barb
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C1 noun /bɑːrb/

barb

dard, remarque acerbe
Meaning
a sharp projection such as on a fishhook; a cutting remark
Example
The fishhook has a small barb to keep the fish from escaping.
L'hameçon a une petite barb pour empêcher le poisson de s'échapper.
C1 adjective /ˈperɪɡrɪn/

Peregrine

errant; migratoire; voyageur
Meaning
wandering; traveling; migratory
Example
The peregrine falcon is known for its incredible speed.
Le faucon pèlerin est connu pour sa vitesse incroyable.
C1 adjective ˈtæktɪkəl

tactical

tactique
Meaning
Relating to or constituting actions carefully planned to gain a specific military or political end.
Example
Tactical thinking is crucial in business negotiations.
La pensée tactique est cruciale dans les négociations commerciales.
C1 noun ˈhɪn.drəns

hindrance

obstacle
Meaning
Something that creates difficulties or delays in progress.
Example
Lack of funds was a major hindrance to the project.
Le manque de fonds était un obstacle majeur pour le projet.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

interlude
Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
Il y a eu un bref interlude musical entre les deux actes de la pièce.
C1 adjective ˈfæʃ.ɪst

fascist

fasciste
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of fascism; extremely authoritarian.
Example
Fascist governance undermines freedom.
Le gouvernement fasciste sape la liberté.
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɜːrdʒənt/

resurgent

resurgissant
Meaning
Becoming strong, active, or popular again.
Example
The resurgent economy gave hope to many businesses.
L'économie resurgissante a donné de l'espoir à de nombreuses entreprises.
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

escarmouche
Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
Les soldats se sont engagés dans une escarmouche près de la frontière.
C1 noun /ˈvenɪsən/

Venison

viande de cerf
Meaning
meat from a deer used as food
Example
The restaurant serves delicious venison steaks.
Le restaurant sert de délicieux steaks de venaison.
C1 noun /noʊˈbɪl.ə.ti/

Nobility

noblesse; rang élevé
Meaning
the quality of being noble in character; people of noble rank
Example
He showed great nobility in forgiving his enemies.
Il a montré une grande noblesse en pardonnant à ses ennemis.
C1 noun /tɔːrk/

torque

couple
Meaning
A twisting force that causes rotation.
Example
The mechanic measured the torque of the engine.
Le mecanicien a mesure le couple du moteur.
C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

inefficacité
Meaning
The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
Example
Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.
L'inefficacité du gouvernement entraîne une réalisation lente du projet.
C1 noun /ˈnjuːtrɪənt dɪˈfɪʃənsi/

nutrient deficiency

déficience en nutriments
Meaning
A lack of essential nutrients required for healthy plant growth, which can result in poor crop development, reduced yields, and increased susceptibility to diseases.
Example
Nutrient deficiency in the soil can reduce crop productivity.
La déficience en nutriments dans le sol peut réduire la productivité des cultures.
C1 noun /ˈtjuːmʌlt/

tumult

tumulte
Meaning
A loud, confused noise, especially caused by a crowd; commotion or disorder.
Example
The protest created a tumult in the city square.
La manifestation a créé un tumulte sur la place de la ville.
C1 adjective /rɪˈbel.jəs/

Rebellious

révolté; désobéissant; qui défie l'autorité;
Meaning
defying authority; resisting control; disobedient;
Example
The rebellious teenager refused to follow his parents' rules.
L'adolescent rebelle a refusé de suivre les règles de ses parents.
C1 noun /ˈpɒpjʊləs/

populace

population
Meaning
the general public; the ordinary people living in a country or area
Example
The new law was welcomed by the local populace.
La nouvelle loi a été accueillie par la population locale.
C1 adjective /kwɪər/

Queer

étrange; inhabituel; particulier
Meaning
strange; unusual; peculiar; odd
Example
The old house had a queer atmosphere that made visitors uncomfortable.
La vieille maison avait une atmosphère étrange qui rendait les visiteurs mal à l'aise.
C1 noun /ˈsɒlstɪs/

solstice

solstice
Meaning
the two times in the year when the sun is at its greatest distance from the equator (summer and winter solstice)
Example
People celebrate the summer solstice with festivals and rituals.
Les gens célèbrent le solstice d'été avec des festivals et des rituels.
C1 noun /ˈruːdɪmənt/

rudiment

rudiments
Meaning
A basic principle, element, or fundamental part of something.
Example
He learned the rudiments of music before joining the band.
Il a appris les rudiments de la musique avant de rejoindre le groupe.
C1 adjective /ˈtɒp.məʊst/

