willful
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C1 adjective /ˈwɪlfəl/

willful

voluntario
Meaning
Deliberate, intentional, or stubbornly determined to do as one wants.
Example
Her willful disregard for the rules got her into trouble.
Su voluntariedad al ignorar las reglas le metió en problemas.
C1 noun /ˈæd.vənt/

advent

advenimiento
Meaning
The arrival of a notable person, thing, or event.
Example
The advent of the internet changed the way people communicate.
El advenimiento de Internet cambió la forma en que las personas se comunican.
C1 noun /ˈbreɪkər/

breaker

disyuntor (algo que rompe, una ola grande que se rompe cerca de la orilla, o un dispositivo que interrumpe un circuito eléctrico)
Meaning
A person or thing that breaks something; a large sea wave that breaks into foam near the shore; a device that interrupts an electric circuit.
Example
The breaker tripped during the storm, cutting off electricity.
El disyuntor se disparó durante la tormenta, cortando la electricidad.
C1 adjective /ˈlʌʃəs/

luscious

delicioso
Meaning
deliciously sweet or rich; highly appealing to the senses
Example
She served a luscious chocolate cake.
Ella sirvió un delicioso pastel de chocolate.
C1 noun /ˈdɪsənˌtɛri/

dysentery

enfermedad intestinal (diarrea con sangre y moco)
Meaning
An infection of the intestines resulting in severe diarrhea with blood and mucus.
Example
Many soldiers suffered from dysentery during the war.
Muchos soldados sufrieron de disentería durante la guerra.
C1 adjective /əˈbreɪsɪv/

abrasive

áspero, rugoso o capaz de desgastar por frotamiento
Meaning
harsh, rough, or capable of wearing down by rubbing
Example
His abrasive tone made everyone uncomfortable.
Su tono áspero hizo que todos se sintieran incómodos.
C1 noun /ˈhɒrəˌskoʊp/

horoscope

horóscopo
Meaning
A forecast of a person's future based on the positions of the stars and planets at their birth.
Example
She read her horoscope every morning to see what the stars predicted.
Ella leía su horóscopo cada mañana para ver lo que las estrellas predijeron.
C1 adjective /ˈfrɪdʒɪd/

Frigid

frío; helado
Meaning
extremely cold; freezing; icy
Example
The frigid weather made it difficult to go outside.
El clima frío dificultó salir afuera.
C1 verb /ˈstaɪmi/

stymie

obstruir
Meaning
to prevent or hinder the progress of something
Example
The new regulations could stymie small businesses.
Las nuevas regulaciones podrían obstaculizar a las pequeñas empresas.
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

agacharse por miedo
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
El niño se encogió detrás del sofá durante la tormenta.
C1 noun /ˈpleɪˌraɪt/

playwright

dramaturgo
Meaning
a person who writes plays
Example
Shakespeare is considered the greatest playwright of all time.
Shakespeare es considerado el mejor dramaturgo de todos los tiempos.
C1 adjective + noun kəˈmendəbəl ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz

commendable initiatives

iniciativas loables
Meaning
Praiseworthy efforts or actions that deserve admiration and approval.
Example
The commendable initiatives aim to raise awareness.
Las iniciativas loables tienen como objetivo aumentar la conciencia.
C1 verb /ˈmɛdəl/

meddle

interferir en algo que no te concierne
Meaning
to interfere in something that is not one's concern
Example
He always tries to meddle in other people’s business.
Él siempre intenta interferir en los asuntos de los demás.
C1 adjective /ˌæntiˈneɪtl/

antenatal

prenatal
Meaning
Relating to the medical care and treatment given to a pregnant woman before the birth of her child.
Example
She attended regular antenatal checkups throughout her pregnancy.
Ella asistió a chequeos prenatales regulares durante su embarazo.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈpæʃənət/

dispassionate

imparcial
Meaning
not influenced by strong emotion; impartial
Example
The judge remained dispassionate throughout the trial.
El juez se mantuvo imparcial durante el juicio.
C1 noun /kəmˈplɪsəti/

complicity

complicidad
Meaning
the state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing
Example
The court revealed his complicity in the fraud scheme.
El tribunal reveló su complicidad en el esquema de fraude.
C1 noun /ˈiːkwɪnɒks/

