bereavement
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C1 noun /bɪˈriːvmənt/

bereavement

deuil
Meaning
The state of having lost a loved one through death.
Example
She received many letters of sympathy during her time of bereavement.
Elle a reçu de nombreuses lettres de sympathie pendant son deuil.
C1 adjective /ˈbreɪzən/

brazen

effronté
Meaning
Bold and without shame; shameless.
Example
She made a brazen attempt to lie in front of everyone.
Elle a fait une tentative effrontée de mentir devant tout le monde.
C1 noun /ˈtoʊ.pæz/

Topaz

topaze
Meaning
a precious stone, typically colorless, yellow, or blue, used in jewelry
Example
The queen's crown was adorned with a magnificent blue topaz.
La couronne de la reine était décorée d'un magnifique topaze bleu.
C1 noun /ˈmɪl.ɪ.tənt/

Militant

militant
Meaning
A person who uses aggressive or violent methods to promote a political or social cause
Example
The militant group demanded immediate political reforms.
Le groupe militant a exigé des réformes politiques immédiates.
C1 noun /tɑːrˈpɔːlɪn/

tarpaulin

bâche
Meaning
A large sheet of strong, flexible, water-resistant material used for covering or protecting things.
Example
The workers used a tarpaulin to cover the construction materials from rain.
Les ouvriers ont utilisé une bâche pour protéger les matériaux de construction de la pluie.
C1 adjective /ˈɡrʌdʒɪŋ/

grudging

réticent
Meaning
Reluctant or unwilling; given or allowed only with hesitation.
Example
She gave him a grudging smile after the argument.
Elle lui donna un sourire réticent après la dispute.
C1 adjective /ˈmel.əʊ/

Mellow

doux et agréable; détendu et gentil
Meaning
soft and pleasant; relaxed and gentle
Example
The mellow evening light created a peaceful atmosphere.
La lumière douce du soir a créé une atmosphère paisible.
C1 verb /rɪˈvɜːrbəreɪt/

reverberate

réverbérer
Meaning
To echo repeatedly or have continuing effects.
Example
The sound of the explosion reverberated through the valley.
Le son de l'explosion a réverbéré à travers la vallée.
C1 verb /ˈweɪvər/

waver

hésiter
Meaning
to become unsteady or indecisive; to hesitate or shake
Example
She began to waver in her decision to move abroad.
Elle a commencé à hésiter dans sa décision de partir à l'étranger.
C1 verb /ˈbɛkən/

beckon

faire signe
Meaning
to signal or call someone to come closer, often with a gesture; to attract or invite
Example
She beckoned him to come closer with a wave of her hand.
Elle lui a fait signe de s’approcher avec la main.
C1 noun /ˈmɒn.ə.stər.i/

Monastery

monastère; ashram
Meaning
a building or group of buildings where monks live and worship
Example
The ancient monastery was built on a hilltop.
L'ancien monastère a été construit au sommet d'une colline.
C1 adjective /sɑːrˈdɒnɪk/

sardonic

bonheur
Meaning
Grimly mocking or cynical.
Example
She gave him a sardonic smile after hearing his excuse.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

irréfutable
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient irréfutables.
C1 adjective /klænˈdɛstaɪn/

clandestine

clandestin
Meaning
kept secret or done secretly, especially for illicit purposes
Example
They held a clandestine meeting late at night.
Ils ont tenu une réunion clandestine tard dans la nuit.
C1 adjective /mʌnˈdeɪn/

mundane

ordinaire
Meaning
lacking interest or excitement; dull and ordinary
Example
She tried to escape her mundane routine by traveling.
Elle a essayé d'échapper à sa routine ordinaire en voyageant.
C1 verb /raʊz/

rouse

réveiller
Meaning
To awaken from sleep or to stir into action.
Example
The loud alarm roused him from his deep sleep.
Le bruit de l'alarme l'a réveillé de son sommeil profond.
C1 noun /ˈɑːdəsi/

odyssey

long voyage
Meaning
a long, adventurous journey; a series of experiences
Example
Her career has been an odyssey of challenges and achievements.
Sa carrière a été une odyssée de défis et de réussites.
C1 adjective /ˈpiːvɪʃ/

peevish

irritable
Meaning
Easily irritated, especially by unimportant things.
Example
The child grew peevish when denied candy.
L'enfant est devenu irritable lorsqu'on lui a refusé des bonbons.
C1 adjective /ˈviːəmənt/

