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B1 adverb /ˌɔːl.təˈɡeð.ər/

Altogether

dans l'ensemble; complètement; totalement
Meaning
completely; in total; considering everything
Example
The project cost altogether five thousand dollars.
Le projet a coûté dans l'ensemble cinq mille dollars.
C2 noun /ˈɡræn.juːl/

granule

granule
Meaning
A small compact particle of a substance.
Example
Each granule of salt sparkled under the sunlight.
Chaque granule de sel scintillait sous la lumière du soleil.
C1 noun /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈniː/

Examinee

candidat à l'examen
Meaning
a person who is being tested in an examination
Example
Each examinee was given two hours to complete the test.
Chaque candidat à l'examen a reçu deux heures pour terminer le test.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.stɪk/

caustic

caustique, acerbe
Meaning
able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic
Example
Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings.
Ses remarques caustiques ont blessé ses sentiments.
C1 adjective /ˈtɑːrdi/

tardy

en retard
Meaning
Delayed; arriving or happening late.
Example
The student received a warning for being tardy to class.
L'élève a reçu un avertissement pour être en retard en classe.
B2 adjective /ˈtaɪərləs/

tireless

inlassable
Meaning
Showing great effort or energy without becoming tired.
Example
She worked tirelessly to complete the project on time.
Elle a travaillé sans relâche pour terminer le projet à temps.
B2 verb /ɪnˈlɑːrdʒ/

enlarge

agrandir
Meaning
to make something bigger or increase in size
Example
They decided to enlarge their house.
Ils ont décidé d'agrandir leur maison.
B2 noun ˈkɔːʃən

caution

précaution
Meaning
Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes; a warning or piece of advice.
Example
Researchers issued a caution regarding unsustainable fishing.
Les chercheurs ont émis une mise en garde concernant la pêche insoutenable.
C2 noun /ˈbʊlwərk/

bulwark

rempart
Meaning
A strong wall or defensive structure; something that provides protection or support.
Example
The fortress walls served as a bulwark against enemy attacks.
Les murs du fort ont servi de rempart contre les attaques ennemies.
B1 adjective /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pl̩/

Multiple

multiple; divers; variés
Meaning
having many parts, elements, or members; numerous
Example
She suffered multiple injuries in the accident.
Elle a subi de multiples blessures dans l'accident.
C2 adjective /ˈrɛkriənt/

recreant

lâche, traître
Meaning
cowardly or unfaithful to duty
Example
The recreant soldier abandoned his post in fear.
Le soldat lâche abandonna son poste par peur.
C2 verb /flɛdʒ/

fledge

prêter
Meaning
To develop wing feathers large enough for flight; to bring up until able to fly.
Example
The young birds will fledge in a few weeks.
Les jeunes oiseaux vont se préparer à voler dans quelques semaines.
B2 noun /ˈtæksˌpeɪər/

taxpayer

contribuable
Meaning
a person who pays tax to the government
Example
The taxpayers' money is used to fund public services.
L'argent des contribuables est utilisé pour financer les services publics.
C1 adjective /ˈhɔː.ti/

Haughty

arrogant; hautain
Meaning
arrogantly superior and disdainful; showing excessive pride
Example
She gave him a haughty look and walked away.
Elle lui lança un regard arrogant et s'éloigna.
C1 adjective /ˈpɒp.jʊ.ləs/

Populous

populeux
Meaning
having a large population; densely populated; crowded with people
Example
China is the most populous country in the world.
La Chine est le pays le plus peuplé du monde.
A2 noun /ˈlem.ən/

Lemon

citron
Meaning
a yellow citrus fruit with acidic juice
Example
She squeezed a lemon into her tea.
Elle a pressé un citron dans son thé.
C1 verb /paʊt/

pout

faire la moue
Meaning
to push one's lips forward as an expression of annoyance or sulkiness
Example
The child began to pout when he didn’t get the toy.
L'enfant a commencé à faire la moue lorsqu'il n'a pas eu le jouet.
C1 adjective /ˈkɒn.ɪ.fər.əs/

coniferous

relatif aux arbres portant des cônes
Meaning
Relating to cone-bearing trees that usually have needle-like leaves and remain green year-round.
Example
Pine trees are coniferous and grow in colder climates.
Les pins sont des conifères et poussent dans des climats plus froids.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/

intelligible

intelligible
Meaning
Able to be understood; clear enough to be comprehended.
Example
Her speech was barely intelligible over the noise.
Son discours était à peine intelligible à cause du bruit.
C2 verb /ˈkælsɪfaɪ/

calcify

durcir par dépôt de sels de calcium
Meaning
To harden by deposition of calcium salts; to become rigid or inflexible.
Example
Over time, the tissue began to calcify and lose flexibility.
Avec le temps, le tissu a commencé à se calcifier et a perdu de la flexibilité.
A2 verb /wɔːrm/