equinox

equilibrio entre el día y la noche
Meaning
The time or date when day and night are of equal length, occurring twice a year.
Example
The spring equinox marks the beginning of longer days.
El equinoccio de primavera marca el comienzo de los días más largos.
C1 adjective /ɪkˈstɛnjueɪtɪŋ/

extenuating

atenuante
Meaning
serving to make a fault or an offense seem less serious
Example
She asked for leniency due to extenuating circumstances.
Ella pidió indulgencia debido a las circunstancias atenuantes.
C1 noun ˈrez.ɪ.djuːz

residues

restos
Meaning
A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
Example
The burning process leaves no harmful residues.
El proceso de combustión no deja residuos dañinos.
C1 noun /ˈkʌn.stə.bəl/

constable

agente
Meaning
a police officer of the lowest rank
Example
The constable directed traffic at the busy intersection.
El agente dirigió el tráfico en la intersección concurrida.
C1 noun /ˈweɪs(t).koʊt/

waistcoat

chaleco
Meaning
a sleeveless garment worn over a shirt and under a jacket
Example
He wore a black waistcoat with his suit.
Él llevaba un chaleco negro con su traje.
C1 adjective /oʊˈvɜːrt/

overt

abierto
Meaning
Done or shown openly; not hidden or secret.
Example
There was an overt display of hostility between the rivals.
Hubo una exhibición abierta de hostilidad entre los rivales.
C1 verb /əˈdʒɜrn/

adjourn

suspender
Meaning
to suspend a meeting or session to another time or place
Example
The judge decided to adjourn the hearing until next week.
El juez decidió suspender la audiencia hasta la próxima semana.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdənɪst/

hedonist

hedonista
Meaning
A person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life.
Example
She was called a hedonist because she always prioritized enjoyment over duty.
La llamaron hedonista porque siempre priorizaba el disfrute sobre el deber.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌbɛər/

forebear

antepasado
Meaning
An ancestor, especially one who lived a long time ago.
Example
He often speaks of his forebears with great respect.
Él habla a menudo de sus antepasados con mucho respeto.
C1 noun /koʊˈhɪr.əns/

coherence

coherencia
Meaning
The quality of being logical and consistent; forming a unified whole.
Example
The essay lacked coherence, making it hard to follow.
El ensayo carecía de coherencia, lo que dificultaba su seguimiento.
C1 adjective /maɪˈɑːpɪk/

myopic

miopía, visión limitada
Meaning
lacking foresight or long-term perspective; also refers to nearsightedness
Example
The company’s myopic strategy led to long-term losses.
La estrategia miope de la empresa condujo a pérdidas a largo plazo.
C1 verb /məˈtɪərɪəlaɪz/

materialize

materializarse
Meaning
To become real or actual; to appear suddenly or in a physical form.
Example
The opportunity he had been waiting for finally materialized.
La oportunidad que había estado esperando finalmente se materializó.
C1 adjective /ɪˈvɒkətɪv/

evocative

evocador
Meaning
bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind
Example
The music was evocative of her childhood memories.
La música evocó sus recuerdos de la infancia.
C1 noun əˈrɪd.ɪ.ti

aridity

aridez
Meaning
The state of being extremely dry, especially having insufficient rainfall to support vegetation.
Example
The aridity of the land is increasing due to climate change.
La aridez de la tierra está aumentando debido al cambio climático.
C1 noun /ˌdiː.kɒmpəˈzɪʃən/

decomposition

descomposición
Meaning
the process of decaying or breaking down into simpler parts
Example
The decomposition of leaves enriches the soil.
La descomposición de las hojas enriquece el suelo.
C1 verb, noun /kweɪl/

quail

atemorizarse; un pájaro pequeño de cola corta
Meaning
verb: to feel or show fear; noun: a small, short-tailed bird
Example
She quailed at the sight of the approaching storm.
Ella se acobardó al ver la tormenta que se acercaba.
C1 noun /ˈprəʊ.lɒɡ/

prologue

prólogo
Meaning
an introduction to a book, play, or event
Example
The novel begins with a short prologue set in the past.
La novela comienza con un corto prólogo establecido en el pasado.
C1 verb /ɡloʊt/

gloat

regodearse
Meaning
To take pleasure in someone else's misfortune or to show smug satisfaction.
Example
He couldn't help but gloat over his rival's failure.
Él no pudo evitar regodearse sobre el fracaso de su rival.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtæŋɡəl/