Vehement

véhément; intense; passionné; énergique
Meaning
showing strong feeling; forceful; passionate; intense
Example
She gave a vehement denial of the accusations.
Elle a donné une dénégation véhémente des accusations.
C1 noun/verb /reɪn/

rein

rênes / contrôle
Meaning
A strap used to control a horse; to control or guide something.
Example
The rider pulled the rein to stop the horse.
Le cavalier a tiré sur la rêne pour arrêter le cheval.
C1 noun /prɪˈdɒmɪnəns/

predominance

prépondérance
Meaning
The state of being greater in number, strength, or importance.
Example
The predominance of online shopping has changed retail forever.
La prépondérance des achats en ligne a changé le commerce de détail à jamais.
C1 noun /ˈʃʊɡ.ər ˈkæn.di/

Sugar candy

bonbon de sucre
Meaning
crystallized sugar formed into small pieces; rock candy made from sugar syrup
Example
The children enjoyed eating colorful sugar candy at the festival.
Les enfants ont adoré manger des bonbons sucrés colorés lors du festival.
C1 verb /ˈskaʊər/

scour

frotter / chercher minutieusement
Meaning
to clean or brighten the surface of something by scrubbing; to search thoroughly
Example
She scoured the kitchen until it shone.
Elle a frotté la cuisine jusqu'à ce qu'elle brille.
C1 verb /pɛk/

Peck

picorer
Meaning
To strike or bite something with a beak; to eat in small bites.
Example
The hen began to peck at the grains scattered on the ground.
La poule a commencé à picorer les grains éparpillés sur le sol.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkəl/

unequivocal

sans équivoque
Meaning
Leaving no doubt; clear and unambiguous
Example
She gave an unequivocal answer to the question.
Elle a donné une réponse sans équivoque à la question.
C1 adjective /maɪˈkroʊ.bi.əl/

microbial

microbien
Meaning
Related to bacteria, fungi, and other microscopic organisms.
Example
Microbial activity in the soil improves fertility.
L'activité microbienne dans le sol améliore la fertilité.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈspjuːtəbəl/

Indisputable

indiscutable; incontestable; certain
Meaning
impossible to deny or argue against; undeniable; certain
Example
The evidence against him was indisputable.
Les preuves contre lui étaient indiscutables.
C1 noun /ˈɡʌstoʊ/

gusto

enthousiasme
Meaning
great enjoyment, energy, or enthusiasm in doing something
Example
She sang the song with great gusto.
Elle a chanté la chanson avec beaucoup d'enthousiasme.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmækjələt/

immaculate

immaculé
Meaning
perfectly clean, neat, or free from flaws
Example
Her room was immaculate, with everything in its place.
Sa chambre était immaculée, tout était à sa place.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛdʒɪtətɪv/

vegetative

relatif à la croissance ou aux processus fondamentaux de la vie
Meaning
relating to growth or the basic processes of life, often without conscious thought or activity
Example
The patient remained in a vegetative state after the accident.
Le patient est resté dans un état végétatif après l'accident.
C1 noun /noʊˈbɪl.ə.ti/

Nobility

noblesse; rang élevé
Meaning
the quality of being noble in character; people of noble rank
Example
He showed great nobility in forgiving his enemies.
Il a montré une grande noblesse en pardonnant à ses ennemis.
C1 noun /kiː/

quay

quai
Meaning
A platform lying alongside or projecting into water for loading and unloading ships.
Example
The cargo was unloaded at the quay.
La cargaison a été déchargée au quai.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

un lieu ou un état de souffrance habité par les âmes des pécheurs expiant leurs péchés avant d'aller au paradis
Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
Après l'accident, la longue récupération ressemblait à une sorte de purgatoire.
C1 adjective /məˈlaɪn/

Malign

malveillant; nuisible
Meaning
evil in nature or effect; harmful; slanderous
Example
He spread malign rumors about his colleague.
Il a répandu des rumeurs malveillantes sur son collègue.
C1 adjective /səˈdʒɛstɪv/

suggestive

suggestif
Meaning
tending to suggest ideas or images; sometimes implies something sexual or provocative
Example
The painting was highly suggestive and sparked much debate.
Le tableau était très suggestif et a provoqué beaucoup de débats.
C1 noun /ˈwed.lɒk/