Warm

chauffer
Meaning
to make or become warm; to heat something gently
Example
The sun warms the earth during the day.
Le soleil chauffe la terre pendant la journée.
B2 verb /ɪnˈtaɪtəl/

entitle

donner le droit
Meaning
to give someone the right to have or do something
Example
Employees are entitled to receive paid holidays.
Les employés ont droit à des congés payés.
B2 noun /ˈdes.tə.ni/

Destiny

destin; destinée; sort
Meaning
the events that will necessarily happen to someone in the future; fate or predetermined course
Example
She believed that meeting him was her destiny and meant to be.
Elle croyait que le rencontrer était son destin et que cela devait arriver.
C2 verb /ˈkɒd.l̩/

coddle

choyer de manière excessive
Meaning
to treat someone with excessive care or kindness, often in a way that is overprotective
Example
Parents should support their children without coddling them.
Les parents devraient soutenir leurs enfants sans les dorloter.
C2 noun /proʊˈbɑːsɪs/

proboscis

trompe
Meaning
The long, flexible nose of some animals, especially an elephant, or a tubular feeding and sucking organ in insects.
Example
The elephant used its proboscis to grab food.
L'éléphant a utilisé sa trompe pour attraper de la nourriture.
C1 noun /rɪˈfaɪnəri/

refinery

raffinerie
Meaning
an industrial facility where raw materials are processed and purified
Example
The oil refinery processes thousands of barrels daily.
La raffinerie de pétrole traite des milliers de barils chaque jour.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl/

incompatible

incompatible
Meaning
Not able to exist or work together without conflict.
Example
Their personalities were completely incompatible.
Leurs personnalités étaient complètement incompatibles.
C1 adjective /ˈperɪɡrɪn/

Peregrine

errant; migratoire; voyageur
Meaning
wandering; traveling; migratory
Example
The peregrine falcon is known for its incredible speed.
Le faucon pèlerin est connu pour sa vitesse incroyable.
B2 noun /ˈkwɪə.ri/

Query

question; demande d'information;
Meaning
a question or inquiry; a request for information
Example
I have a query about the new policy changes in the company.
J'ai une question sur les nouveaux changements de politique dans l'entreprise.
C1 noun dɪˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɪv dɪˈzizɪz

degenerative diseases

maladies dégénératives
Meaning
Medical conditions that involve the deterioration or progressive decline of tissues, organs, or functions
Example
Degenerative diseases are common in an aging population.
Les maladies dégénératives sont courantes dans une population vieillissante.
C1 adjective /dɪˈskrɪmɪˌneɪtɪŋ/

discriminating

discriminant
Meaning
Having refined taste or good judgment; able to recognize subtle differences.
Example
She is known for her discriminating taste in art.
Elle est connue pour son goût discriminant en art.
C1 noun /ˈbɔɪənsi/ or /ˈbuːjənsi/

buoyancy

flottabilité, gaieté
Meaning
The ability to float in a liquid; cheerfulness and optimism.
Example
Her natural buoyancy lifted the mood of the group.
Sa flottabilité naturelle a remonté le moral du groupe.
C2 noun /ˈklaɪmɪŋ fɪʃ/

Climbing-fish

poisson grimpeur
Meaning
a type of fish that can climb trees and survive out of water for short periods
Example
The climbing-fish can move from one pond to another by climbing trees.
Le poisson grimpeur peut se déplacer d'un étang à l'autre en grimpant aux arbres.
A1 adjective /ˈpɒs.ə.bəl/