entangle

enredar
Meaning
to become twisted together or caught in something; to involve in difficulties
Example
The fish got entangled in the net.
El pez se enredó en la red.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

catastrófico
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerra tuvo efectos catastróficos en la economía del país.
C1 adjective /ˈdaʊn.kæst/

downcast

cabizbajo
Meaning
feeling sad, dejected, or with lowered eyes
Example
He looked downcast after hearing the bad news.
Parecía cabizbajo después de oír las malas noticias.
C1 adjective ˈskruː.pjʊ.ləs

scrupulous

escrupuloso
Meaning
Diligent, thorough, and extremely attentive to details; having moral integrity; acting in strict regard for what is considered right or proper.
Example
He is known for being scrupulous in his work.
Es conocido por ser escrupuloso en su trabajo.
C1 noun /ˌkɒŋɡrɪˈɡeɪʃən/

congregation

congregación
Meaning
a group of people assembled for religious worship or a common purpose
Example
The congregation gathered to hear the sermon.
La congregación se reunió para escuchar el sermón.
C1 adjective /ˌhɛtərəˈʤiːniəs/

heterogeneous

heterogéneo
Meaning
consisting of different kinds or diverse elements
Example
The classroom was filled with a heterogeneous group of students.
El aula estaba llena de un grupo heterogéneo de estudiantes.
C1 adjective /ˈnjuː.tri.ənt dɛns/

nutrient-dense

rico en nutrientes
Meaning
Rich in nutrients and high nutritional value.
Example
Organic food is often more nutrient-dense than processed food.
Los alimentos orgánicos suelen ser más ricos en nutrientes que los alimentos procesados.
C1 noun ˈmɪl.ɪ.tər.i ɪnˈkɜː.ʃən

military incursion

incursión militar
Meaning
A sudden armed attack or invasion by military forces into a territory.
Example
The military incursion caused widespread devastation.
La incursión militar causó una devastación generalizada.
C1 verb /səbˈmɜːrdʒ/

submerge

sumergir
Meaning
to put under water or cover with liquid
Example
The floodwaters threatened to submerge the village.
Las aguas de la inundación amenazaron con sumergir el pueblo.
C1 noun /trænsˈɡrɛʃən/

transgression

transgresión, delito
Meaning
an act that goes against a law, rule, or code of conduct; a violation or sin
Example
The court forgave his first transgression but warned him not to repeat it.
El tribunal perdonó su primera transgresión pero le advirtió que no la repitiera.
C1 adjective ˈsɒvrɪn

sovereign

soberano, supremo
Meaning
Possessing supreme or ultimate power; independent.
Example
The sovereign government has control over its currency.
El gobierno soberano tiene control sobre su moneda.
C1 verb /ˈsælvɪdʒ/

salvage

salvar
Meaning
To save something from loss, damage, or destruction.
Example
They managed to salvage some goods from the fire.
Lograron salvar algunos bienes del incendio.
C1 adjective dʒuːˈdɪʃ.əs

judicious

juicioso
Meaning
Having, showing, or done with good judgment or sense; wise and careful.
Example
A judicious decision can prevent future problems.
Una decisión juiciosa puede prevenir problemas futuros.
C1 noun /ˈbraɪ.dəl/

Bridle

frente; brida
Meaning
the headgear used to control a horse, consisting of buckled straps and a bit
Example
The rider adjusted the horse's bridle before mounting for the race.
El jinete ajustó el freno del caballo antes de montarlo para la carrera.
C1 noun /ˈnɑːrsɪsɪst/

narcissist

narcisista
Meaning
A person who has an excessive interest in or admiration of themselves.
Example
Everyone avoided him because he was a narcissist.
Todos lo evitaban porque era un narcisista.
C1 noun /ˈɪnflʌks/

influx

afluencia
Meaning
A large arrival or flow of people or things.
Example
The city experienced an influx of tourists during the festival.
La ciudad experimentó una afluencia de turistas durante el festival.
C1 adjective /ˈtæk.taɪl/

tactile

táctil
Meaning
Connected with the sense of touch; perceptible by touch or giving a sensation when touched.
Example
The tactile experience of the fabric was soft and smooth.
La experiencia táctil de la tela era suave y lisa.
C1 noun /ˌɪntɪˈmeɪʃən/