Topmost

le plus haut; supérieur
Meaning
highest in position or rank
Example
The flag was placed on the topmost branch of the tree.
Le drapeau a été placé sur la branche la plus haute de l'arbre.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪviə/

trivia

détails triviaux
Meaning
Details or information that are considered unimportant or of little value.
Example
The quiz was filled with fun trivia about movies and music.
Le quiz était rempli de détails triviaux sur les films et la musique.
C1 adjective /æbˈdɑː.mə.nəl/

abdominal

abdominal
Meaning
relating to the abdomen (the part of the body between the chest and pelvis)
Example
He complained of severe abdominal pain.
Il se plaignait de douleurs abdominales sévères.
C1 noun /ˈmiːknəs/

Meekness

humilité
Meaning
The quality of being quiet, gentle, and submissive
Example
His meekness was often mistaken for weakness by his colleagues.
Sa humilité était souvent prise pour de la faiblesse par ses collègues.
C1 verb /ˈtræŋ.kwɪ.laɪz/

tranquilize

tranquilliser
Meaning
to make someone or something calm or less anxious, often by using drugs
Example
The veterinarian had to tranquilize the tiger before moving it.
Le vétérinaire a dû tranquilliser le tigre avant de le déplacer.
C1 adjective əsˈtjuːt

astute

astucieux ou perspicace
Meaning
Having or showing an ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage.
Example
His astute observations helped solve the complex problem.
Ses observations astucieuses ont aidé à résoudre le problème complexe.
C1 adjective /ˈɒptɪk/

optic

optique
Meaning
Relating to the eye or vision.
Example
The optic nerve carries signals from the eye to the brain.
Le nerf optique transporte les signaux de l'œil au cerveau.
C1 verb /əˈluːd/

allude

faire allusion
Meaning
To refer to something indirectly or casually.
Example
The professor alluded to Shakespeare during the lecture.
Le professeur a fait allusion à Shakespeare pendant la conférence.
C1 noun /ˌdɪs.kʌl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

discoloration

décoloration
Meaning
The process of changing or losing color; fading.
Example
Sun exposure causes discoloration of fabrics.
L'exposition au soleil provoque la décoloration des tissus.
C1 noun /haɪˈpɜːrbəli/

hyperbole

hyperbole
Meaning
Exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
Example
Saying 'I’m so hungry I could eat a horse' is a classic example of hyperbole.
Dire 'J'ai tellement faim que je pourrais manger un cheval' est un exemple classique d'hyperbole.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈtɛntɪv/

inattentive

inattentif
Meaning
not paying attention; lacking focus or concentration
Example
The inattentive student missed several important instructions.
L'étudiant inattentif a manqué plusieurs consignes importantes.
C1 noun /niːʃ/

Niche

niche de marché, segment spécialisé, marché cible
Meaning
A specialized segment of the market for a particular kind of product or service.
Example
Finding the right niche is key to a successful business.
Trouver le bon créneau est essentiel pour réussir dans les affaires.
C1 verb /reɪz/

raze

raser
Meaning
To completely destroy or demolish something, especially a building.
Example
The old factory was razed to make way for new apartments.
L'ancienne usine a été rasée pour faire place à de nouveaux appartements.
C1 noun /θiˈɒlədʒi/

theology

théologie
Meaning
The study of the nature of God and religious beliefs.
Example
She is pursuing a degree in theology at the university.
Elle poursuit un diplôme en théologie à l'université.
C1 adjective /ˈlɔː.ləs/

Lawless

sans loi; anarchique; désordonné; criminel
Meaning
without law; anarchic; unruly; criminal
Example
The frontier town was known for its lawless behavior and chaos.
La ville frontalière était connue pour son comportement sans loi et son chaos.
C1 noun ɪˈveɪ.ʒən

evasion

évasion
Meaning
The practice of avoiding or escaping from something, especially responsibility or duty.
Example
His evasion of responsibilities frustrated his colleagues.
Son évasion des responsabilités a frustré ses collègues.
C1 adjective /bɪˈrɛft/

bereft

privé
Meaning
Deprived of or lacking something, especially a nonmaterial asset.
Example
After the betrayal, he felt bereft of hope and trust.
Après la trahison, il se sentit privé d'espoir et de confiance.
C1 verb /məˈlɛst/

molest

harceler / agresser sexuellement
Meaning
to assault or abuse someone, especially in a sexual or physical way
Example
The criminal was arrested for attempting to molest a child.
Le criminel a été arrêté pour avoir tenté de molester un enfant.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈedəbəl/

