véritable méritocratie, les personnes les plus compétentes accèdent aux positions de leadership.
B1 noun /ˈfɛloʊ/

fellow

camarade
Meaning
a person who shares a common situation, interest, or activity with another
Example
He is a fellow student in my class.
Il est un camarade étudiant dans ma classe.
C1 adjective /ˌɒstɛnˈteɪʃəs/

ostentatious

ostentatoire
Meaning
Characterized by a showy or pretentious display intended to impress others.
Example
He wore an ostentatious gold chain to the party.
Il portait une chaîne en or ostentatoire à la fête.
C2 noun /ɒmˈnɪpətəns/

omnipotence

omnipotence
Meaning
The quality of having unlimited power or authority.
Example
Many religions describe God’s omnipotence as absolute.
De nombreuses religions décrivent l'omnipotence de Dieu comme absolue.
A1 noun /keɪk/

Cake

gâteau
Meaning
a sweet baked dessert made from flour, sugar, and other ingredients
Example
They ordered a chocolate cake for the birthday party.
Ils ont commandé un gâteau au chocolat pour la fête d'anniversaire.
B2 noun /ɪnˌvaɪrənˈmɛntəl ˈmuːvmənt/

environmental movement

mouvement environnemental
Meaning
A social or political movement aimed at protecting the environment and promoting sustainable practices through advocacy, education, and policy changes.
Example
The environmental movement focuses on reducing pollution and protecting ecosystems.
Le mouvement environnemental se concentre sur la réduction de la pollution et la protection des écosystèmes.
B2 verb /ˈdɒmɪneɪt/

dominate

dominer
Meaning
to have power or control over something or someone
Example
The company dominates the smartphone market.
L'entreprise domine le marché des smartphones.
A2 noun /ˈfrɛndʃɪp/

friendship

amitié
Meaning
A close and trusting relationship between two or more people.
Example
Their friendship has lasted since childhood.
Leur amitié dure depuis l'enfance.
C2 noun /ˈfiːəlti/

fealty

fidélité et allégeance
Meaning
loyalty or allegiance, especially to a sovereign or lord
Example
The knight swore fealty to his king.
Le chevalier prêta fidélité à son roi.
B2 verb /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃər/

manufacture

fabriquer
Meaning
to produce goods in large quantities using machinery; to make or create something
Example
The company manufactures electronic devices for global markets.
L'entreprise fabrique des dispositifs électroniques pour les marchés mondiaux.
C2 noun /ˈæp.ɪˌkʌl.tʃər/

apiculture

apiculture
Meaning
The practice of keeping and raising bees for honey and other products.
Example
Apiculture plays a vital role in agriculture by supporting pollination.
L'apiculture joue un rôle vital dans l'agriculture en soutenant la pollinisation.
C1 adjective /rɪˈbel.jəs/

Rebellious

révolté; désobéissant; qui défie l'autorité;
Meaning
defying authority; resisting control; disobedient;
Example
The rebellious teenager refused to follow his parents' rules.
L'adolescent rebelle a refusé de suivre les règles de ses parents.
C1 adverb /ˌðeərəˈpɒn/

Thereupon

immédiatement après;
Meaning
immediately after that; following that event
Example
He finished his speech and thereupon left the stage.
Il a terminé son discours et, immédiatement après, a quitté la scène.
C1 noun dɪˈskrep.ən.siz

discrepancies

divergence
Meaning
Differences between things that should be the same
Example
Discrepancies in regulations delay progress.
Les divergences dans les règlements retardent les progrès.
A2 verb /kɪl/

kill

tuer
Meaning
to cause the death of; to end life
Example
The hunter killed the deer.
Le chasseur a tué le cerf.
C2 noun /ˌsɒ̃ˈfrwɑː/

sangfroid

sang-froid
Meaning
Composure or coolness under pressure.
Example
She impressed everyone with her sangfroid during the interview.
Elle a impressionné tout le monde par son sang-froid pendant l'entretien.
B2 adjective ɪnˈdɪdʒɪnəs

indigenous

indigène
Meaning
Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
Example
Indigenous plants are well adapted to the local environment.
Les plantes indigènes sont bien adaptées à l'environnement local.
B2 noun /ˈkreɪ.dəl/