intimation

insinuación
Meaning
A subtle or indirect hint or suggestion.
Example
She gave no intimation of her plans.
Ella no dio ninguna insinuación sobre sus planes.
C1 noun /səˈlɛmnɪti/

solemnity

solemnidad
Meaning
the state or quality of being serious and dignified
Example
The ceremony was conducted with great solemnity.
La ceremonia se realizó con gran solemnidad.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

encender
Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
Las chispas encendieron las hojas secas en segundos.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/

incompetent

incompetente
Meaning
Lacking the necessary ability or skills to do something successfully.
Example
He was fired because he was incompetent at his job.
Lo despidieron porque era incompetente en su trabajo.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənts/

condiments

condimentos o salsas
Meaning
Seasonings or sauces used to add flavor to food.
Example
Ketchup and mustard are popular condiments for burgers.
El kétchup y la mostaza son condimentos populares para las hamburguesas.
C1 noun /ˌpɑːrʃiˈæləti/

partiality

parcialidad
Meaning
an unfair preference or bias toward one side or person
Example
The judge was criticized for showing partiality in the case.
El juez fue criticado por mostrar parcialidad en el caso.
C1 noun /ˈdræm.ə.tɪst/

dramatist

dramaturgo
Meaning
a person who writes plays
Example
Shakespeare is one of the greatest dramatists in history.
Shakespeare es uno de los dramaturgos más grandes de la historia.
C1 verb əˈkruː

accrue

acumular
Meaning
To accumulate or receive (payments or benefits) over time.
Example
Interest accrues on the savings account every month.
Los intereses se acumulan en la cuenta de ahorros cada mes.
C1 adjective /ˈspjʊəriəs/

spurious

falso / fraudulento
Meaning
Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake.
Example
The report was based on spurious claims.
El informe se basó en afirmaciones falsas.
C1 noun /ˈhɪpnətɪzəm/

hypnotism

hipnotismo
Meaning
The practice or act of inducing hypnosis.
Example
He studied hypnotism as part of his psychology degree.
Estudió el hipnotismo como parte de su carrera en psicología.
C1 adjective /ˈsæv.i/

savvy

astuto, sabio
Meaning
Having practical knowledge and the ability to make good judgments.
Example
She is a tech-savvy entrepreneur.
Ella es una emprendedora experta en tecnología.
C1 verb /kənˈkɜːr/

concur

concurrir
Meaning
To agree with someone or something.
Example
I concur with your opinion on this matter.
Yo concuerdo con tu opinión sobre este asunto.
C1 adjective /vɜːrˈboʊs/

verbose

verborroso
Meaning
Using or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.
Example
His verbose explanation confused the audience instead of clarifying the issue.
Su explicación verborrosa confundió a la audiencia en lugar de aclarar el problema.
C1 noun/verb /kroʊˈʃeɪ/

crochet

croché
Meaning
Needlework made by interlocking loops of thread with a hooked needle; the act of making such items.
Example
She learned how to crochet a scarf for winter.
Ella aprendió a hacer un suéter de lana para el invierno.
C1 noun /ˈnʌr.ɪʃ.mənt/

nourishment

nutrición
Meaning
Food and nutrients necessary for the body's growth and development.
Example
Proper nourishment is essential for child development.
La nutrición adecuada es esencial para el desarrollo infantil.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdʒʌŋkʃən/

injunction

orden judicial
Meaning
A judicial order restraining a person from an action or compelling a certain act.
Example
The court issued an injunction to stop the company from polluting the river.
El tribunal emitió una orden judicial para evitar que la empresa contaminara el río.
C1 adverb /ˈiːstwədz/

Eastwards

hacia el este
Meaning
towards the east; in an eastern direction
Example
The river flows eastwards into the ocean.
El río fluye hacia el este hacia el océano.
C1 noun /pʌn/

pun

juego de palabras
Meaning
A humorous use of words that suggests different meanings or words that sound alike.
Example
He made a clever pun about the bakery's bread rising.
Hizo un juego de palabras ingenioso sobre el pan que sube en la panadería.
C1 adjective /ˈsiːs.ləs/