Inedible

incomestible
Meaning
not suitable or safe for eating; not edible
Example
The mushrooms were poisonous and completely inedible.
Les champignons étaient venimeux et complètement inédibles.
C1 noun /fɪkˈseɪ.ʃən/

fixation

fixation ou intérêt obsessionnel pour quelque chose ou quelqu'un
Meaning
An obsessive interest in or feeling about someone or something.
Example
His fixation on perfectionism delayed project completion.
Sa fixation sur le perfectionnisme a retardé l'achèvement du projet.
C1 noun /ˈdɒktrɪn/

doctrine

doctrine
Meaning
A set of beliefs or principles held and taught by a religious, political, or other group.
Example
The church follows a strict doctrine on moral values.
L'église suit une doctrine stricte sur les valeurs morales.
C1 noun dɪˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɪv dɪˈzizɪz

degenerative diseases

maladies dégénératives
Meaning
Medical conditions that involve the deterioration or progressive decline of tissues, organs, or functions
Example
Degenerative diseases are common in an aging population.
Les maladies dégénératives sont courantes dans une population vieillissante.
C1 adjective ˌɪn.trəˈspek.tɪv

introspective

introspectif
Meaning
Characterized by or given to introspection; examining one's own thoughts and feelings.
Example
Writers tend to be highly introspective individuals.
Les écrivains ont tendance à être des individus très introspectifs.
C1 noun ˌdʒiːəˈlɒdʒɪkəl ˈstrʌktʃər

geological structure

structure géologique
Meaning
The arrangement and composition of rocks, minerals, and landforms in the Earth's crust.
Example
Scientists will study the Moon's geological structure.
Les scientifiques étudieront la structure géologique de la lune.
C1 verb /ˈdɛsɪmeɪt/

decimate

détruire
Meaning
To destroy or kill a large proportion of something.
Example
The wildfire decimated the forest.
L'incendie a ravagé la forêt.
C1 verb /ˈfɛdərət/

federate

fédérer
Meaning
to unite in a league or federation; to form an alliance
Example
Several states federated to create a stronger union.
Plusieurs États se sont fédérés pour créer une union plus forte.
C1 noun /ˈsɛtərə/

cetera

etc.
Meaning
Latin for 'the rest' or 'others'; commonly used in the phrase 'et cetera' meaning 'and so on'.
Example
We need to buy pens, paper, notebooks, et cetera.
Nous devons acheter des stylos, du papier, des carnets, etc.
C1 verb /ˌaʊtˈstrɛtʃ/

outstretch

étendre
Meaning
To extend or stretch something outward.
Example
He outstretched his hand to help her up.
Il a tendu la main pour l'aider à se lever.
C1 verb /ˈrɛlɪɡeɪt/

relegate

reléguer
Meaning
to assign to a lower rank, position, or category
Example
The manager decided to relegate the player to the bench.
Le manager a décidé de reléguer le joueur sur le banc.
C1 adjective /prəˈvoʊkɪŋ/

Provoking

provocateur
Meaning
causing anger or strong reaction; irritating; stimulating
Example
His provoking comments made everyone angry.
Ses commentaires provocateurs ont mis tout le monde en colère.
C1 noun /ˈnaɪ.tɪŋ.ɡeɪl/

Nightingale

rossignol
Meaning
small songbird known for its beautiful singing, especially at night
Example
The nightingale sang sweetly in the moonlight.
Le rossignol chanta doucement sous la lumière de la lune.
C1 noun /ˈriːbeɪt/

rebate

remise/remboursement
Meaning
a partial refund given to someone who has paid too much money for something
Example
The store offered a rebate on bulk purchases.
Le magasin a offert une remise sur les achats en gros.
C1 noun /ˈsəʊdiəm/

sodium

sodium
Meaning
a soft, silver-white chemical element that is highly reactive and found in salt.
Example
Sodium is an essential element for maintaining fluid balance in the body.
Le sodium est un élément essentiel pour maintenir l'équilibre des fluides dans le corps.
C1 noun /ˈhaɪdəweɪ/

hideaway

refuge
Meaning
A place used as a retreat or a place to hide.
Example
The cabin in the woods was their secret hideaway.
Le chalet dans les bois était leur cachette secrète.
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈpriːv/

reprieve

délai temporaire / suspension de la punition
Meaning
A temporary relief or delay from something unpleasant; to postpone or cancel punishment.
Example
The prisoner was granted a last-minute reprieve from execution.
Le prisonnier a obtenu un sursis de dernière minute avant l'exécution.
C1 adjective /ˈzoʊ.nəl/