Wed lock

mariage
Meaning
the state of being married; matrimony
Example
They have been happily united in wedlock for twenty years.
Ils sont unis heureux dans le mariage depuis vingt ans.
C1 adjective /ˈmɔːtəl/

Mortal

mortel; périssable; humain
Meaning
subject to death; having a limited lifespan; human
Example
All human beings are mortal and will eventually die.
Tous les êtres humains sont mortels et mourront éventuellement.
C1 verb ˈsɪn.θə.saɪ.zɪŋ

synthesizing

synthétiser, combiner, présenter de manière cohérente
Meaning
Combine (a number of things) into a coherent whole.
Example
He excels in synthesizing ideas from different sources.
Il excelle à synthétiser des idées provenant de différentes sources.
C1 adjective /ˈʃɪvəlrəs/

chivalrous

cavalier
Meaning
Behaving in a courteous, gallant, and honorable way, especially toward women.
Example
He was chivalrous, always opening doors for others.
Il était chevaleresque, toujours en train d'ouvrir les portes pour les autres.
C1 noun /ˈtem.pər.ə.mənt/

Temperament

tempérament; humeur; disposition naturelle
Meaning
a person's natural disposition or mood; characteristic behavior patterns
Example
She has a calm temperament that helps her handle stress well.
Elle a un tempérament calme qui l'aide à bien gérer le stress.
C1 adverb /əˈlɜːrtli/

alertly

attentivement
Meaning
in a watchful, attentive, and quick-to-notice manner
Example
She listened alertly to every sound in the dark forest.
Elle écoutait attentivement chaque bruit dans la forêt sombre.
C1 verb /ˈkwentʃɪŋ/

quenching

étancher / éteindre
Meaning
The act of satisfying thirst or extinguishing something like fire.
Example
Drinking cold water was quenching her thirst.
Boire de l'eau froide étanchait sa soif.
C1 noun /ˈsɪndɪkət/

syndicate

syndicat
Meaning
A group of individuals or organizations combined to promote a common interest or carry out a business venture.
Example
A syndicate of investors bought the struggling company.
Un syndicat d'investisseurs a acheté l'entreprise en difficulté.
C1 adjective /ˈrez.ə.luːt/

Resolute

résolu; déterminé; ferme
Meaning
determined; having a firm decision; unwavering
Example
She remained resolute in her decision to pursue her dreams.
Elle est restée résolue dans sa décision de poursuivre ses rêves.
C1 verb /ɪmˈboʊl.dən/

embolden

encourager
Meaning
To give someone the courage or confidence to do something.
Example
The coach's words emboldened the team to play aggressively.
Les paroles de l'entraîneur ont encouragé l'équipe à jouer de manière agressive.
C1 adjective /ˈɡruːəlɪŋ/

grueling

épuisant
Meaning
Extremely tiring and demanding.
Example
The athletes faced a grueling training session.
Les athlètes ont fait face à une séance d'entraînement épuisante.
C1 noun/verb /freɪ/

fray

dispute, s'effilocher
Meaning
As a noun, a fight or heated dispute; as a verb, to unravel or wear out through friction.
Example
He tried to stay calm, but his nerves began to fray during the argument.
Il a essayé de rester calme, mais ses nerfs ont commencé à s'effilocher pendant la dispute.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrɡraʊnd/

foreground

premier plan
Meaning
the part of a scene that is nearest to and in front of the viewer
Example
The flowers in the foreground brightened the picture.
Les fleurs au premier plan ont illuminé l'image.
C1 verb /əˈsɪm.ɪ.leɪt/

assimilate

assimiler complètement; absorber et intégrer dans ses connaissances ou sa culture
Meaning
To take in and understand fully; to absorb and integrate into one's knowledge or culture.
Example
Immigrants often struggle to assimilate into a new culture.
Les immigrants ont souvent du mal à s'assimiler dans une nouvelle culture.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌpleɪ/

interplay

interaction
Meaning
The way in which two or more things have an effect on each other.
Example
The interplay between culture and technology shapes modern life.
L'interaction entre la culture et la technologie façonne la vie moderne.
C1 noun /ˈʌndərˌstʌdi/

understudy

sous-distributeur
Meaning
An actor who learns another's role to act as a replacement if needed.
Example
The understudy performed when the lead actor fell ill.
Le sous-distributeur a joué lorsque l'acteur principal est tombé malade.
C1 noun /dʒest/