Cradle

berceau
Meaning
a small bed for a baby, especially one that rocks from side to side
Example
The baby sleeps peacefully in the cradle.
Le bébé dort paisiblement dans le berceau.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈprɛɡnəbl̩/

impregnable

imprenable
Meaning
Unable to be captured, broken into, or defeated.
Example
The fortress was considered impregnable by the enemy.
La forteresse était considérée comme imprenable par l'ennemi.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtaɪs/

entice

attirer
Meaning
to attract or tempt someone by offering something appealing
Example
The advertisement was designed to entice customers into the store.
La publicité a été conçue pour attirer les clients dans le magasin.
A2 verb /ɪkˈspleɪn/

explain

expliquer
Meaning
to make something clear or easy to understand by describing it in more detail
Example
The teacher explained the difficult concept to the students.
Le professeur a expliqué le concept difficile aux étudiants.
C2 noun /ˈplɛdʒiː/

pledgee

la personne à qui quelque chose est attribué comme garantie
Meaning
a person to whom something is pledged or given as security
Example
The bank is the pledgee of the collateral until the loan is repaid.
La banque est le créancier du bien jusqu'à ce que le prêt soit remboursé.
C1 verb /dɪˈspɜːrs/

disperse

disperser
Meaning
To scatter or spread widely in different directions.
Example
The police used tear gas to disperse the crowd.
La police a utilisé du gaz lacrymogène pour disperser la foule.
B2 noun /ˈsɛmɪˌtɛri/

cemetery

cimetière
Meaning
a place where dead people are buried
Example
The old cemetery is located at the edge of the village.
Le vieux cimetière est situé à la périphérie du village.
B2 verb /riːp/

reap

récolter
Meaning
to cut or gather a crop; to receive as a consequence of actions
Example
Farmers reap wheat in the late summer.
Les agriculteurs récoltent du blé à la fin de l'été.
A1 adjective /ˈiː.vən/

Even

plat; uniforme; nivelé
Meaning
flat and smooth; equal or uniform; level
Example
The surface was completely even and smooth.
La surface était complètement plane et lisse.
B2 adjective, noun /ˈɛəriəl/

aerial

aérien / antenne
Meaning
As an adjective: existing or happening in the air. As a noun: an antenna for receiving radio or television signals.
Example
The pilot performed an amazing aerial maneuver.
Le pilote a effectué une manœuvre aérienne incroyable.
C2 noun /pəˈlɛmɪks/

polemics

polémique
Meaning
the art or practice of engaging in controversial debate or dispute
Example
The conference was full of polemics on economic reforms.
La conférence était pleine de polémiques sur les réformes économiques.
A1 noun /striːt/

street

rue
Meaning
a public road in a city or town, typically with buildings on one or both sides
Example
He walked down the street to the park.
Il marchait dans la rue jusqu'au parc.
B2 verb kənˈdem

condemn

condamner
Meaning
To express complete disapproval of; to censure.
Example
The leaders condemned the actions as inhumane.
Les dirigeants ont condamné les actions comme inhumaines.
B2 noun /ˈet.ɪ.kət/

Etiquette

étiquette
Meaning
the customary code of polite behavior in society or among members of a particular profession
Example
Proper etiquette requires standing when a lady enters the room.
Une bonne étiquette exige de se lever lorsqu'une dame entre dans la pièce.
C2 noun /kəˌrɒbəˈreɪʃən/

corroboration

corroboration
Meaning
evidence that confirms or supports a statement, theory, or finding
Example
The documents provided strong corroboration of her claims.
Les documents ont fourni une forte corroboration de ses affirmations.
C2 noun /ˈblʌfər/

bluffer

bluffeur
Meaning
a person who pretends to be more confident, skilled, or knowledgeable than they really are; someone who deceives others by bluffing
Example
Everyone eventually realized that he was just a bluffer with no real experience.
Tout le monde a compris qu’il était un simple bluffeur.
C1 noun /veɪl/

vale

vallée
Meaning
A valley, often used in a poetic or literary sense.
Example
The village lay hidden in a quiet green vale.
Le village était caché dans une vallée verte et tranquille.
B2 adjective /ˌpriːməˈtjʊər/

premature

prématuré
Meaning
Happening or done before the usual or proper time.
Example
His decision to quit the job was premature.
Sa décision de quitter son travail était prématurée.
B2 noun /ˈhɛdˌkwɔːrtərz/

headquarters

siège social
Meaning
The main office or center of operations of an organization.
Example
The company’s headquarters is located in New York.
Le siège social de l'entreprise est situé à New York.
B2 adjective /ˈsoʊbər/