Zonal

zonale
Meaning
relating to or arranged in zones; of, relating to, or having the form of a zone
Example
The city implemented a zonal parking system to manage traffic congestion.
La ville a mis en place un système de stationnement zonal pour gérer les embouteillages.
C1 adjective /ˌoʊvərˈbɛrɪŋ/

overbearing

autoritaire
Meaning
unpleasantly or arrogantly domineering
Example
His overbearing attitude made everyone uncomfortable.
Son attitude autoritaire a mis tout le monde mal à l'aise.
C1 verb /ˈmedɪkeɪt/

medicate

médicamenter
Meaning
to treat with medicine; to give drugs to someone for medical purposes
Example
The doctor will medicate the patient to reduce inflammation.
Le docteur medicinera le patient pour réduire l'inflammation.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːr.nɪst/

Earnest

sérieux; authentique; montrant une conviction profonde et sérieuse
Meaning
sincere; genuine; showing deep and serious conviction
Example
He made an earnest attempt to solve the problem.
Il a fait une tentative sérieuse pour résoudre le problème.
C1 noun /əˈluːʒən/

allusion

allusion
Meaning
An indirect reference to something without mentioning it explicitly.
Example
Her story contained an allusion to a famous myth.
Son histoire contenait une allusion à un mythe célèbre.
C1 adjective /ˈwer.i/

Wary

prudent; méfiant
Meaning
cautious; careful to avoid danger or problems
Example
She was wary of strangers approaching her at night.
Elle était méfiante des inconnus qui s'approchaient d'elle la nuit.
C1 adjective /ˈdek.stər.əs/

dexterous

habile
Meaning
Showing or having skill, especially with the hands; mentally adroit and skillful.
Example
A dexterous programmer can write complex codes effortlessly.
Un programmeur habile peut écrire des codes complexes sans effort.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrdʒər/

forger

falsificateur
Meaning
a person who makes fake documents, artworks, or signatures
Example
The police arrested a forger who had been selling counterfeit paintings.
La police a arrêté un falsificateur qui vendait des peintures contrefaites.
C1 adjective /ˈɡræn.jʊ.lər/

granular

granulaire
Meaning
Consisting of small grains or particles; detailed and specific.
Example
The report provided a granular analysis of the market data.
Le rapport a fourni une analyse détaillée des données du marché.
C1 verb /əˈpreɪz/

appraise

évaluer
Meaning
to evaluate the value, quality, or importance of something
Example
The jeweler appraised the diamond before buying it.
Le bijoutier a évalué le diamant avant de l'acheter.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkwɪzɪtɪv/

inquisitive

inquisitif
Meaning
Curious or eager to learn and ask questions.
Example
The inquisitive child asked endless questions about the stars.
L'enfant inquisitif a posé d'innombrables questions sur les étoiles.
C1 noun /ˌmælnuːˈtrɪʃən/

Malnutrition

malnutrition; sous-nutrition
Meaning
Lack of proper nutrition; poor nourishment
Example
Malnutrition among children is a serious public health concern.
La malnutrition chez les enfants est un problème de santé publique grave.
C1 noun /ˈeɪ.kər.ɪdʒ/

acreage

hectare
Meaning
An area of land measured in acres.
Example
The farmer owns a large acreage of fertile land.
L'agriculteur possède une grande hectare de terre fertile.
C1 noun səbˈsɪs.təns

subsistence

subsistance
Meaning
The action or fact of maintaining or supporting oneself at a minimum level.
Example
Many farmers depend on subsistence agriculture.
De nombreux agriculteurs dépendent de l'agriculture de subsistance.
C1 verb /ˈpruːfˌriːd/

proofread

corriger
Meaning
to read written material and mark any errors
Example
She proofread the report before submission.
Elle a corrigé le rapport avant la soumission.
C1 adjective, noun /əbˈzɔːrbənt/

