viva voce
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C2 noun ˈvaɪ.və ˈvəʊs

viva voce

examen oral
Meaning
An oral examination, typically for an academic qualification.
Example
Viva Voce tests communication skills.
Las pruebas de Viva Voce evalúan las habilidades de comunicación.
C1 noun /ˈvenɪsən/

Venison

carne de venado
Meaning
meat from a deer used as food
Example
The restaurant serves delicious venison steaks.
El restaurante sirve deliciosos filetes de venado.
C1 noun /ˈvɪɡər/

vigor

vigor
Meaning
Physical strength, energy, or enthusiasm.
Example
She tackled the project with great vigor and determination.
Ella abordó el proyecto con gran vigor y determinación.
B1 noun /ˈvoʊtɪŋ/

voting

votación
Meaning
the act of making a choice in an election or decision by casting a vote
Example
Voting is an important part of a democratic society.
La votación es una parte importante de una sociedad democrática.
C2 noun /ˈvɜːrbiɪdʒ/

verbiage

palabrería
Meaning
Excessive use of words, often with little content or meaning; wordiness.
Example
The contract was filled with unnecessary legal verbiage.
El contrato estaba lleno de palabrería legal innecesaria.
C1 noun /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/

vertical farming

agricultura vertical
Meaning
The practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often incorporating controlled-environment agriculture.
Example
Vertical farming ensures maximum space utilization in urban areas.
La agricultura vertical asegura la máxima utilización del espacio en las áreas urbanas.
B1 noun /ˈvɪk.tɪm/

Victim

víctima
Meaning
a person who suffers harm, injury, or death as a result of an event or action
Example
The victim was taken to the hospital immediately.
La víctima fue llevada al hospital inmediatamente.
C2 adjective /ˈvɑːlətɪv/

volitive

volitivo
Meaning
Relating to the will or the exercise of the will.
Example
The treaty was signed under volitive agreement between both nations.
El tratado fue firmado bajo un acuerdo volitivo entre ambas naciones.
B2 adjective /ˈvoʊkəl/

vocal

vocal
Meaning
expressing opinions or feelings freely and loudly; relating to the voice
Example
She was very vocal about her dissatisfaction.
Ella estaba muy vocal sobre su insatisfacción.
C1 noun ˌvæljuˈeɪʃən

valuation

valoración
Meaning
An estimation of the worth of something.
Example
The valuation of the property was much higher than expected.
La valoración de la propiedad fue mucho más alta de lo esperado.
C1 verb /ˈvɛnəˌreɪt/

venerate

venerar
Meaning
to regard with great respect; revere
Example
People venerate saints for their holiness.
La gente venera a los santos por su santidad.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛntrəl/

ventral

ventral
Meaning
relating to the underside or abdominal part of an animal or organ
Example
The fish has a white ventral surface.
El pez tiene una superficie ventral blanca.
C2 adjective /vəˈnɪəriəl/

venereal

venéreo
Meaning
relating to sexual intercourse or sexually transmitted diseases
Example
Doctors warn about the dangers of venereal diseases.
Los médicos advierten sobre los peligros de las enfermedades venéreas.
B2 verb /ˈvænɪʃ/

vanish

desaparecer
Meaning
to disappear suddenly; to become invisible
Example
The magician made the rabbit vanish from the hat.
El mago hizo desaparecer al conejo del sombrero.
C1 verb /ˈvɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

vindicate

justificar
Meaning
To clear someone of blame or suspicion; to show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified.
Example
The new evidence helped vindicate the wrongly accused man.
La nueva evidencia ayudó a justificar al hombre injustamente acusado.
B2 noun /ˈveɪ.pər/

Vapour

vapor
Meaning
a substance in the form of a gas, especially when it has changed from a liquid or solid state
Example
Water vapour rose from the hot pavement after the rain.
El vapor de agua subió del pavimento caliente después de la lluvia.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.bəl/

verbal

verbal, expresado a través de palabras
Meaning
Relating to or in the form of words; spoken rather than written.
Example
Verbal communication is essential in most situations.
La comunicación verbal es esencial en la mayoría de las situaciones.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊtɪv/

votive

dedicado
Meaning
Offered or dedicated in fulfillment of a vow.
Example
She lit a votive candle in the church as a prayer.
Ella encendió una vela votiva en la iglesia como una oración.
C1 noun /vəˈnɪər/