Sober

sobre; sérieux et réfléchi; modéré
Meaning
not affected by alcohol; serious and thoughtful; moderate
Example
He remained sober throughout the celebration.
Il est resté sobre tout au long de la célébration.
B2 verb /ˈjuːtɪlaɪz/

utilize

utiliser
Meaning
to make practical or effective use of something
Example
The company aims to utilize solar energy for production.
L'entreprise vise à utiliser l'énergie solaire pour la production.
B2 noun ˌɪn.stəˈleɪ.ʃən

installation

installation
Meaning
The action or process of installing someone or something, or of being installed.
Example
The installation of the submarine cable is almost complete.
L'installation du câble sous-marin est presque terminée.
C2 adjective ˌsʌr.əpˈtɪʃ.əs

surreptitious

secret
Meaning
Kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of; done stealthily.
Example
She took a surreptitious glance at his notes.
Elle jeta un regard furtif sur ses notes.
B2 noun /traɪb/

tribe

tribu
Meaning
a social group consisting of people with common customs, language, and culture
Example
The tribe lived in harmony with nature.
La tribu vivait en harmonie avec la nature.
C1 adjective /ɔːˈstɪə/

austere

austère, simple
Meaning
Severe or strict in manner, attitude, or appearance; plain and simple.
Example
The monk lived an austere life in the mountains.
Le moine a vécu une vie austère dans les montagnes.
B2 adjective /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənt/

insufficient

insuffisant
Meaning
Not enough; inadequate.
Example
His explanation was insufficient to clear the confusion.
Son explication était insuffisante pour clarifier la confusion.
B2 adjective /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

cunning

rusé
Meaning
Having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion; cleverness in a tricky way.
Example
The cunning fox tricked the farmer.
Le renard rusé a trompé le fermier.
A1 verb /ˈtrævəl/

travel

voyager
Meaning
to make a journey, typically to a distant or unfamiliar place
Example
I love to travel around the world and explore new cultures.
J'adore voyager autour du monde et explorer de nouvelles cultures.
C1 noun /noʊm/

gnome

gnome
Meaning
a small mythical creature, often depicted as a bearded man living underground; also a figurine used in gardens
Example
The garden was decorated with a gnome statue.
Le jardin était décoré avec une statue de gnome.
C2 verb /bɪˈhuːvz/

behooves

il est nécessaire
Meaning
third person singular form of 'behoove'; means it is proper or necessary
Example
It behooves every citizen to follow the law.
Il est nécessaire que chaque citoyen suive la loi.
C2 verb /ˈmiːliəˌreɪt/

meliorate

améliorer
Meaning
To make something better or improve a condition.
Example
The new policies aim to meliorate the living conditions of the poor.
Les nouvelles politiques visent à améliorer les conditions de vie des pauvres.
C1 verb ˈhɪndər

hinder

entraver
Meaning
To obstruct or delay the progress of something
Example
Excessive rain hinders vegetable growth.
La pluie excessive entrave la croissance des légumes.
C2 noun /ˌrɛtəˈrɪʃən/

rhetorician

rhéteur
Meaning
A person who is skilled in the art of rhetoric or persuasive speaking/writing.
Example
The rhetorician captivated the audience with his eloquence.
Le rhéteur a captivé l'auditoire avec son éloquence.
B2 noun /ˌhɪp.əˈpɒt.ə.məs/

Hippopotamus

hippopotame
Meaning
a large, mostly herbivorous mammal that lives in and around water in Africa
Example
The hippopotamus spends most of its day in the water.
L'hippopotame passe la plupart de sa journée dans l'eau.
A2 adjective /əˈtræk.tɪv/

Attractive

attractif
Meaning
pleasing or appealing to the senses; having a quality that draws interest
Example
The garden looks very attractive in spring.
Le jardin est très attractif au printemps.
C2 noun /ˈpɜːrsənɪdʒ/

personage

personnage important
Meaning
an important or famous person
Example
He is considered a great personage in the world of literature.
Il est considéré comme un grand personnage dans le monde de la littérature.
C1 adverb /ˈkɔːrdiəli/