absorbent

absorbant
Meaning
able to soak up liquid, moisture, or energy easily; a material or substance that absorbs
Example
This towel is highly absorbent and dries quickly.
Cette serviette est très absorbante et sèche rapidement.
C1 adjective /ˈbuːzi/

boozy

alcoolisé
Meaning
containing or involving a lot of alcohol; slightly drunk from alcohol
Example
The party became boozy as the night went on.
La fête est devenue très alcoolisée au fil de la nuit.
C1 noun /dɪsˈlɛksiə/

dyslexia

dyslexie
Meaning
A learning disorder characterized by difficulty reading due to problems identifying speech sounds and decoding words.
Example
The teacher used special methods to help the student with dyslexia.
L'enseignant a utilisé des méthodes spéciales pour aider l'élève atteint de dyslexie.
C1 noun kənˌsɒl.ɪˈdeɪ.ʃən

Consolidation

consolidation de la mémoire
Meaning
The process of converting newly learned information into long-term memory
Example
Sleep plays a key role in memory consolidation.
Le sommeil joue un rôle clé dans la consolidation de la mémoire.
C1 adjective /ˈsæv.i/

savvy

astucieux, sage
Meaning
Having practical knowledge and the ability to make good judgments.
Example
She is a tech-savvy entrepreneur.
Elle est une entrepreneure experte en technologie.
C1 verb /səˈplænt/

supplant

supplanter
Meaning
To take the place of something or someone, often by force or strategy.
Example
Digital platforms have supplanted traditional newspapers.
Les plateformes numériques ont supplanté les journaux traditionnels.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɔːdəbl/

inaudible

inaudible
Meaning
Unable to be heard.
Example
Her voice was almost inaudible over the noise.
Sa voix était presque inaudible par-dessus le bruit.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

économie commandée
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
Dans une économie commandée, le gouvernement contrôle la production et les prix.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪlədʒi/

trilogy

trilogie
Meaning
a set of three related works, usually books or films, that form a connected story
Example
The director finally released the third film to complete the sci-fi trilogy.
Le réalisateur a enfin sorti le troisième film pour compléter la trilogie de science-fiction.
C1 noun /ˈmaɪzər/

miser

avare
Meaning
A person who hoards wealth and spends as little money as possible.
Example
The old miser refused to donate even a penny to charity.
Le vieux avare a refusé de donner même un centime à la charité.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtʃælɪndʒd/

Unchallenged

incontesté; accepté sans opposition; sans rival
Meaning
not disputed or questioned; accepted without opposition; having no rival
Example
He remained the unchallenged champion for five years.
Il est resté le champion incontesté pendant cinq ans.
C1 noun, adjective, verb /səˈbɔːrdənət/ (noun/adjective), /səˈbɔːrdəˌneɪt/ (verb)

subordinate

subordonné
Meaning
lower in rank or position; to treat as less important
Example
He manages ten subordinates in his department.
Il gère dix subordonnés dans son département.
C1 noun /ˈlɪmboʊ/

limbo

incertitude, état de suspension
Meaning
A state of uncertainty or neglect; an intermediate or transitional state.
Example
The project was left in limbo after the funding was withdrawn.
Le projet a été laissé dans l'incertitude après le retrait du financement.
C1 adjective /ˈskeɪðɪŋ/

scathing

critique acerbe
Meaning
severely critical; harshly scornful
Example
The critic wrote a scathing review of the movie.
Le critique a écrit une critique acerbe du film.
C1 noun /ˈsteɪtəs kwoʊ/

status quo

statu quo
Meaning
The existing state of affairs, especially regarding social or political issues.
Example
The government decided to maintain the status quo until further review.
Le gouvernement a décidé de maintenir le statu quo jusqu'à un examen ultérieur.
C1 noun /ˈklæmər/

clamor

tumulte
Meaning
a loud and confused noise, especially of people shouting insistently
Example
The clamor of the protesting crowd filled the square.
Le tumulte de la foule en colère a rempli la place.
C1 noun /ˈkrɒkəri/

crockery

vaisselle
Meaning
Dishes, plates, cups, and other items made of earthenware or china.
Example
The hotel provided clean crockery for the guests.
L'hôtel a fourni de la vaisselle propre pour les invités.
C1 verb /ˈpændər/

pander

flatter, cirer les bottes
Meaning
to indulge or exploit the weaknesses, desires, or immoral tendencies of others
Example
The politician was accused of pandering to voters' fears.
Le politicien a été accusé de flatter les peurs des électeurs.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmɔːrdiəl/

primordial

primaire
Meaning
Existing at or from the beginning of time; fundamental and original.
Example
Scientists study the primordial soup from which life emerged.
Les scientifiques étudient la soupe primordiale dont la vie a émergé.
C1 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈækt/

counteract

contrer
Meaning
to act against something in order to reduce its effect
Example
The medicine helps counteract the side effects of the treatment.
Le médicament aide à contrer les effets secondaires du traitement.
C1 adjective /əˈtrəʊ.ʃəs/