veneer

felicidad
Meaning
A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material; a superficially attractive appearance.
Example
The table was covered with a thin veneer of mahogany.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 noun ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl ˈklɑːs.ruːmz

virtual classrooms

aulas virtuales
Meaning
An online learning environment where teachers and students interact via digital platforms.
Example
Virtual classrooms enable remote learning for students worldwide.
Las aulas virtuales permiten el aprendizaje remoto para los estudiantes de todo el mundo.
C1 noun /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ/

virtuoso

artista virtuoso
Meaning
A person highly skilled in music, art, or another artistic pursuit.
Example
The pianist is a true virtuoso, captivating audiences worldwide.
El pianista es un verdadero artista virtuoso, cautivando a audiencias en todo el mundo.
C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

animales o insectos pequeños y dañinos que son difíciles de controlar y transmiten enfermedades
Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
La casa estaba infestada de verman, requiriendo acción inmediata.
C2 noun /ˌvɛrɪsɪˈmɪlɪtjuːd/

verisimilitude

verosimilitud
Meaning
the appearance of being true or real
Example
The movie was praised for its verisimilitude to actual events.
La película fue elogiada por su verosimilitud con los eventos reales.
C2 noun /ˈvɪtəlz/

victuals

víveres
Meaning
Food or provisions, especially for human consumption.
Example
The travelers packed enough victuals for their long journey.
Los viajeros empacaron suficientes víveres para su largo viaje.
B2 noun ˌvɛdʒɪˈteɪʃən

vegetation

vegetación
Meaning
Plants considered collectively, especially those found in a particular region.
Example
The forest was dense with a wide variety of vegetation.
El bosque estaba denso con una gran variedad de vegetación.
B2 adjective /ˈvɪɡ.ər.əs/

vigorous

vigoroso
Meaning
Characterized by high energy and vitality.
Example
Regular exercise keeps the body vigorous and healthy.
El ejercicio regular mantiene el cuerpo vigoroso y saludable.
C2 adjective /ˈvɪnsəbl/

vincible

vencible
Meaning
capable of being overcome or defeated
Example
The enemy seemed vincible after losing their main base.
El enemigo parecía vencible después de perder su base principal.
B2 verb /vaʊ/

vow

hacer un voto
Meaning
to make a serious promise; to pledge solemnly
Example
They vowed to love each other forever.
Ellos hicieron un voto de amarse por siempre.
C2 noun /ˈveɪɡəri/

vagary

cambio inesperado
Meaning
An unexpected and inexplicable change in a situation or someone's behavior.
Example
The vagaries of the weather made planning difficult.
Los caprichos del clima hicieron que la planificación fuera difícil.
B1 noun /vaɪəˈlɪn/

Violin

violín
Meaning
a musical instrument with four strings that is played with a bow
Example
She plays the violin beautifully in the orchestra.
Ella toca el violín hermosamente en la orquesta.
C2 noun /ˌvælədɪkˈtɔːriən/

valedictorian

mejor estudiante
Meaning
The student with the highest academic achievements in a graduating class, often chosen to give the farewell speech.
Example
She was honored as the valedictorian of her class.
Fue honrada como la mejor estudiante de su clase.
B2 noun /vɪˈsɪn.ə.ti/

Vicinity

vicinidad; alrededores
Meaning
the area near or surrounding a particular place; neighborhood
Example
There are many shops in the vicinity of the school.
Hay muchas tiendas cerca de la escuela.
C1 noun /vɛnˈdɛtə/

vendetta

venganza
Meaning
a prolonged bitter quarrel or campaign of revenge
Example
The two families were caught in a bitter vendetta for generations.
Las dos familias estuvieron atrapadas en una amarga venganza durante generaciones.
B2 noun /ˌvɛrɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

verification

verificación
Meaning
The process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something.
Example
The bank requires verification of identity before opening an account.
El banco requiere verificación de identidad antes de abrir una cuenta.
B1 adjective /ˈvaɪə.lənt/

Violent

violento; agresivo
Meaning
using or involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill; very forceful or powerful
Example
The violent storm caused significant damage to the coastal areas.
La tormenta violenta causó daños significativos en las áreas costeras.
C2 noun /vɪˈsɪsɪtjuːd/

vicissitude

vicisitudes de la vida
Meaning
A natural change or succession of one thing to another; the ups and downs of life.
Example
The vicissitude of life often teaches resilience.
Las vicisitudes de la vida a menudo enseñan resiliencia.
B2 noun /ˈvel.vɪt/