Ceaseless

incesante; continuo
Meaning
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
Example
The ceaseless rain lasted for three days.
La lluvia incesante duró tres días.
C1 adjective /ˈfruːt.ləs/

Fruitless

infructuoso; inútil; fútil;
Meaning
unsuccessful; futile; pointless;
Example
After hours of searching, their efforts proved fruitless.
Después de horas de búsqueda, sus esfuerzos resultaron infructuosos.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪəbəl/

unemployable

desempleable
Meaning
Not able to be employed; lacking the skills or qualities necessary for employment
Example
Due to his criminal record, he was considered unemployable in most companies.
Debido a su historial criminal, fue considerado desempleable en la mayoría de las empresas.
C1 noun /ˌkɔːriˈɒɡrəfi/

choreography

coreografía
Meaning
The art of designing and arranging dances and movements.
Example
The choreography of the ballet was breathtaking.
La coreografía del ballet fue impresionante.
C1 noun /ˈtɜːrbjələns/

turbulence

turbulencia
Meaning
Violent or unsteady movement of air, water, or some other fluid; disorder or conflict.
Example
The plane experienced severe turbulence during the flight.
El avión experimentó una turbulencia severa durante el vuelo.
C1 noun /kənˈveɪəns/

conveyance

transporte
Meaning
The action or process of transporting or carrying someone or something from one place to another.
Example
The conveyance of goods was delayed due to bad weather.
El transporte de mercancías se retrasó debido al mal tiempo.
C1 noun /ˈledʒ.ər/

Ledger

libro mayor
Meaning
a book or other collection of financial accounts of a particular type
Example
The accountant updated the company ledger daily.
El contador actualizó el libro mayor de la empresa diariamente.
C1 noun /dɪˈskrep.ən.si/

discrepancy

discrepancia, diferencia, discrepancia
Meaning
A lack of compatibility or similarity between two or more facts.
Example
The audit revealed a discrepancy between the reported earnings and actual income.
La auditoría reveló una discrepancia entre las ganancias reportadas y los ingresos reales.
C1 adjective /ˈstɛlər/

stellar

excepcional
Meaning
Relating to stars; outstanding or excellent.
Example
She gave a stellar performance in the play.
Ella dio una actuación excepcional en la obra.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

intrincado
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
El artista creó un patrón intrincado en la pared.
C1 adjective /pərˈpɔːrtɪd/

purported

presunto
Meaning
alleged or claimed to be true, often without proof
Example
The purported evidence was later proven false.
La evidencia presunta fue más tarde probada como falsa.
C1 noun /ˈɛər.luːm/

heirloom

herencia
Meaning
a valuable object that has belonged to a family for several generations
Example
The ring is a family heirloom passed down from her grandmother.
El anillo es una herencia familiar que ha sido transmitida por su abuela.
C1 adjective /ˈfaɪ.naɪt/

Finite

finito; limitado
Meaning
limited; having bounds or limits; not infinite
Example
Earth has finite natural resources.
La Tierra tiene recursos naturales finitos.
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɒsəˈbɪlɪti/

impossibility

imposibilidad
Meaning
the state or fact of being impossible; something that cannot be done or achieved
Example
Finishing the project in one day was an impossibility.
Terminar el proyecto en un día fue una imposibilidad.
C1 noun /ˈlɔːriət/

laureate

galardonado
Meaning
A person honored with an award for outstanding achievement in a field, especially the arts or sciences.
Example
The Nobel laureate gave an inspiring lecture on peace.
El laureado Nobel dio una conferencia inspiradora sobre la paz.
C1 noun /liːtʃ/

Leech

sanguijuela
Meaning
an aquatic or terrestrial annelid worm with suckers at both ends; metaphorically, a person who extorts profit from others
Example
The leech attached itself to his leg while swimming.
La sanguijuela se pegó a su pierna mientras nadaba.
C1 adjective /ˌsɛlf ˈraɪtʃəs/

self-righteous

autojustificado
Meaning
Having or showing an attitude of moral superiority; believing one’s own beliefs are the only right ones.
Example
His self-righteous comments made everyone uncomfortable.
Sus comentarios autojustificados hicieron que todos se sintieran incómodos.
C1 adjective /məˈtɪk.jə.ləs/

meticulous

Extremadamente cuidadoso y preciso en la atención al detalle
Meaning
Extremely careful and precise in attention to detail
Example
A meticulous researcher checks every detail before publishing.
Un investigador meticuloso revisa cada detalle antes de publicar.
C1 noun /ˌjuːnɪˈfɔːrməti/