Atrocious

atroce; extrêmement mauvais ou désagréable
Meaning
horrifyingly wicked; extremely bad or unpleasant
Example
The conditions in the prison were atrocious.
Les conditions en prison étaient atroces.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsɪvəlaɪzd/

Uncivilized

non civilisé; sauvage;
Meaning
not developed in terms of civilization; lacking social organization and culture; barbarous
Example
The explorers encountered an uncivilized tribe deep in the Amazon rainforest.
Les explorateurs ont rencontré une tribu non civilisée au cœur de la forêt amazonienne.
C1 noun /ˈmeɪsən/

mason

maçon
Meaning
a person skilled in building with stone, brick, or concrete
Example
The mason carefully laid the bricks for the new house.
Le maçon a soigneusement posé les briques pour la nouvelle maison.
C1 noun/verb /ɡrʌdʒ/

grudge

rancune
Meaning
A persistent feeling of ill will or resentment from a past insult or injury.
Example
She still holds a grudge against him for what happened years ago.
Elle garde toujours une rancune contre lui pour ce qui s'est passé il y a des années.
C1 noun /ˈhɔːr.nət/

Hornet

frelon
Meaning
a large wasp that can sting and is often aggressive
Example
The hornet built its nest under the roof.
Le frelon a construit son nid sous le toit.
C1 adjective /pəˈfʌŋk.tər.i/

perfunctory

superficiel
Meaning
done without much effort, interest, or thought
Example
He gave a perfunctory nod and walked away.
Il a donné un signe de tête superficiel et est parti.
C1 noun /ˈbenɪˌfæktər/

Benefactor

bienfaiteur; mécène; donateur
Meaning
a person who gives money or other help to support a person or cause; a patron
Example
The anonymous benefactor donated millions to the hospital.
Le bienfaiteur anonyme a fait un don de millions à l'hôpital.
C1 noun /ˈliːniənsi/

leniency

clémence
Meaning
The quality of being more merciful or tolerant than expected.
Example
The judge showed leniency in his ruling.
Le juge a montré de la clémence dans son jugement.
C1 noun /ˈæpərtʃər/

aperture

ouverture / trou
Meaning
an opening, hole, or gap, especially one that lets in light
Example
Light entered through the small aperture in the wall.
La lumière est entrée par la petite ouverture dans le mur.
C1 noun /weɪ/

Whey

lactosérum
Meaning
the watery part of milk that separates from the curds when making cheese
Example
Whey protein is popular among athletes and bodybuilders.
La protéine de lactosérum est populaire parmi les athlètes et les culturistes.
C1 noun /ˈfɪɡjərˌhɛd/

figurehead

tête symbolique
Meaning
a nominal leader with no real power; a symbolic head
Example
The king was merely a figurehead with no real authority.
Le roi était simplement un chef symbolique sans pouvoir réel.
C1 adjective /səˈriːn/

serene

serein et paisible
Meaning
Calm, peaceful, and untroubled; tranquil.
Example
The lake had a serene and peaceful atmosphere.
Le lac avait une atmosphère sereine et paisible.
C1 adjective /ˈstɛlər/

stellar

exceptionnel
Meaning
Relating to stars; outstanding or excellent.
Example
She gave a stellar performance in the play.
Elle a donné une performance exceptionnelle dans la pièce.
C1 adjective /ˈnɒnʃələnt/

nonchalant

nonchalant
Meaning
Appearing calm, casual, and unconcerned.
Example
He gave a nonchalant shrug and walked away.
Il a haussé les épaules avec nonchalance et s'en est allé.
C1 noun ɪˌlæˈstɪs.ə.ti

elasticity

élasticité
Meaning
The responsiveness of demand or supply to changes in price.
Example
The elasticity of demand for luxury goods is high.
L'élasticité de la demande pour les biens de luxe est élevée.
C1 noun /ˈmæn.juˌskrɪpt/