Possible

possible
Meaning
able to be done or achieved; likely to happen; feasible
Example
It is possible to learn a new language at any age.
Il est possible d'apprendre une nouvelle langue à tout âge.
C1 verb diːˈsɛn.sɪ.taɪz

desensitize

désensibiliser
Meaning
To make someone less sensitive or reactive to something through repeated exposure.
Example
Constant exposure to violence can desensitize people.
Une exposition constante à la violence peut désensibiliser les gens.
B1 noun /ˈprɛər/

prayer

prière
Meaning
a solemn request for help or expression of thanks addressed to God or another deity
Example
She recited a prayer before the meal.
Elle a récité une prière avant le repas.
C2 noun /ˈfaɪnəri/

finery

vêtements ou décorations luxueux
Meaning
expensive or elaborate clothes, decorations, or accessories
Example
She attended the party in her finest finery.
Elle est allée à la fête vêtue de sa plus belle tenue.
B1 adjective /ˈliː.dɪŋ/

Leading

principal; dirigeant; le plus important
Meaning
foremost; principal; most important; guiding
Example
She is a leading expert in environmental science.
Elle est une experte de premier plan en sciences de l'environnement.
B2 noun, verb /bʌt/

butt

frapper avec la tête, la fin de quelque chose
Meaning
to hit or push with the head or horns; the end part of something, especially a cigarette
Example
The goat butted the fence with its horns.
La chèvre a frappé la clôture avec ses cornes.
A2 adverb /ˈnaɪsli/

nicely

gentiment
Meaning
in a pleasant, kind, or satisfactory manner; carefully and appropriately
Example
She explained the problem nicely so everyone could understand.
Elle a expliqué le problème gentiment pour que tout le monde comprenne.
B2 verb /vaʊ/

vow

faire un vœu
Meaning
to make a serious promise; to pledge solemnly
Example
They vowed to love each other forever.
Ils ont fait le vœu de s'aimer pour toujours.
A1 noun /ʃɒp/

shop

magasin
Meaning
a place where goods are sold to customers
Example
I need to go to the shop to buy some groceries.
J'ai besoin d'aller au magasin pour acheter des courses.
B2 noun ˈæk.tɪv rɪˈkɔːl

Active recall

rappel actif
Meaning
A learning technique that involves actively trying to retrieve information from memory rather than passively reviewing material.
Example
Active recall improves long-term memory and retention.
Le rappel actif améliore la mémoire à long terme et la rétention.
C2 noun /ˈvɛstmənt/

vestment

vêtement religieux
Meaning
a garment, especially a ceremonial or official robe worn during religious services
Example
The priest wore a golden vestment during the ceremony.
Le prêtre portait un vêtement doré lors de la cérémonie.
C1 adjective /klaɪˈmæktɪk/

climactic

climactique
Meaning
Relating to the most exciting or important moment of something.
Example
The film ended with a climactic battle scene.
Le film s'est terminé par une scène de bataille climactique.
C1 noun /ˈhɔː.kər/

Hawker

vendeur ambulant
Meaning
a person who travels about selling goods, typically from door to door or on the street
Example
The hawker sold fresh fruits from his cart.
Le vendeur ambulant a vendu des fruits frais de son chariot.
C2 noun /ˈfʌŋkʃəˌnɛri/

functionary

fonctionnaire
Meaning
a person who has official duties in an organization, especially one with little authority
Example
The minor functionary was responsible for filing reports.
Le fonctionnaire mineur était responsable du dépôt des rapports.
B2 verb /spɛər/

spare

donner quelque chose en excès / épargner
Meaning
To give something that one has extra of; to refrain from harming or killing.
Example
Could you spare me a few minutes of your time?
Pouvez-vous me donner quelques minutes de votre temps ?
C2 verb /ˈæpɪtaɪz/

appetize

stimuler l’appétit
Meaning
to stimulate the appetite; to make someone eager or interested
Example
The aroma of fresh bread will appetize the guests before dinner.
L’odeur du pain frais va stimuler l’appétit des invités.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalescence
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Sa convalescence a duré presque deux mois après l'accident.
C2 noun /ˈmæl.kənˌtɛnt/

malcontent

personne mécontente
Meaning
A person who is dissatisfied or rebellious; one who is not content.
Example
The malcontent voiced his grievances against the government.
La personne mécontente a exprimé ses plaintes contre le gouvernement.
A1 noun /ˈsɪti/

city

ville
Meaning
a large town or an urban area with its own government
Example
Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
Paris est la plus grande ville de France.
C2 adjective /ˈθrɛdˌbɛr/

threadbare

usé et mince à cause d'une utilisation excessive
Meaning
Worn out and thin from too much use; shabby.
Example
His threadbare coat could not keep him warm in winter.
Son manteau usé ne pouvait pas le garder au chaud en hiver.
C1 adjective /ˈɔːrθədɑːks/

orthodox

orthodoxe
Meaning
conforming to traditional beliefs or practices
Example
He comes from a very orthodox family.
Il vient d'une famille très orthodoxe.
A1 adjective /ˈprɪti/