Cordially

cordialement
Meaning
in a warm and friendly manner; sincerely
Example
You are cordially invited to our wedding ceremony.
Vous êtes cordialement invités à notre cérémonie de mariage.
C2 noun /ˌdɛkləˈmeɪʃən/

declamation

déclamation
Meaning
a formal speech delivered with rhetorical or dramatic effect
Example
Her declamation captivated the audience at the competition.
Sa déclamation a captivé le public lors de la compétition.
B2 noun daɪˈlem.ə

dilemma

dilemme, choix difficile
Meaning
A situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two or more alternatives.
Example
She faced a moral dilemma at work.
Elle a fait face à un dilemme moral au travail.
B2 noun /ˈɪnfənt/

infant

bambin
Meaning
A very young child or baby.
Example
The infant was sleeping peacefully in the cradle.
Le bébé dormait paisiblement dans le berceau.
B1 noun /kənˈviː.ni.əns/

Convenience

commodité
Meaning
the state of being able to proceed with something without difficulty; a thing that contributes to an easy way of life
Example
The convenience of online shopping has changed how people buy products.
La commodité des achats en ligne a changé la façon dont les gens achètent des produits.
B1 verb /ɪnˈkriːst/

increased

augmenté
Meaning
became greater in size, amount, or degree
Example
The company's revenue increased last year.
Les revenus de l'entreprise ont augmenté l'année dernière.
B2 noun /ˈsikwəns/

Sequence

séquence
Meaning
a particular order in which related events, movements, or things follow each other; a set of related events, movements, or things that follow each other in a particular order
Example
The dance sequence was perfectly choreographed.
La séquence de danse a été parfaitement chorégraphiée.
A2 noun /ˈtraɪ.sɪ.kəl/

Tricycle

tricycle
Meaning
a three-wheeled vehicle, especially one for children
Example
The child rode his tricycle in the park.
L'enfant a monté son tricycle dans le parc.
C2 noun /ˌbʌkəˈnɪər/

buccaneer

pirate
Meaning
a pirate, especially one active in the Caribbean during the 17th and 18th centuries
Example
The buccaneer sailed across the Caribbean in search of treasure.
Le pirate a navigué à travers les Caraïbes à la recherche de trésors.
B1 adjective /ˈkʌtɪŋ/

cutting

tranchant
Meaning
sharp or severe, often used to describe remarks or actions
Example
Her cutting remarks made everyone feel uncomfortable.
Ses remarques acerbes ont mis tout le monde mal à l'aise.
A2 adjective /ˌdʒæpəˈniːz/

japanese

japonais
Meaning
relating to Japan, its people, or their language
Example
She loves Japanese culture and traditions.
Elle aime la culture et les traditions japonaises.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtroʊˌɡreɪd/

retrograde

rétrograde
Meaning
moving backward or returning to a worse condition
Example
The policy was seen as a retrograde step for human rights.
La politique a été vue comme un pas rétrograde pour les droits de l'homme.
C1 noun /krʌks/

crux

le noyau
Meaning
the most important or decisive point of an issue
Example
The crux of the problem lies in poor communication.
Le noyau du problème réside dans une mauvaise communication.
B2 noun /ɡʌm/

Gum

gencive; substance visqueuse
Meaning
the firm flesh that surrounds the roots of the teeth; a viscous secretion
Example
The dentist checked her gum for any signs of disease.
Le dentiste a vérifié ses gencives pour détecter des signes de maladie.
B1 verb /ˈsʌfər/

suffer

souffrir
Meaning
to experience pain, distress, or hardship
Example
She suffered from a severe headache all day.
Elle a souffert d'un mal de tête sévère toute la journée.
C1 verb /trænˈskraɪb/

transcribe

transcrire
Meaning
to make a written copy of spoken words or notes
Example
The secretary transcribed the meeting minutes.
La secrétaire a transcrit les procès-verbaux de la réunion.
C1 adjective /ˈfruː.ɡəl/