manuscript

manuscrit
Meaning
a handwritten or typed document, especially a writer’s draft before publication
Example
The author submitted her manuscript to the publisher.
L'auteure a soumis son manuscrit à l'éditeur.
C1 noun /ˈsɪtəˌdɛl/

citadel

citadelle
Meaning
A fortress protecting or dominating a city.
Example
The ancient citadel stood guard over the town for centuries.
L'ancienne citadelle a protégé la ville pendant des siècles.
C1 adjective /ˌpriːˈmɛdɪˌteɪtɪd/

premeditated

prémédité
Meaning
planned in advance; done deliberately
Example
The crime was clearly premeditated.
Le crime était clairement prémédité.
C1 verb /ˈpɛdəl/

peddle

vendre
Meaning
To sell goods, often by going from place to place; sometimes used negatively to mean promoting an idea or product in a pushy way.
Example
Street vendors peddle handmade jewelry to tourists.
Les vendeurs de rue vendent des bijoux faits à la main aux touristes.
C1 noun /ˈpæs.ɪ.fɪst/

pacifist

pacifiste
Meaning
a person who believes in peace and opposes war or violence
Example
She is a committed pacifist who campaigns against armed conflict.
Elle est une pacifiste engagée qui fait campagne contre les conflits armés.
C1 verb /ˈʃɪmər/

shimmer

scintiller
Meaning
To shine with a soft, wavering light.
Example
The lake shimmered under the moonlight.
Le lac scintillait sous la lumière de la lune.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpʌɡ.nənt/

Repugnant

répugnant; détestable; insupportable
Meaning
extremely distasteful; unacceptable; causing disgust or strong dislike
Example
The idea of lying to his parents was repugnant to him.
L'idée de mentir à ses parents lui était répugnante.
C1 noun /deɪˈtɑːnt/

detente

détente
Meaning
the easing of hostility or strained relations, especially between countries
Example
The two nations worked toward detente after decades of conflict.
Les deux nations ont travaillé vers la détente après des décennies de conflit.
C1 verb /ˈswɪndl/

swindle

escroquer
Meaning
to cheat someone out of money or possessions by deceit
Example
The con artist tried to swindle the old man out of his savings.
L'artiste de la tromperie a tenté d'escroquer le vieil homme de ses économies.
C1 adjective /ˈvendʒ.fəl/

Vengeful

vengéful
Meaning
seeking to harm someone in return for a perceived injury; vindictive
Example
She felt vengeful after her friend betrayed her trust.
Elle se sentit vengeresse après que son amie ait trahi sa confiance.
C1 noun /ˈrɒstrəm/

rostrum

estrade
Meaning
A raised platform for speakers, performers, or leaders.
Example
The politician delivered a speech from the rostrum.
Le politicien a fait un discours depuis l'estrade.
C1 verb /dɪˈsɛnt/

dissent

désapprouver
Meaning
To hold or express opinions that are different from those officially accepted.
Example
Several members dissented from the majority decision.
Plusieurs membres ont exprimé un désaccord avec la décision majoritaire.
C1 adjective /ˈnjʊrəl/

neural

neuronal
Meaning
Relating to nerves or the nervous system.
Example
Scientists study neural connections in the brain.
Les scientifiques étudient les connexions neuronales dans le cerveau.
C1 adjective daɪˈvɜː.dʒənt

divergent

divergent
Meaning
Tending to be different or develop in different directions
Example
Divergent policies create challenges in collaboration.
Les politiques divergentes créent des défis dans la collaboration.
C1 adjective /ˈretʃɪd/

Wretched

misérable; déplorable; de mauvaise qualité
Meaning
very unhappy; miserable; of poor quality
Example
The refugees lived in wretched conditions.
Les réfugiés vivaient dans des conditions misérables.
C1 verb, noun /ˈmʌstər/

muster

rassembler / prendre du courage
Meaning
to gather people, especially soldiers; to summon courage or strength
Example
He mustered enough courage to face the challenge.
Il rassembla assez de courage pour relever le défi.
C1 noun /ˌɪntəkəˈnɛktɪvɪti/

interconnectivity

interconnexion
Meaning
The state of being interconnected or the degree of connectivity between components
Example
The rise of interconnectivity has transformed global communication.
L'essor de l'interconnectivité a transformé la communication mondiale.