Jest

blague; farce
Meaning
a thing said or done for amusement; a joke
Example
His comment was made in jest, not to offend anyone.
Son commentaire a été fait en blague, pas pour offenser quelqu'un.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈtʌtʃ/

retouch

retoucher
Meaning
To improve or repair a picture, photograph, or image by making small changes.
Example
The photographer retouched the image to remove blemishes.
Le photographe a retouché l'image pour enlever les imperfections.
C1 adjective /ˌæpəˈθɛtɪk/

apathetic

apathétique
Meaning
showing or feeling little or no interest, enthusiasm, or concern
Example
He was apathetic about the outcome of the match.
Il était indifférent au résultat du match.
C1 adjective /hɪpˈnɒtɪk/

hypnotic

hypnotique
Meaning
Producing sleep or a trance-like state; mesmerizing.
Example
The music had a hypnotic effect on the audience.
La musique avait un effet hypnotique sur le public.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/

incongruous

incongru
Meaning
Not fitting in with or suitable for the surroundings.
Example
His jokes were incongruous during the serious meeting.
Ses blagues étaient incongrues lors de la réunion sérieuse.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.di/

Parody

parodie
Meaning
an imitation of a particular style for comic effect; a humorous exaggerated copy
Example
The comedy show featured a parody of famous politicians.
Le spectacle comique présentait une parodie de politiciens célèbres.
C1 noun /ɪnˈhɛrɪtər/

inheritor

héritier
Meaning
a person who receives money, property, or a title when someone dies
Example
She became the inheritor of her family's estate.
Elle est devenue l'héritière de la propriété de sa famille.
C1 noun/adjective /klɛft/

cleft

fissure
Meaning
a split or crack; a space or opening made by cleavage
Example
The goat disappeared into a cleft in the rocks.
La chèvre a disparu dans une fissure dans les rochers.
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɜːrst/

dispersed

dispersé
Meaning
Scattered or spread across a wide area.
Example
The dispersed population made it difficult to provide public services.
La population dispersée a rendu difficile la fourniture de services publics.
C1 verb /rɪˈtɑːrd/

retard

retarder / ralentir
Meaning
to delay or slow down the progress of something
Example
Lack of funds may retard the development of the project.
Le manque de fonds peut retarder le développement du projet.
C1 noun ˌmɪsˈmænɪdʒmənt

mismanagement

mauvaise gestion
Meaning
Bad or careless management of something.
Example
Mismanagement of plastic waste worsens pollution.
La mauvaise gestion des déchets plastiques aggrave la pollution.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈmænɪdʒəbəl/

Unmanageable

ingérable; hors de contrôle
Meaning
difficult or impossible to control or handle
Example
The large class became unmanageable without proper supervision.
La grande classe est devenue ingérable sans une supervision adéquate.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmɜːrdʒənt/

emergent

émergent
Meaning
just coming into existence or becoming prominent
Example
The emergent startup quickly attracted investors.
La startup émergente a rapidement attiré des investisseurs.
C1 adjective /təˈren.ʃəl/

Torrential

torrentiel; pluie intense
Meaning
falling rapidly in copious streams; extremely heavy rainfall
Example
The torrential rain flooded the streets within hours.
La pluie torrentielle a inondé les rues en quelques heures.
C1 adjective ˌsɪmbɪˈɒtɪk

symbiotic

symbiotique
Meaning
Involving interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association.
Example
The relationship between the bee and the flower is symbiotic.
La relation entre l'abeille et la fleur est symbiotique.
C1 adjective /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪv/