Pretty

joli; beau; attrayant
Meaning
attractive in a delicate way; fairly or moderately
Example
She wore a pretty dress to the party.
Elle portait une jolie robe à la fête.
B2 adjective /ˈpəʊstwɔːr/

postwar

d'après-guerre
Meaning
occurring or existing after a war
Example
The postwar period saw significant economic growth.
La période d'après-guerre a vu une croissance économique significative.
B2 noun /vɜːrdʒ/

Verge

bord; limite; seuil
Meaning
the edge or border of something; very close to happening
Example
She was on the verge of tears.
Elle était sur le point de pleurer.
C1 noun /prəˈpoʊnənt/

proponent

partisan, promoteur
Meaning
a person who advocates for or supports a particular idea, cause, or plan
Example
She is a strong proponent of renewable energy.
Elle est une forte partisane de l'énergie renouvelable.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpleɪsənt/

complacent

complaisant
Meaning
showing self-satisfaction and a lack of concern about potential dangers or problems
Example
The team grew complacent after a few victories and stopped practicing hard.
L'équipe est devenue complaisante après quelques victoires et a arrêté de s'entraîner dur.
B2 noun /ˈtɒl.ər.əns/

Tolerance

tolérance
Meaning
the ability to accept different opinions or behavior; willingness to allow something to exist
Example
Religious tolerance is important in a diverse society.
La tolérance religieuse est importante dans une société diversifiée.
B2 noun ˌæs.pɪˈreɪ.ʃən

aspiration

aspiration
Meaning
A hope or ambition of achieving something, a strong desire or goal to achieve something.
Example
His aspiration is to become a successful entrepreneur.
Son aspiration est de devenir un entrepreneur à succès.
C2 noun /ˌdʒʊərɪsˈpruːdəns/

jurisprudence

jurisprudence
Meaning
The theory, philosophy, or science of law.
Example
She is a professor of jurisprudence at the university.
Elle est professeure de jurisprudence à l'université.
A1 noun/verb /ˈkʊkɪŋ/

cooking

cuisine
Meaning
the process of preparing food by heating it
Example
Cooking is one of my favorite hobbies.
La cuisine est l'un de mes passe-temps préférés.
C2 adjective /ˈkʌmli/

comely

belle
Meaning
Attractive or pleasant in appearance.
Example
The actress was known for her comely features.
L'actrice était connue pour ses traits beaux.
C2 verb /ɛnˈfrænˌtʃaɪz/

enfranchise

bonheur
Meaning
To grant the right to vote or other rights of citizenship.
Example
The new law enfranchised thousands of people.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B1 adjective /ˈkɔːʃəs/

cautious

prudent
Meaning
careful to avoid potential problems or dangers
Example
She was cautious about trusting strangers.
Elle était prudente lorsqu'elle faisait confiance aux inconnus.
A2 noun /ˈtɜːrki/

turkey

dinde (un type d'oiseau grand)
Meaning
a large bird native to North America, often eaten at special occasions like Thanksgiving; also the meat of this bird.
Example
We roasted a turkey for Thanksgiving dinner.
Nous avons rôti une dinde pour le dîner de Thanksgiving.
C2 noun /əkˈsɛʃən/

accession

accession au trône / acceptation d'un traité
Meaning
the attainment of a position of rank or power, especially a monarch or president; the formal acceptance of an agreement or treaty
Example
The king's accession to the throne was celebrated with great ceremony.
L'accession du roi au trône a été célébrée avec grande cérémonie.
C1 noun /ˈwɔː.tər ˌlɪl.i/