Uniformity

uniformidad; consistencia; igualdad
Meaning
the quality of being uniform; consistency or sameness
Example
The uniformity of the design created a pleasing visual effect.
La uniformidad del diseño creó un efecto visual atractivo.
C1 adjective /æmˈbɪvələnt/

ambivalent

ambivalente
Meaning
Having mixed or contradictory feelings about something or someone.
Example
She was ambivalent about accepting the new job offer.
Ella estaba ambivalente acerca de aceptar la nueva oferta de trabajo.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmoʊbəl/

immobile

inmóvil
Meaning
unable to move or be moved
Example
After the accident, he was immobile for weeks.
Después del accidente, estuvo inmóvil durante semanas.
C1 noun /ˈɪn.fən.tri/

Infantry

infantería
Meaning
soldiers marching or fighting on foot; foot soldiers collectively
Example
The infantry advanced across the battlefield on foot.
La infantería avanzó a través del campo de batalla a pie.
C1 adjective /fəˈnɛtɪk/

phonetic

fonético
Meaning
relating to the sounds of speech or pronunciation
Example
The teacher taught the students the phonetic spelling of difficult words.
El maestro enseñó a los estudiantes la ortografía fonética de las palabras difíciles.
C1 noun /ˌdʒiːniˈælədʒi/

genealogy

genealogía
Meaning
The study and tracing of lines of descent or family history.
Example
She spent years researching her family's genealogy.
Pasó años investigando la genealogía de su familia.
C1 verb/noun /stuːp/

stoop

felicidad
Meaning
To bend one's body forward and downward; also a small porch or staircase at the entrance of a house
Example
He had to stoop to pick up the coin.
No pudo esconder su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 adjective, verb /ɪɡˈzɛmpt/

exempt

exento
Meaning
Free from an obligation or liability imposed on others.
Example
Students with high grades are exempt from the final exam.
Los estudiantes con altas calificaciones están exentos del examen final.
C1 verb /ˈstaɪfl/

stifle

sofocar
Meaning
to prevent or restrain an action, idea, or emotion; to suffocate
Example
She tried to stifle a laugh during the serious meeting.
Ella intentó sofocar una risa durante la reunión seria.
C1 noun /ˈkoʊmə/

coma

coma
Meaning
A deep state of prolonged unconsciousness caused by illness or injury.
Example
The patient remained in a coma for several weeks.
El paciente permaneció en coma durante varias semanas.
C1 noun /ˈmʌf.lər/

Muffler

bufanda
Meaning
a long strip of cloth worn around the neck for warmth
Example
She wrapped a warm muffler around her neck before going outside.
Ella envolvió una bufanda cálida alrededor de su cuello antes de salir.
C1 noun /faɪˈnælɪti/

finality

finalidad
Meaning
the quality of being final or irreversible; a sense of conclusiveness
Example
The judge's decision gave the case a sense of finality.
La decisión del juez le dio al caso una sensación de finalidad.
C1 noun ˌræʃ.ən.əl.ɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

rationalization

racionalización
Meaning
The practice of finding reasons for behavior or actions that are not the real reasons.
Example
His rationalization of the mistake was not convincing.
Su racionalización del error no fue convincente.
C1 verb /ˈdɛprɪˌkeɪt/

deprecate

desaprobar
Meaning
to express disapproval of something
Example
The teacher deprecated the use of slang in academic essays.
El maestro desaprobó el uso de jerga en ensayos académicos.
C1 verb /dɪsˈlɒdʒ/

dislodge

desalojar
Meaning
To remove or force out from a position, especially one that is fixed or hard to move.
Example
The troops dislodged the enemy from the hill.
Las tropas desalojaron al enemigo de la colina.
C1 noun /həˌluː.sɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Hallucination

alucinación; percepción de algo que no está presente
Meaning
an experience involving the apparent perception of something not present; a false or distorted perception
Example
The patient experienced visual hallucinations as a side effect of the medication.
El paciente experimentó alucinaciones visuales como un efecto secundario de la medicación.
C1 noun /ˈhɔː.kər/