Velvet

terciopelo
Meaning
a soft, luxurious fabric with a thick, short pile on one side
Example
The royal curtains were made of rich red velvet.
Las cortinas reales estaban hechas de rico terciopelo rojo.
B2 noun ˌvɛntɪˈleɪʃən

ventilation

ventilación
Meaning
The provision of fresh air to a room, building, etc.
Example
Proper ventilation is essential for maintaining air quality.
La ventilación adecuada es esencial para mantener la calidad del aire.
C2 noun /vɪm/

vim

vigor
Meaning
energy and enthusiasm
Example
She performed the dance with great vim and vigor.
Ella realizó la danza con gran vigor y energía.
B2 noun /ˌvʌl.nər.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

vulnerability

vulnerabilidad
Meaning
The quality or state of being exposed to the possibility of being attacked or harmed.
Example
Addressing vulnerability is crucial for stability.
Abordar la vulnerabilidad es crucial para la estabilidad.
B2 noun /vɜːrs/

verse

verso
Meaning
A line of writing in poetry; a section of a song or poem.
Example
She wrote a beautiful verse for the wedding ceremony.
Ella escribió un hermoso verso para la ceremonia de la boda.
B1 noun /ˈvaɪtəmɪn/

vitamin

vitamina
Meaning
a natural substance needed by the body to stay healthy
Example
Fruits and vegetables are rich sources of vitamins.
Las frutas y verduras son fuentes ricas en vitaminas.
C2 noun /ˈvoʊtəri/

votary

devoto
Meaning
A devoted follower or admirer of someone or something.
Example
He is a votary of classical music and attends every concert.
Él es un devoto de la música clásica y asiste a cada concierto.
C1 noun ˌvɛn.əˈreɪ.ʃən

veneration

veneración
Meaning
Great respect; reverence; the action of regarding with great respect or reverence.
Example
Many cultures show veneration for their ancestors.
Muchas culturas muestran veneración por sus antepasados.
C2 verb /voʊˈsɪfəˌreɪt/

vociferate

vociferar
Meaning
to shout, complain, or argue loudly or vehemently
Example
The protesters vociferated against the unfair law.
Los manifestantes vociferaron contra la ley injusta.
C2 adjective /vaɪˈtjuːpərəbl̩/

vituperable

digno de reproche
Meaning
Deserving of blame, censure, or harsh criticism.
Example
His reckless actions made him vituperable in the eyes of his colleagues.
Sus acciones imprudentes lo hicieron digno de reproche a los ojos de sus colegas.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪrjʊlənt/

virulent

sumamente dañino
Meaning
Extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
Example
The virulent disease spread rapidly across the region.
La enfermedad virulenta se extendió rápidamente por la región.
B2 verb /ˈvaɪbreɪt/

vibrate

vibrar
Meaning
To move or cause to move continuously and rapidly back and forth.
Example
The phone began to vibrate on the table.
El teléfono comenzó a vibrar sobre la mesa.
C1 adjective /vɜːrˈboʊs/

verbose

verborroso
Meaning
Using or expressed in more words than are needed; wordy.
Example
His verbose explanation confused the audience instead of clarifying the issue.
Su explicación verborrosa confundió a la audiencia en lugar de aclarar el problema.
C2 adjective /vɜːrˈtɪdʒɪnəs/

vertiginous

vertiginoso
Meaning
Causing dizziness due to great height or steepness.
Example
The tourists looked down from the vertiginous cliffs with awe.
Los turistas miraron hacia abajo desde los acantilados vertiginosos con asombro.
A1 noun /ˈvɪlɪdʒ/

village

pueblo
Meaning
a small community or group of houses in a rural area
Example
They live in a small village surrounded by mountains.
Viven en un pequeño pueblo rodeado de montañas.
C2 adjective /vɛˈstɪdʒiəl/

vestigial

vestigial
Meaning
Relating to a small, undeveloped remnant of something that was once much larger or more functional.
Example
Humans have a vestigial tailbone that no longer serves its original purpose.
Los humanos tienen un hueso en la cola vestigial que ya no cumple su propósito original.
C2 noun /vəˈrɑːɡoʊ/

virago

mujer autoritaria o ruda
Meaning
a loud, overbearing woman; historically, a strong or courageous woman
Example
The play depicted the heroine as a fierce virago who defied tradition.
La obra retrató a la heroína como una virago feroz que desafiaba la tradición.
C1 noun /vəˈræs.ə.ti/

veracity

veracidad
Meaning
Conformity to facts; accuracy and truthfulness.
Example
The journalist checked the veracity of the report.
El periodista verificó la veracidad del informe.
B2 noun /ˌvæk.sɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