Water-lily

nénuphar
Meaning
a floating flower that grows on the surface of ponds and lakes
Example
The white water-lily floated gracefully on the pond.
Le nénuphar blanc flottait gracieusement sur l'étang.
C2 verb /ˈkæstreɪt/

castrate

castrer
Meaning
To remove the testicles of a male animal or human.
Example
The farmer castrated the young bulls to make them easier to manage.
L'agriculteur a castré les jeunes taureaux pour les rendre plus faciles à gérer.
B2 verb /ɪˈnɪʃieɪt/

initiate

initier
Meaning
to begin or start; to introduce someone to a new activity
Example
The company will initiate a new training program.
L'entreprise va initier un nouveau programme de formation.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlɪv/

outlive

survivre
Meaning
to live longer than someone or something else
Example
She outlived all her siblings.
Elle a vécu plus longtemps que tous ses frères et sœurs.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒndənt/

respondent

répondant
Meaning
A person who replies to something, especially in a survey or legal case
Example
The survey had over 1,000 respondents.
L'enquête a recueilli plus de 1000 répondants.
C1 adjective daɪˈvɜː.dʒənt

divergent

divergent
Meaning
Tending to be different or develop in different directions
Example
Divergent policies create challenges in collaboration.
Les politiques divergentes créent des défis dans la collaboration.
A2 adjective /θɪn/

Thin

mince; étroit
Meaning
having little thickness; not thick; slender
Example
She wore a thin jacket in the cold weather.
Elle portait une veste mince par temps froid.
C2 adjective /ˈfuːlˌhɑːrdi/

foolhardy

audacieux imprudent
Meaning
Recklessly bold or rash; taking foolish risks.
Example
It was foolhardy of him to climb the mountain without proper gear.
C'était audacieux de sa part de gravir la montagne sans l'équipement approprié.
B1 adjective /ˈprɪn.sə.pəl/

Principal

principal; majeur; plus important; chef
Meaning
main; primary; most important; chief
Example
The principal reason for the meeting was to discuss the budget.
La raison principale de la réunion était de discuter du budget.
A2 noun /faɪl/

File

lime
Meaning
a tool with a rough surface for smoothing or shaping hard materials; a collection of papers or data
Example
He used a metal file to smooth the rough edges.
Il a utilisé une lime métallique pour lisser les bords rugueux.
C1 adjective /ˈwaɪəri/

wiry

svelte, fort et résistant
Meaning
Lean, tough, and strong, often with sinewy muscles.
Example
The wiry athlete moved with remarkable speed and agility.
L'athlète svelte se déplaçait avec une rapidité et une agilité remarquables.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsəˈbiːdiəns/

disobedience

désobéissance
Meaning
failure or refusal to obey rules, laws, or authority
Example
The child's disobedience worried his parents.
La désobéissance de l'enfant inquiéta ses parents.
C1 verb /bɪˈriːv/

bereave

perdre un être cher
Meaning
to deprive someone of a loved one through death
Example
She was bereaved of her husband last year.
Elle a perdu son mari l'année dernière.
A2 adjective /kənˈfjuːzɪŋ/

confusing

déroutant
Meaning
causing someone to be unable to think clearly or understand; difficult to comprehend
Example
The instructions were confusing and hard to follow.
Les instructions étaient déroutantes et difficiles à suivre.
C2 adjective /ɪˈfɛmɪnət/

effeminate

efféminé
Meaning
Having traits, tastes, or habits traditionally considered feminine, often used negatively for men.
Example
The critics described him as effeminate due to his gentle manner.
Les critiques l'ont décrit comme efféminé à cause de sa manière douce.
C2 noun /ˈnoʊzˌɡeɪ/

nosegay

bouquet de fleurs
Meaning
a small bunch of flowers, typically given as a gift or carried for decoration
Example
She carried a nosegay of fresh roses to the ceremony.
Elle a porté un bouquet de roses fraîches à la cérémonie.
C2 adjective /ˈmɛtəlˌsʌm/

mettlesome

courageux
Meaning
Full of courage and spirit; lively and spirited.
Example
The mettlesome young rider never backed down from a challenge.
Le jeune cavalier courageux n'a jamais reculé devant un défi.
B2 noun /ˈdel.ɪ.ɡət/

Delegate

délégué
Meaning
a person chosen or elected to act for or represent others; representative
Example
Each country sent a delegate to participate in the international conference.
Chaque pays a envoyé un délégué pour participer à la conférence internationale.
C2 adverb /ˈdɑːrklɪŋ/

darkling

dans l'obscurité
Meaning
In the dark or growing dark; dimly.
Example
The forest creatures moved darkling through the night.
Les créatures de la forêt se déplaçaient dans l'obscurité pendant la nuit.
A2 noun /ˈhʌni/