Educative

éducatif; informatif
Meaning
providing education; instructive; informative
Example
The documentary was highly educative and informative.
Le documentaire était très éducatif et informatif.
C1 noun /ˈsiːskeɪp/

seascape

paysage marin
Meaning
A view or painting of the sea.
Example
The artist painted a beautiful seascape at sunset.
L'artiste a peint un beau paysage marin au coucher du soleil.
C1 verb /əˈliː.vi.eɪt/

alleviate

alléger ou atténuer
Meaning
To make suffering, deficiency, or a problem less severe; to relieve or ease.
Example
Meditation can alleviate stress and improve focus.
La méditation peut alléger le stress et améliorer la concentration.
C1 noun /ˈnʌr.ɪʃ.mənt/

nourishment

nourriture
Meaning
Food and nutrients necessary for the body's growth and development.
Example
Proper nourishment is essential for child development.
Une bonne nutrition est essentielle pour le développement des enfants.
C1 noun ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl ˈdæmɪdʒ

irreversible damage

dommages irréversibles
Meaning
Harm or injury that cannot be undone or repaired.
Example
Climate change causes irreversible damage to ecosystems.
Le changement climatique cause des dommages irréversibles aux écosystèmes.
C1 verb /ɪˈvɪkt/

evict

expulser
Meaning
To expel someone from a property, usually by legal process.
Example
The landlord decided to evict the tenants for not paying rent.
Le propriétaire a décidé d'expulser les locataires pour non-paiement du loyer.
C1 noun /ˈtæpəstri/

tapestry

tapisserie
Meaning
A piece of thick textile fabric with pictures or designs woven into it, often hung on walls.
Example
The museum displayed an ancient tapestry from the 15th century.
Le musée a exposé une tapisserie ancienne du XVe siècle.
C1 noun /rɪˈmɪʃən/

remission

rémission
Meaning
A temporary or permanent decrease or disappearance of disease symptoms; forgiveness of sins or debts.
Example
The patient’s cancer is in remission after the treatment.
Le cancer du patient est en rémission après le traitement.
C1 noun ˈremnənts

remnants

restes
Meaning
A small remaining quantity of something; a surviving trace.
Example
The remnants of the wall are still visible.
Les restes du mur sont toujours visibles.
C1 noun /ˈæbdəmən/

abdomen

abdomen
Meaning
The part of the body below the chest and above the hips that contains the stomach and other organs.
Example
He complained of pain in his abdomen.
Il s'est plaint de douleur dans son abdomen.
C1 adjective /wɪðˈdrɔːn/

withdrawn

réservé
Meaning
quiet and shy; not wanting to talk to others
Example
After the incident, he became withdrawn and avoided his friends.
Après l'incident, il est devenu réservé et a évité ses amis.
C1 noun /ˈlaɪtʃi/

Litchi

litchi
Meaning
a small oval pink-red tropical fruit with white translucent flesh and sweet taste
Example
The litchi has a rough pink shell that you peel to eat the sweet white fruit inside.
Le litchi a une peau rose rugueuse que vous épluchez pour manger le fruit blanc et sucré à l'intérieur.
C1 noun /ˈvɔːrtɛks/

vortex

tourbillon
Meaning
A mass of whirling fluid or air, especially a whirlpool or whirlwind.
Example
The plane was caught in a dangerous vortex of air.
L'avion a été pris dans un dangereux tourbillon d'air.
C1 noun /ˈfɛləni/

felony

crime grave
Meaning
a serious crime, usually punishable by imprisonment for more than one year
Example
He was convicted of a felony and sentenced to ten years in prison.
Il a été reconnu coupable d'un crime grave et condamné à dix ans de prison.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜː.mə.ti/

Infirmity

faiblesse; maladie; fragilité
Meaning
physical or mental weakness; a disease or ailment; frailty
Example
Despite his advanced age and various infirmities, he remained mentally sharp and alert.
Malgré son âge avancé et ses diverses infirmités, il est resté mentalement vif et alerte.
C1 adjective /ˈsɜːrvaɪl/ or /ˈsɜːrvəl/

servile

servile
Meaning
having or showing an excessive willingness to serve or please others
Example
His servile attitude annoyed his colleagues.
Son attitude servile agaçait ses collègues.
C1 adjective /ˈpær.ə.nɔɪd/

paranoid

avoir une peur ou une suspicion irrationnelle des autres
Meaning
having an unreasonable fear or suspicion of others
Example
She became paranoid after hearing strange noises outside.
Elle est devenue paranoïaque après avoir entendu des bruits étranges dehors.
C1 verb /səbˈdjuː/

subdue

soumettre
Meaning
To bring under control, especially by force; to overcome or quiet.
Example
The army was able to subdue the rebellion quickly.
L'armée a pu soumettre la rébellion rapidement.
C1 verb /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/

enunciate

énoncer
Meaning
to pronounce words clearly; to express an idea clearly
Example
The teacher asked him to enunciate each word.
L'enseignant lui a demandé d'énoncer chaque mot.
C1 verb ˈɔːr.kɪ.streɪt