Frugal

économe; parcimonieux
Meaning
economical; thrifty;
Example
She is very frugal and saves money by buying only necessary items.
Elle est très économe et économise de l'argent en achetant uniquement les articles nécessaires.
C1 noun /ˈʃæsi/

chassis

châssis du véhicule
Meaning
the base frame of a vehicle or other wheeled machine
Example
The mechanic examined the car's chassis for damage.
Le mécanicien a examiné le châssis de la voiture pour détecter des dommages.
B2 noun /ˈkɒmpoʊst/

compost

compost
Meaning
decayed organic matter used as fertilizer
Example
The gardener added compost to enrich the soil.
Le jardinier a ajouté du compost pour enrichir le sol.
C2 noun /ˈsɪŋ.krə.ni/

synchrony

synchronie
Meaning
Coordination in time, harmony in action or movement.
Example
Their dance performance showed perfect synchrony.
Leurs performances de danse ont montré une synchronie parfaite.
C1 noun /hɪˈstɪəriə/

hysteria

hystérie
Meaning
An uncontrollable outburst of emotion or fear, often characterized by irrational behavior.
Example
The crowd was in a state of hysteria during the concert.
La foule était dans un état d'hystérie pendant le concert.
C1 noun /ˈhaɪ.nəs/

Highness

Hauteur; titre royal
Meaning
a title given to a person of royal rank; the quality or state of being high or elevated
Example
Your Highness, the royal carriage is ready to take you to the state banquet this evening.
Votre Altesse, le carrosse royal est prêt à vous emmener au banquet d'État ce soir.
C1 verb /ˈsɪn.θə.saɪz/

synthesize

synthétiser
Meaning
To combine a number of things into a coherent whole.
Example
Scientists synthesize new compounds for medical research.
Les scientifiques synthétisent de nouveaux composés pour la recherche médicale.
A2 noun /ˈtrʌb.əl/

Trouble

problème; difficulté
Meaning
difficulty or problems; effort or exertion made to do something
Example
The car broke down and caused a lot of trouble for the family.
La voiture est tombée en panne et a causé beaucoup de problèmes à la famille.
B2 noun prəˈtæɡənɪst

protagonist

protagoniste
Meaning
The leading character or one of the major characters in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional text.
Example
Charles Darnay is one of the protagonists of the story.
Charles Darnay est l'un des protagonistes de l'histoire.
C1 adjective /ˈtɜːrnkiː/

turnkey

clé en main
Meaning
ready for immediate use; a complete product or solution
Example
The company provides turnkey solutions for small businesses.
L'entreprise fournit des solutions clés en main pour les petites entreprises.
B2 noun ˈfjuː.tʃɚ ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃənz

future generations

générations futures
Meaning
People who have not yet been born, considered in terms of the environment or society they will inherit.
Example
Sustainable development ensures a better life for future generations.
Le développement durable assure une vie meilleure pour les générations futures.
C1 adjective /ˌhæpˈhæz.ɚd/

haphazard

hasardeux
Meaning
Lacking any obvious principle of organization; random.
Example
His haphazard approach led to project failure.
Son approche hasardeuse a conduit à l'échec du projet.
C2 noun /tʃæf/

Chaff

balles; choses sans valeur; plaisanteries légères
Meaning
the husks of corn or other seed separated by winnowing; worthless things; light-hearted joking
Example
The farmer separated the wheat from the chaff using traditional methods.
Le fermier a séparé le blé de la balle en utilisant des méthodes traditionnelles.
B2 adjective /keɪˈɒtɪk/

Chaotic

chaotique; désordonné
Meaning
in a state of complete confusion and disorder
Example
The situation became chaotic after the announcement.
La situation est devenue chaotique après l'annonce.
A2 noun /ˈfæktəri/

factory

usine
Meaning
A building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured.
Example
He works in a shoe factory.
Il travaille dans une usine de chaussures.
C2 noun /tʃɜːrl/

churl

rustre
Meaning
A rude, boorish, or ill-mannered person.
Example
The waiter was such a churl that customers left unhappy.
Le serveur était un tel rustre que les clients sont partis mécontents.
B2 verb /blʌf/

bluff

tromper
Meaning
to deceive someone by pretending to have strength, knowledge, or resources that one does not actually possess
Example
He tried to bluff his way into the exclusive club.
Il a essayé de bluffer son chemin pour entrer dans le club exclusif.
B1 noun /ˌdiː.enˈeɪ/

dna

Acide désoxyribonucléique
Meaning
Deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information in living organisms.
Example
Scientists extracted DNA from the ancient bones.
Les scientifiques ont extrait l'ADN des os anciens.
B1 adjective /ˈtrɪki/