Honey

miel
Meaning
a sweet, sticky substance made by bees from flower nectar
Example
I like to add honey to my tea.
J'aime ajouter du miel à mon thé.
C2 adjective /ˌʌn.təˈwɔːrd/

untoward

inattendu
Meaning
Unexpected and inappropriate or inconvenient.
Example
The meeting ended without any untoward incidents.
La réunion s'est terminée sans incidents inattendus.
A2 preposition /riː/

re

concernant
Meaning
concerning or about (used in formal letters or emails)
Example
The letter was sent re your recent application.
La lettre a été envoyée concernant votre récente candidature.
B1 verb /skriːm/

scream

crier
Meaning
to make a loud, high-pitched sound, usually because of fear, pain, or excitement
Example
She screamed when she saw the spider.
Elle a crié quand elle a vu l'araignée.
B2 verb /kɑːrv/

carve

sculpter
Meaning
To cut or shape something, especially wood or stone, into a desired form.
Example
The artist carved a beautiful statue out of marble.
L'artiste a sculpté une belle statue en marbre.
A1 noun /ˈɛərpleɪn/

airplane

avion
Meaning
a powered flying vehicle with fixed wings and engines
Example
The airplane took off smoothly from the runway.
L'avion a décollé en douceur de la piste.
A1 noun /nuːz/

news

nouvelles
Meaning
newly received or noteworthy information, especially about recent events
Example
The news about the storm spread quickly.
Les nouvelles sur la tempête se sont propagées rapidement.
C1 adjective /sɪmˈfɒnɪk/

symphonic

symphonique
Meaning
relating to or having the character of a symphony or symphony orchestra
Example
The concert featured a symphonic masterpiece.
Le concert a présenté un chef-d'œuvre symphonique.
B2 adjective /ˌkɒn.fɪˈden.ʃəl/

Confidential

confidentiel; privé; destiné à être gardé secret
Meaning
secret; private; intended to be kept secret
Example
Please keep this information confidential.
Veuillez garder ces informations confidentielles.
A1 noun ˈpɛrənts

Parents

parents
Meaning
One's father and mother.
Example
The family tree starts with the child's parents.
L'arbre généalogique commence avec les parents de l'enfant.
C2 noun /ˈsɛnʃəns/

sentience

sensibilité
Meaning
The capacity to feel, perceive, or experience subjectively.
Example
Many argue that animals possess sentience.
Beaucoup soutiennent que les animaux possèdent la sensibilité.
C1 verb /əˈlɒt/

allot

bonheur
Meaning
to give or assign something, often a share or portion, to someone
Example
Each student was allotted ten minutes to present.
Elle ne pouvait pas cacher son bonheur lorsqu'elle a reçu le prix.
B2 adjective /ˈsɪk.li/

Sickly

fragile; malade; pâle
Meaning
weak and unhealthy; prone to illness; appearing weak or pale
Example
The sickly child needed extra care and attention.
L'enfant fragile avait besoin de soins et d'attention supplémentaires.
C1 noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒən.si/

contingency

plan de contingence
Meaning
A provision for an unforeseen event or circumstance, especially in financial planning.
Example
The company has a contingency plan for economic downturns.
L'entreprise dispose d'un plan de contingence pour les récessions économiques.
B2 noun /ˈmɑːrdʒɪn/

Margin

marge
Meaning
The edge or border of something; an amount allowed beyond what is needed
Example
Please write your notes in the margin of the page.
Veuillez écrire vos notes dans la marge de la page.
B2 noun /ˈfɛə(r)nɪs/

fairness

équité
Meaning
the quality of being free from bias, favoritism, or injustice
Example
She always strives for fairness in her decisions.
Elle s'efforce toujours d'être juste dans ses décisions.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsɜːrvɪsəbəl/

Unserviceable

hors service; défectueux
Meaning
not in working order; unable to be used; defective
Example
The old computer became unserviceable after the system crash.
L'ancien ordinateur est devenu hors service après la panne du système.
A2 modal verb /ʃæl/

shall

devoir
Meaning
used to express the future or indicate an intention or determination
Example
I shall return before sunset.
Je reviendrai avant le coucher du soleil.
C2 noun/verb /ˈkɜːrtsi/

curtsy

révérence
Meaning
a respectful bow made by women by bending the knees with one foot in front of the other
Example
She gave a quick curtsy before leaving the stage.
Elle fit une rapide révérence avant de quitter la scène.
C2 verb /ˌɪnkəˈpæsɪteɪt/

incapacitate

incapaciter
Meaning
to deprive someone or something of the ability or strength to function
Example
The severe injury incapacitated the player for the rest of the season.
La blessure grave a rendu le joueur incapable pour le reste de la saison.
B2 noun /skwɒd/

squad

escouade
Meaning
a small group of people organized for a specific purpose or task, often in the military or sports
Example
The football squad trained hard before the championship match.
L'équipe de football s'est entraînée durement avant le match de championnat.
B1 noun /ˈpoʊni/

Pony

poney
Meaning
a small horse, typically under 14.2 hands high
Example
The children enjoyed riding the gentle pony at the farm.
Les enfants ont apprécié monter le poney doux à la ferme.
B2 phrase teɪk ˈpɜː.sən.əl.i

take personally

prendre personnellement
Meaning
To interpret someone's words or actions as a personal attack or criticism.
Example
Don't take it personally, he didn't mean to upset you.
Ne le prends pas personnellement, il ne voulait pas te contrarier.
A2 adjective /noʊn/

known

connu
Meaning
recognized or familiar; something that is identified or acknowledged
Example
He is a well-known actor in the country.
Il est un acteur bien connu dans le pays.
B2 noun /ˈen.tə.praɪz/

Enterprise

entreprise, en particulier un projet audacieux ou complexe
Meaning
a project or undertaking, especially a bold or complex one
Example
The space exploration enterprise required years of planning and preparation.
L'entreprise d'exploration spatiale a nécessité des années de planification et de préparation.
B2 noun /ˈstɑːrt.ʌp/

startup

nouvelle entreprise
Meaning
A newly established business, especially a small technology or business company that is just beginning operations.
Example
The startup secured funding from investors.
La startup a sécurisé des fonds auprès des investisseurs.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtʃælɪndʒd/

Unchallenged

incontesté; accepté sans opposition; sans rival
Meaning
not disputed or questioned; accepted without opposition; having no rival
Example
He remained the unchallenged champion for five years.
Il est resté le champion incontesté pendant cinq ans.
B1 adjective /ɪˈmiːdiət/

immediate

immédiat
Meaning
happening or done without delay
Example
The doctor gave her immediate attention.
Le médecin lui a donné une attention immédiate.
A1 noun /ˈnʌmbər/

number

numéro
Meaning
a mathematical value used to count, measure, or label
Example
She gave me her phone number.
Elle m'a donné son numéro de téléphone.
C1 adjective /ˈmɒdʒʊlər/

modular

modulaire
Meaning
Employing or involving a module or modules as the basis of design or construction.
Example
The modular design allows for easy customization and scalability.
La conception modulaire permet une personnalisation et une évolutivité faciles.
C2 noun /ˈzaɪtɡaɪst/

zeitgeist

esprit de l'époque
Meaning
The defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time.
Example
The novel perfectly captures the zeitgeist of the 1960s.
Le roman capture parfaitement l'esprit de l'époque des années 60.
B2 noun /ˈrɛzərvwɑːr/

reservoir

réservoir
Meaning
A large natural or artificial lake used as a source of water supply.
Example
The city built a new reservoir to ensure enough drinking water for its residents.
La ville a construit un nouveau réservoir pour garantir suffisamment d'eau potable pour ses résidents.
C2 noun /ˈbrɪk ə ˌbræk/

bric-a-brac

objets décoratifs
Meaning
Small decorative objects or ornaments, often of little value.
Example
The shelves were filled with old bric-a-brac from her travels.
Les étagères étaient remplies de vieux objets décoratifs de ses voyages.
C2 noun /pəˈnʌmbrə/

penumbra

zone partiellement ombragée
Meaning
a partially shaded area around the shadow of an object, especially during an eclipse
Example
The moon’s penumbra created a dim shadow over the Earth.
La pénumbra de la lune a créé une ombre tamisée sur la Terre.