Vaccination

vacunación
Meaning
the process of giving a vaccine to a person or animal to protect them against a disease
Example
Children receive vaccination against measles at an early age.
Los niños reciben la vacunación contra el sarampión a una edad temprana.
B2 noun /ˌveəriˈeɪʃən/

Variation

variación; cambio; diferencia en condición o cantidad
Meaning
a change or difference in condition, amount, or level; a different or distinct form or version of something
Example
There was a significant variation in temperature throughout the day.
Hubo una variación significativa en la temperatura durante el día.
C1 verb /ˈviːtoʊ/

veto

vetar
Meaning
to reject or forbid a decision, proposal, or law
Example
The president decided to veto the new bill.
El presidente decidió vetar el nuevo proyecto de ley.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

felicidad
Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
No podía ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 verb /vaʊtʃ/

vouch

garantizar
Meaning
to confirm or assert the truth or reliability of something
Example
I can vouch for his honesty.
Puedo garantizar su honestidad.
C1 noun /ˈviːəməns/

Vehemence

vehemencia; intensidad de sentimientos o expresión
Meaning
great forcefulness or intensity of feeling or expression; passionate conviction
Example
He argued with such vehemence that everyone was surprised.
Discutió con tal vehemencia que todos se sorprendieron.
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

viola
Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
Ella eligió tocar la viola en la orquesta escolar.
C1 noun /ˈvɪstə/

vista

vista
Meaning
A pleasing view, especially one seen through a long, narrow opening.
Example
From the mountain top, we admired the breathtaking vista of the valley below.
Desde la cima de la montaña, admiramos la vista impresionante del valle abajo.
B1 noun /ˈvɔɪ.ɪdʒ/

Voyage

viaje; travesía por mar
Meaning
a long journey involving travel by sea or in space
Example
The ship's voyage across the Atlantic took two weeks.
El viaje del barco a través del Atlántico duró dos semanas.
C2 verb /ˈvɪlɪfaɪ/

vilify

felicidad
Meaning
to speak or write about someone in an abusive or disparaging manner
Example
The politician was vilified in the media for his controversial remarks.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C2 adjective /ˈvɜːrnəl/

vernal

primaveral
Meaning
related to spring; fresh, youthful
Example
The garden was filled with vernal beauty after the long winter.
El jardín estaba lleno de belleza primaveral después del largo invierno.
B2 noun /veɪl/

Veil

velo; máscara; velo de novia;
Meaning
a piece of fine material worn to protect or conceal the face; something that conceals or disguises
Example
The bride wore a beautiful white veil during the ceremony.
La novia llevaba un hermoso velo blanco durante la ceremonia.
B2 adjective /ˈvʌl.ɡər/

Vulgar

vulgar; grosero; rudo;
Meaning
lacking sophistication or good taste; crude and offensive in language or behavior
Example
His vulgar language offended everyone at the dinner party.
Su lenguaje vulgar ofendió a todos en la fiesta de la cena.
C1 adjective /ˈvɪʒ.ən.er.i/

Visionary

visionario; imaginativo;
Meaning
having original ideas about what the future will bring; innovative; imaginative
Example
Steve Jobs was a visionary leader who revolutionized technology.
Steve Jobs fue un líder visionario que revolucionó la tecnología.
B2 verb /ˈverɪfaɪ/

verify

verificar
Meaning
to check if something is true or correct; to confirm
Example
Please verify your email address before proceeding.
Por favor, verifica tu dirección de correo electrónico antes de proceder.
C2 verb /ˈvɛdʒɪteɪt/

vegetate

vegetar
Meaning
to live in a dull, inactive, or unchallenging way, often with little physical or mental effort
Example
He spent his vacation vegetating on the couch in front of the TV.
Él pasó sus vacaciones vegetando en el sofá frente a la televisión.
B2 noun /vəˈlɪd.ɪ.ti/