Tricky

difficile; astucieux; trompeur
Meaning
requiring skill or careful handling; difficult to deal with
Example
This math problem is quite tricky to solve.
Ce problème de mathématiques est assez difficile à résoudre.
B2 noun /ˈsiːkər/

seeker

chercheur
Meaning
a person who is looking for something, especially knowledge or truth
Example
The seeker traveled far to find the answers to his questions.
Le chercheur a voyagé loin pour trouver les réponses à ses questions.
A2 adjective /ˈrʌʃən/

russian

russe
Meaning
relating to Russia, its people, or its language
Example
She is studying the Russian language at university.
Elle étudie la langue russe à l'université.
B1 noun /ˈlaɪ.kɪŋ/

Liking

affection; goût; penchant
Meaning
a feeling of regard or fondness; a preference or taste for something
Example
She has developed a liking for classical music.
Elle a développé un goût pour la musique classique.
B2 noun /hɜːb/ (US) /hɜːb/ or /ɜːb/

herb

herbe
Meaning
a plant used for flavoring food, medicine, or perfume
Example
Basil is a popular herb used in Italian cuisine.
Le basilic est une herbe populaire dans la cuisine italienne.
C1 verb /fɔːrˈseɪk/

forsake

abandonner
Meaning
to abandon or give up something or someone
Example
He decided not to forsake his old friends despite his success.
Il a décidé de ne pas abandonner ses vieux amis malgré son succès.
C1 noun /ˈɑːrməri/

armory

armurerie
Meaning
A place where weapons are stored; a supply of resources or skills.
Example
The soldiers kept their weapons in the armory.
Les soldats ont gardé leurs armes dans l'armurerie.
C1 noun /ˈstɪklər/

stickler

personne exigeante sur les règles
Meaning
a person who insists on a certain quality or standard of behavior
Example
He is a stickler for punctuality and never tolerates delays.
Il est très strict sur la ponctualité et ne tolère pas les retards.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfjʊˈteɪʃən/

refutation

réfutation
Meaning
The act of proving a statement or argument to be false or incorrect.
Example
Her essay was a strong refutation of the opposing theory.
Son essai était une forte réfutation de la théorie opposée.
C2 noun /ˈnɑːstrəm/

nostrum

remède inefficace
Meaning
a medicine or remedy, especially one that is not considered effective; a questionable solution
Example
The politician’s plan was dismissed as a mere nostrum for a complex problem.
Le plan du politicien a été rejeté comme un simple remède pour un problème complexe.
C2 noun /ˈtʌmbrəl/

tumbrel

tombereau
Meaning
A two-wheeled cart, especially one used during the French Revolution to carry prisoners to the guillotine.
Example
The prisoners were carried to the square in a wooden tumbrel.
Les prisonniers ont été transportés jusqu'à la place dans un tombereau en bois.
C2 noun /blæk ˈkɑːr.də.məm/

Black Cardamom

cardamome noir
Meaning
a large aromatic spice pod with a smoky flavor, commonly used in Indian and Middle Eastern cooking
Example
Add black cardamom to the curry for a rich, smoky flavor.
Ajoutez du cardamome noir au curry pour une saveur riche et fumée.
C2 noun /ɪnˈtɛɡ.jʊ.mənt/

integument

revêtement externe
Meaning
A natural outer covering, such as skin, shell, or rind.
Example
The snake sheds its integument as it grows.
Le serpent mue de son revêtement externe à mesure qu'il grandit.
B2 noun /ˌsuːpərɪnˈtɛndənt/

superintendent

surintendant
Meaning
a person who oversees, manages, or directs an organization, building, or project
Example
The superintendent visited the classrooms to check on progress.
Le surintendant a visité les salles de classe pour vérifier les progrès.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈsiːdɪŋ/

Exceeding

excessif; au-delà
Meaning
going beyond; surpassing; extremely
Example
The project was completed with exceeding excellence.
Le projet a été achevé avec une excellence excessive.
C2 noun /əˈpɒfəsɪs/

apophasis

apophase
Meaning
A rhetorical device where the speaker brings up a subject by denying it or pretending to pass over it.
Example
The politician used apophasis by saying, 'I won’t even mention my opponent’s scandals.'
Le politicien a utilisé l'apophase en disant : « Je ne mentionnerai même pas les scandales de mon adversaire. »