orchestrate

orchestrer
Meaning
To plan or coordinate the elements of (a situation) to produce a desired effect, especially surreptitiously.
Example
He skillfully orchestrated the entire event.
Il a habilement orchestré l'ensemble de l'événement.
C1 noun /ˈfɪʃ.ər/

fissure

fissure
Meaning
a long, narrow opening or crack in a surface or object
Example
The earthquake caused a deep fissure in the road.
Le tremblement de terre a provoqué une fissure profonde dans la route.
C1 noun /ˈhjuːbrɪs/

hubris

hubris
Meaning
excessive pride or self-confidence
Example
His hubris led to his downfall.
Son hubris a conduit à sa chute.
C1 noun /ˈdʒɒt.ər/

Jotter

cahier
Meaning
a small notebook for writing quick notes or reminders
Example
The student carried a jotter to write down important points during lectures.
L'étudiant a emporté un cahier pour noter des points importants pendant les cours.
C1 noun /brɛdθ/

breadth

largeur
Meaning
The distance or measurement from side to side; width; a wide range.
Example
The breadth of his knowledge impressed everyone.
La largeur de ses connaissances a impressionné tout le monde.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːməri/

infirmary

infirmerie
Meaning
A hospital or place where the sick or injured are cared for.
Example
The school had an infirmary for minor injuries.
L'école avait une infirmerie pour les blessures mineures.
C1 noun əˈpreɪ.zəl

appraisal

évaluation
Meaning
An assessment or evaluation of performance or quality.
Example
The annual appraisal determines salary increments.
L'évaluation annuelle détermine les augmentations salariales.
C1 noun /kwɪnˈtɛt/

quintet

quintette
Meaning
A group of five people or things, especially musicians.
Example
The jazz quintet performed beautifully.
Le quintette de jazz a joué magnifiquement.
C1 verb /rɪɡ/

rig

truquer
Meaning
to manipulate or control something dishonestly; to set up equipment
Example
The election was rigged by corrupt officials.
L'élection a été truquée par des fonctionnaires corrompus.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdɪr/

endear

rendre aimable
Meaning
To cause someone to be loved or liked.
Example
Her kindness and generosity endeared her to the community.
Sa gentillesse et sa générosité l'ont rendue aimable à la communauté.
C1 verb /kənˈkɒkt/

concoct

créer ou inventer
Meaning
to make something, especially food or a story, by mixing or inventing
Example
He concocted a story to explain his absence.
Il a inventé une histoire pour expliquer son absence.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/

redundant

superflu
Meaning
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
Example
The report contained redundant information.
Le rapport contenait des informations superflues.
C1 verb /ˌpoʊstˈdeɪt/

postdate

mettre une date ultérieure
Meaning
To assign a date later than the actual date to a document or event.
Example
She postdated the check to next month.
Elle a postdaté le chèque pour le mois prochain.
C1 verb, noun /træmp/

tramp

vagabond / marcher lourdement
Meaning
to walk heavily or noisily; a person who travels from place to place on foot, often homeless
Example
They tramped through the forest in heavy boots.
Ils ont marché à travers la forêt avec des bottes épaisses.
C1 adjective /ˈspjʊəriəs/

spurious

faux / frauduleux
Meaning
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake.
Example
The report was based on spurious claims.
Le rapport était basé sur des affirmations fausses.
C1 noun /səˈsteɪnəbl ˈæɡrɪkʌltʃər/

sustainable agriculture

agriculture durable
Meaning
Farming practices that meet current food needs while preserving environmental resources and maintaining the ability to produce food for future generations through ecologically sound methods.
Example
Sustainable agriculture practices protect the environment while ensuring food security.
Les pratiques d'agriculture durable protègent l'environnement tout en assurant la sécurité alimentaire.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

référendum
Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
Le gouvernement a organisé un référendum sur la nouvelle constitution.
C1 adjective /ˌsuːɪˈsaɪdəl/

Suicidal

suicidaire
Meaning
relating to or having thoughts of killing oneself; extremely dangerous or harmful
Example
The reckless driving was suicidal behavior.
La conduite imprudente était un comportement suicidaire.
C1 verb /ˌriː.ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

reestablish

rétablir
Meaning
to set up or restore something again after it has been disrupted
Example
The government worked hard to reestablish peace in the region.
Le gouvernement a travaillé dur pour rétablir la paix dans la région.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɛlɪdʒəbəl/