Validity

validez
Meaning
the quality of being legally or officially acceptable; the quality of being logically or factually sound
Example
The validity of the contract expires next month.
La validez del contrato expira el próximo mes.
A1 adverb /ˈver.i/

Very

muy; extremadamente; altamente
Meaning
to a high degree; extremely; greatly
Example
She is very intelligent and works very hard.
Ella es muy inteligente y trabaja muy duro.
C1 noun /vɪˈvæsɪti/

vivacity

vivacidad
Meaning
The quality of being lively, animated, and full of energy.
Example
The child’s vivacity brightened the entire room.
La vivacidad del niño iluminó toda la habitación.
B2 noun /ˈvæn.ɪ.ti/

Vanity

vanidad
Meaning
excessive pride in one's appearance or achievements; the quality of being worthless or pointless
Example
Her vanity made her spend hours looking at herself in the mirror.
Su vanidad la hizo pasar horas mirándose en el espejo.
C2 noun /ˈvæləns/

valance

volante decorativo
Meaning
A decorative drapery hung across the top of a window or bed.
Example
She chose a floral valance to match the curtains in her bedroom.
Ella eligió un volante floral para combinar con las cortinas de su dormitorio.
C2 adjective /vəˈreɪʃəs/

veracious

veraz
Meaning
Truthful, honest; habitually speaking the truth.
Example
She gave a veracious account of what happened that day.
Ella dio un relato veraz de lo que sucedió ese día.
C2 adjective /ˈvoʊlənt/

volant

volador
Meaning
able to fly or moving swiftly
Example
The volant bird soared gracefully across the sky.
El pájaro volador se elevó con gracia por el cielo.
C2 noun /ˈveɪnɡlɔːri/

vainglory

vanidad
Meaning
Excessive vanity or boastfulness about one's achievements.
Example
His speech was filled with vainglory and self-praise.
Su discurso estaba lleno de vanidad y autocomplacencia.
C1 noun ˌvɜː.səˈtɪl.ɪ.ti

versatility

versatilidad
Meaning
Ability to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many different skills.
Example
His versatility made him successful in multiple fields.
Su versatilidad lo hizo exitoso en múltiples campos.
C2 noun /ˈvɪzɪdʒ/

visage

felicidad
Meaning
A person's face or facial expression.
Example
Her stern visage intimidated the children.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 noun /ˈves.əl/

vessel

buque
Meaning
A ship or large boat.
Example
The vessel carried critical supplies.
El buque transportó suministros críticos.
C2 noun /ˌvælɪˈdɪkʃən/

valediction

discurso de despedida
Meaning
The act of saying farewell; a formal goodbye.
Example
The professor gave a touching valediction at his retirement ceremony.
El profesor dio un emotivo discurso de despedida en su ceremonia de jubilación.
C2 noun /ˈvaɪkaʊnt/

viscount

vizconde
Meaning
A British nobleman ranking below an earl and above a baron.
Example
The viscount inherited the estate from his father.
El vizconde heredó la finca de su padre.
B2 adjective /ˈvʌl.nər.ə.bəl/

vulnerable

vulnerable
Meaning
susceptible to physical or emotional harm
Example
Children are often the most vulnerable in times of crisis.
Los niños son a menudo los más vulnerables en tiempos de crisis.
C1 adverb /ˈvælɪdli/

validly

válidamente
Meaning
in a legally, logically, or officially acceptable manner
Example
The contract was validly signed by both parties.
El contrato fue firmado válidamente por ambas partes.
B2 noun ˈvaɪtəl rɪˈsɔːrsɪz

vital resources

recursos vitales
Meaning
Essential assets or supplies that are crucial for survival and development.
Example
Water is one of Bangladesh's vital resources.
El agua es uno de los recursos vitales de Bangladesh.
B2 noun ˈven.tʃərz

ventures

empresa
Meaning
Business enterprises or undertakings, especially risky ones.
Example
Luxury ventures in space attract wealthy clients.
Los ventures de lujo en el espacio atraen a clientes adinerados.
A2 noun /vɔɪs/

voice

voz
Meaning
the sound produced by the vocal cords; the ability to speak or express oneself
Example
She has a beautiful voice that captivates the audience.
Ella tiene una voz hermosa que cautiva a la audiencia.
B2 noun /ˈvɪɡ.ər/