Hawker

vendedor ambulante
Meaning
a person who travels about selling goods, typically from door to door or on the street
Example
The hawker sold fresh fruits from his cart.
El vendedor ambulante vendió frutas frescas desde su carrito.
C1 noun /ˌtɒləˈreɪʃən/

toleration

tolerancia
Meaning
The practice of allowing something that one does not necessarily agree with.
Example
The government promoted religious toleration.
El gobierno promovió la tolerancia religiosa.
C1 noun /ˈlɛktən/

lectern

atril
Meaning
A tall stand with a sloping top used to support a book, notes, or script during a speech or lecture.
Example
The professor placed her notes on the lectern before starting her lecture.
La profesora colocó sus notas en el atril antes de comenzar su conferencia.
C1 noun /ˈɔr.ə.tər/

Orator

orador
Meaning
a public speaker, especially one who is eloquent or skilled in speaking
Example
The famous orator delivered an inspiring speech.
El famoso orador pronunció un discurso inspirador.
C1 verb /dʒəʊlt/

jolt

sacudida
Meaning
to push or shake someone or something abruptly and roughly
Example
The sudden stop jolted all the passengers forward.
La parada repentina empujó a todos los pasajeros hacia adelante.
C1 adjective /əˈɡrɛəriən/

agrarian

agrícola
Meaning
Related to farming, agriculture, or rural land.
Example
The country’s economy is still largely agrarian.
La economía del país sigue siendo en gran parte agrícola.
C1 noun /ˈɛləkwəns/

eloquence

elocuencia
Meaning
Fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.
Example
His eloquence in speech won him great respect.
Su elocuencia en el discurso le ganó mucho respeto.
C1 adjective dɪsˈfʌŋkʃənl

dysfunctional

disfuncional
Meaning
Not operating normally or properly.
Example
The dysfunctional system led to numerous delays and errors.
El sistema disfuncional causó numerosos retrasos y errores.
C1 noun /bɒmˈbɑːrdmənt/

bombardment

bombardeo
Meaning
a continuous attack with bombs or other projectiles
Example
The city endured a heavy bombardment during the war.
La ciudad soportó un fuerte bombardeo durante la guerra.
C1 verb /per/

pare

pelar
Meaning
to cut away the outer covering or reduce something gradually
Example
She pared the apple before eating it.
Ella peló la manzana antes de comerla.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlæst/

outlast

perdurar más tiempo que
Meaning
to continue longer than; to endure beyond someone or something else
Example
The old castle has outlasted many generations.
El viejo castillo ha perdurado más que muchas generaciones.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnfɪskeɪt/

confiscate

confiscar
Meaning
to take something away officially, often as a punishment
Example
The teacher confiscated the student's phone during class.
La profesora confiscó el teléfono del estudiante durante la clase.
C1 noun /oʊˈeɪ.sɪs/

Oasis

oasis
Meaning
a fertile spot in a desert where water is found; a pleasant refuge
Example
The travelers found an oasis after days in the desert.
Los viajeros encontraron un oasis después de varios días en el desierto.
C1 noun /əˈfɪn.ɪ.ti/

affinity

afinidad
Meaning
A natural liking for or attraction to a person, thing, idea, etc.
Example
She has an affinity for classical music.
Ella tiene una afinidad por la música clásica.
C1 adjective /ˈtʌtʃi/

Touchy

sensitivo
Meaning
easily upset or offended; overly sensitive
Example
He's very touchy about his height.
Él es muy sensible acerca de su altura.
C1 verb /ɪˈnʌnsieɪt/

enunciate

enunciar
Meaning
to pronounce words clearly; to express an idea clearly
Example
The teacher asked him to enunciate each word.
El maestro le pidió que enunciara cada palabra.
C1 adjective /ˈrʌs.tɪk/

Rustic

sencillo y no sofisticado; relacionado con áreas rurales
Meaning
simple and unsophisticated; relating to rural areas
Example
The rustic cottage had wooden beams and a thatched roof.
La cabaña rústica tenía vigas de madera y un techo de paja.
C1 noun /ɪˈlɪpsɪs/

ellipsis

elipsis
Meaning
The omission of words in a sentence, represented by three dots (...).
Example
The writer used an ellipsis to show that part of the quote was omitted.
El escritor utilizó una elipsis para mostrar que se omitió parte de la cita.