Ineligible

inéligible; non qualifié; inapte
Meaning
not qualified or entitled to participate or be chosen; unsuitable
Example
Students with poor grades are ineligible for the scholarship program.
Les étudiants avec de mauvaises notes sont inéligibles pour le programme de bourses.
C1 adjective /ˈheɪ.nəs/

Heinous

atroce
Meaning
extremely wicked or evil; abominable; morally reprehensible
Example
The heinous crime shocked the entire community.
Le crime atroce a choqué toute la communauté.
C1 adjective /ˈretʃɪd/

Wretched

misérable; déplorable; de mauvaise qualité
Meaning
very unhappy; miserable; of poor quality
Example
The refugees lived in wretched conditions.
Les réfugiés vivaient dans des conditions misérables.
C1 adjective /ˈnæs.ənt/

nascent

naissant
Meaning
Emerging, developing, or in the early stages of formation
Example
The nascent technology is revolutionizing industries.
La technologie naissante révolutionne les industries.
C1 noun /fəˌsɪlɪˈteɪʃən/

facilitation

facilitation
Meaning
The action of facilitating or making an action or process easier or helping bring about an outcome.
Example
Her facilitation made the meeting run smoothly.
Sa facilitation a permis à la réunion de se dérouler sans heurts.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

bonheur
Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
Elle ne pouvait cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
C1 adjective ˌɪm.pəˈsɛp.tɪ.bəl

imperceptible

imperceptible
Meaning
So subtle or gradual that it is difficult to notice or perceive
Example
The changes in his behavior were imperceptible at first.
Les changements dans son comportement étaient imperceptibles au début.
C1 adjective /ˈbloʊtɪd/

bloated

gonflé
Meaning
swollen or puffed up, often unpleasantly
Example
After the big meal, he felt bloated and uncomfortable.
Après le grand repas, il se sentait gonflé et inconfortable.
C1 verb /rɪˈlɛnt/

relent

céder, devenir plus doux
Meaning
to become less severe, harsh, or strict
Example
After hours of begging, she finally relented.
Après des heures de suppliques, elle a finalement cédé.
C1 noun /ˈkɪŋ.fɪʃ.ər/

King-Fisher

martin-pêcheur
Meaning
a small bird with bright blue and orange feathers that catches fish by diving into water
Example
The colorful kingfisher dove into the pond to catch a fish.
Le martinet coloré plongea dans l'étang pour attraper un poisson.
C1 verb rɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ

replenish

reconstituer
Meaning
Fill something up again.
Example
Drinking water helps replenish lost fluids in the body.
Boire de l'eau aide à reconstituer les liquides perdus dans le corps.
C1 noun /ˈtɜː.mɔɪl/

turmoil

tourmente
Meaning
A state of great disturbance, confusion, or uncertainty.
Example
The political turmoil led to mass protests.
Le turmoil politique a conduit à des manifestations de masse.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfɜːm/

infirm

fragile
Meaning
Weak, especially due to old age or illness.
Example
The infirm old man needed assistance to walk.
L'homme âgé et fragile avait besoin d'aide pour marcher.
C1 noun ˌprəʊ.baɪˈɒt.ɪk

probiotic

bactéries bénéfiques
Meaning
Live microorganisms that provide health benefits when consumed in adequate amounts.
Example
Yogurt is a natural source of probiotics that aid digestion.
Le yaourt est une source naturelle de probiotiques qui aide à la digestion.
C1 adjective /ˈsæk.rəˌsæŋkt/

sacrosanct

sacré
Meaning
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
Example
Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies.
La liberté d'expression est considérée comme sacrée dans les sociétés démocratiques.
C1 noun /ˈroʊ.lɪŋ bɔːrd/

Rolling board

planche à rouler
Meaning
a flat wooden or marble surface used for rolling out dough
Example
She placed the dough on the rolling board.
Elle a placé la pâte sur la planche à rouler.
C1 verb /əbˈdʌkt/

abduct

enlever
Meaning
to take someone away illegally by force or deception
Example
The criminal tried to abduct the child in broad daylight.
Le criminel a essayé d’enlever l’enfant en plein jour.