Vigour

fuerza física y buena salud; esfuerzo, energía y entusiasmo
Meaning
physical strength and good health; effort, energy, and enthusiasm
Example
She approached her work with renewed vigour after the vacation.
Después de las vacaciones, abordó su trabajo con renovado vigor.
C2 adjective /ˌvɛrɪˈsɪmɪlər/

verisimilar

parecido a la verdad
Meaning
appearing to be true or real
Example
The story seemed verisimilar though it was entirely fictional.
La historia parecía parecida a la verdad aunque era completamente ficticia.
B2 adjective /vɪkˈtɔː.ri.əs/

Victorious

victorioso
Meaning
having won a victory; successful in a struggle or contest
Example
The victorious team celebrated their championship win with great joy.
El equipo victorioso celebró su victoria del campeonato con gran alegría.
B2 verb /ˈvaɪəleɪt/

violate

violar
Meaning
to break or go against a rule or law; to disrespect
Example
Parking here violates the city regulations.
Estacionar aquí viola las regulaciones de la ciudad.
C1 noun /ˈvælər/

valor

valor
Meaning
Great courage in the face of danger, especially in battle.
Example
The soldier was honored for his valor during the war.
El soldado fue honrado por su valor durante la guerra.
B2 verb /ˈvæksɪneɪt/

vaccinate

vacunar
Meaning
to give a vaccine to protect against a disease
Example
Children are usually vaccinated before starting school.
Los niños generalmente son vacunados antes de comenzar la escuela.
C2 noun /vɛnˈdɪʃən/

vendition

venta
Meaning
The act of selling; sale.
Example
The auction was a formal vendition of the estate's assets.
La subasta fue una venta formal de los activos de la propiedad.
C2 adjective /ˈvɛndɪbəl/

vendible

vendible
Meaning
Capable of being sold; marketable.
Example
Only vendible products were displayed at the trade fair.
Solo los productos vendibles fueron exhibidos en la feria comercial.
C1 noun /ˈvæntɪdʒ/

vantage

posición ventajosa
Meaning
a position or situation that gives an advantage or a good view
Example
From this vantage, we could see the entire valley.
Desde esta posición, pudimos ver todo el valle.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜːr.tʃu.əs/

Virtuous

virtuoso; recto; moralmente excelente;
Meaning
having high moral standards; righteous; morally excellent
Example
She is known for her virtuous character and honest dealings.
Ella es conocida por su carácter virtuoso y sus tratos honestos.
C1 adjective /ˈvɑːlətl/

volatile

volátil
Meaning
likely to change rapidly and unpredictably, especially for the worse
Example
The stock market is extremely volatile these days.
El mercado de valores es extremadamente volátil estos días.
C1 noun /ˈvɜːrtɛks/

vertex

vértice
Meaning
The highest point; the top or the apex.
Example
The climber reached the vertex of the mountain.
El escalador alcanzó el vértice de la montaña.
B1 noun /ˈvaɪ.ə.ləns/

Violence

violencia; brutalidad; intensidad extrema
Meaning
behavior involving physical force intended to hurt, damage, or kill; extreme force or intensity
Example
The government condemned all forms of violence against civilians.
El gobierno condenó todas las formas de violencia contra los civiles.
A2 noun /ˈvedʒtəbəl ɔɪl/

Vegetable oil

aceite vegetal
Meaning
Oil extracted from plants, seeds, or nuts used for cooking
Example
She heated vegetable oil in the pan before adding the vegetables.
Ella calentó aceite vegetal en la sartén antes de agregar las verduras.
C1 noun /vɪnˈjɛt/

vignette

vigneta
Meaning
A short, descriptive piece of writing or a brief scene.
Example
The author included a poignant vignette in the introduction of the book.
El autor incluyó una conmovedora vigneta en la introducción del libro.
C2 noun /ˈvɛləm/

vellum

pergamino
Meaning
a fine parchment made originally from the skin of a calf, used for writing or printing
Example
The ancient manuscript was written on vellum.
El antiguo manuscrito fue escrito en pergamino.
C2 noun /vɛkˈseɪʃən/

vexation

exasperación
Meaning
the state of being annoyed, frustrated, or worried
Example
She could not hide her vexation after the repeated delays.
Ella no pudo esconder su exasperación después de los repetidos retrasos.
C2 adjective /vərˈmɪkjələr/

vermicular

como un gusano
Meaning
having a shape or appearance like a worm; worm-like
Example
The artist used a vermicular design to decorate the border of the manuscript.
El artista usó un diseño vermicular para decorar el borde del manuscrito.
B2 noun /ˈvɜː.tʃu.əl riˈæl.ɪ.ti/

virtual reality

realidad virtual
Meaning
Computer technology that creates an artificial three-dimensional environment where users can feel like they are in a real environment.
Example
Virtual reality (VR) is widely used in gaming and training simulations.
La realidad virtual (VR) se usa ampliamente en juegos y simulaciones de entrenamiento.
C2 adjective ˌvɪz.ju.oʊˈspeɪ.ʃəl

visuospatial

Relacionado con la comprensión de la relación entre el espacio y los objetos a través de la visión
Meaning
Related to understanding the relationship between space and objects through vision.
Example
Good visuospatial skills are important for architecture and design.
Las buenas habilidades visualespaciales son importantes para la arquitectura y el diseño.
C2 noun /viːˈnæləti/

venality

venalidad
Meaning
the quality of being open to bribery or corruption
Example
The scandal revealed the venality of several senior officials.
El escándalo reveló la venalidad de varios funcionarios de alto rango.
B2 adjective /ˈvɜː.sə.taɪl/

versatile

versátil
Meaning
Able to adapt or be adapted to many different functions or activities; having many uses or applications.
Example
He is a versatile musician who can play multiple instruments.
Él es un músico versátil que puede tocar múltiples instrumentos.
B1 noun /ˈvaɪrəs/

virus

virus
Meaning
A tiny infectious agent that can replicate only inside the living cells of an organism.
Example
The computer was infected with a dangerous virus.
El ordenador se infectó con un virus peligroso.
A2 verb /ˈvɪzɪtɪŋ/

visiting

visitar
Meaning
Going to see and spend time with someone or at a place.
Example
The group is visiting islands during the expedition.
El grupo está visitando islas durante la expedición.
C2 noun /ˈvɪntnər/

vintner

vinatero / vendedor de vino
Meaning
A person who makes or sells wine.
Example
The vintner explained the process of making red wine.
El vinatero explicó el proceso de hacer vino tinto.
C1 verb /vɪə(r)/

veer

cambiar de dirección
Meaning
to change direction suddenly
Example
The car veered off the road to avoid the accident.
El coche viró fuera de la carretera para evitar el accidente.
C2 adjective /ˈviː.ni.əl/

Venial

perdonable; no gravemente malo; menor
Meaning
forgivable; not seriously wrong; minor
Example
His late arrival was considered a venial offense.
Su llegada tarde fue considerada una ofensa venial.
C1 noun /veɪl/

vale

valle
Meaning
A valley, often used in a poetic or literary sense.
Example
The village lay hidden in a quiet green vale.
El pueblo estaba oculto en un tranquilo valle verde.
C1 noun /voʊɡ/

vogue

moda
Meaning
the prevailing fashion, style, or trend at a particular time
Example
Minimalist design is currently in vogue.
El diseño minimalista está actualmente de moda.
B2 adjective /ˈvɛriənt/

Variant

variante; versión alternativa
Meaning
differing in form, details, or in some other respect; alternative
Example
There are several variant spellings of this word.
Hay varias variantes de esta palabra.
B1 adjective /ˈvɛəriəs/

Various

varios; diferentes tipos de
Meaning
several different; many different types of
Example
She has lived in various countries around the world.
Ella ha vivido en varios países alrededor del mundo.
B1 adjective /ˈvæljʊəbl/

Valuable

valioso; importante
Meaning
worth a great deal of money; extremely useful or important
Example
The painting is very valuable and worth millions.
La pintura es muy valiosa y vale millones.
B2 noun /vɒlˈkæn.ɪk ɪˈrʌp.ʃən/

volcanic eruption

erupción volcánica
Meaning
The discharge of lava, ash, and gases from a volcano.
Example
The volcanic eruption covered the town in ash.
La erupción volcánica cubrió la ciudad con cenizas.