Vestige
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C1 noun /ˈves.tɪdʒ/

Vestige

vestigio
Meaning
a trace or remnant of something that is disappearing or no longer exists
Example
No vestige of the ancient city remains.
No queda ningún vestigio de la antigua ciudad.
C1 noun /ˈɑːnkɔːr/

encore

bis de actuación
Meaning
An additional performance demanded by an audience at the end of a show.
Example
The band returned to the stage for an encore.
La banda regresó al escenario para un bis.
C1 noun /pəˈtɜːrnəti/

paternity

paternidad
Meaning
The state of being someone's father.
Example
He demanded a paternity test to confirm his relationship with the child.
Él pidió una prueba de paternidad para confirmar su relación con el niño.
C1 noun ˌɪndɪˈspensəbl̩ ˈkɒmpɪtənsi

indispensable competency

competencia indispensable
Meaning
Essential skill or ability that cannot be done without; a crucial capability that is absolutely necessary.
Example
Digital literacy is an indispensable competency in the 21st century.
La alfabetización digital es una competencia indispensable en el siglo XXI.
C1 adjective /dɪˈsperɪŋ/

Despairing

desesperante
Meaning
feeling hopeless; in despair
Example
She felt despairing after losing her job.
Se sintió desesperante después de perder su trabajo.
C1 verb /ˈweɪvər/

waver

vacilar
Meaning
to become unsteady or indecisive; to hesitate or shake
Example
She began to waver in her decision to move abroad.
Ella empezó a vacilar en su decisión de mudarse al extranjero.
C1 adjective ˈɒb.stɪ.nət

obstinate

obstinado
Meaning
Refusing to change one's mind or accept others' advice easily.
Example
He remained obstinate despite the logical arguments.
Él se mantuvo obstinado a pesar de los argumentos lógicos.
C1 adjective /ˈswɛltərɪŋ/

sweltering

abrasador
Meaning
uncomfortably hot
Example
The sweltering heat made it hard to work.
El calor abrasador hizo que fuera difícil trabajar.
C1 verb /kənˈsɛptʃuəlaɪz/

conceptualize

conceptualizar
Meaning
to form an idea or concept of something in your mind
Example
The artist conceptualized a new design for the exhibition.
El artista conceptualizó un nuevo diseño para la exposición.
C1 adjective /ɒˈstɛnsəbl/

ostensible

aparente
Meaning
stated or appearing to be true, but not necessarily so
Example
His ostensible reason for leaving was illness, but many doubted it.
Su aparente razón para irse era la enfermedad, pero muchos lo dudaron.
C1 noun /ˌrɛpəˈreɪʃən/

reparation

reparación
Meaning
the making of amends for a wrong done by paying money or helping those who were wronged
Example
The government offered reparations to the victims of the conflict.
El gobierno ofreció reparaciones a las víctimas del conflicto.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪl.fəl/

Wilful

terco; intencional
Meaning
deliberately stubborn; done on purpose; intentional
Example
His wilful disobedience led to punishment.
Su desobediencia deliberada lo llevó a un castigo.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈmænɪdʒəbəl/

Unmanageable

incontrolable; fuera de control
Meaning
difficult or impossible to control or handle
Example
The large class became unmanageable without proper supervision.
La gran clase se volvió incontrolable sin una supervisión adecuada.
C1 noun /ˈstrɑːtəm/

stratum

estrato
Meaning
a layer or level of material, or a social class in society
Example
The upper stratum of society enjoyed privileges not available to others.
La capa superior de la sociedad disfrutaba de privilegios que no estaban disponibles para los demás.
C1 adjective /ˈsiːs.ləs/

Ceaseless

incesante; continuo
Meaning
continuing without pause or interruption; endless
Example
The ceaseless rain lasted for three days.
La lluvia incesante duró tres días.
C1 noun /əˈrɪəz/

arrears

deuda pendiente
Meaning
Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier.
Example
She was months in arrears with her electricity bill.
Estaba meses en deuda con su factura de electricidad.
C1 adjective ˈfjuː.taɪl

futile

fútil
Meaning
Incapable of producing any useful result; pointless.
Example
His attempts to change the situation were futile.
Sus intentos de cambiar la situación fueron inútiles.
C1 noun /əˈsɛsər/

assessor

evaluador
Meaning
a person who evaluates or estimates the nature, ability, or quality of something
Example
An external assessor reviewed the project report.
Un evaluador externo revisó el informe del proyecto.
C1 verb /ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz/

immortalize

inmortalizar
Meaning
to preserve the memory of someone or something forever
Example
The statue was built to immortalize the hero’s sacrifice.
La estatua fue construida para inmortalizar el sacrificio del héroe.
C1 noun /ˌaɪ.diˈɒl.ə.dʒi/

ideology

ideología
Meaning
A system of ideas and ideals, especially one that forms the basis of economic or political theory and policy.
Example
Democracy is based on the ideology of freedom and equality.
La democracia se basa en la ideología de la libertad y la igualdad.
C1 noun /daɪˈsɛkʃən/

dissection

disección
Meaning
the act of cutting apart or analyzing something in detail, especially a body or structure
Example
The dissection of the specimen revealed important details about its structure.
La disección del espécimen reveló detalles importantes sobre su estructura.
C1 adverb/noun /ˌhɪərˈæftər/

hereafter

a partir de ahora / más allá
Meaning
from now on; in the future; also refers to life after death.
Example
Hereafter, all reports must be submitted electronically.
A partir de ahora, todos los informes deben enviarse electrónicamente.
C1 noun, verb /raʊt/

rout

derrota
Meaning
A decisive defeat; to defeat completely.
Example
The army routed the enemy forces in the battle.
El ejército derrotó completamente a las fuerzas enemigas en la batalla.
C1 noun /dɪˈfaɪəns/

defiance

desobediencia
Meaning
Open resistance or bold disobedience.
Example
The protest was an act of defiance against injustice.
La protesta fue un acto de desobediencia contra la injusticia.
C1 adjective /ˌjuːnɪˈsɛljʊlər/

unicellular

unicelular
Meaning
Consisting of a single cell.
Example
Amoebas are unicellular organisms.
Las amibas son organismos unicelulares.
C1 adjective ˈwɛðərpruːf

weatherproof

resistente a la intemperie
Meaning
Able to resist or be unaffected by weather, especially rain and wind.
Example
The materials used are weatherproof, ensuring longevity.
Los materiales utilizados son resistentes a la intemperie, asegurando longevidad.
C1 adjective /ˈfruː.ɡəl/

Frugal

ahorrativo; económico;
Meaning
economical; thrifty;
Example
She is very frugal and saves money by buying only necessary items.
Ella es muy ahorrativa y ahorra dinero comprando solo lo necesario.
C1 noun /ˈkwæɡˌmaɪər/

quagmire

pantano, embrollo
Meaning
a soft, wet area of land that gives way underfoot; a complex or dangerous situation
Example
The hikers were trapped in a political quagmire.
Los excursionistas quedaron atrapados en un embrollo político.
C1 noun esˈθet.ɪks

aesthetics

estética
Meaning
A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art and design.
Example
Interior design focuses on aesthetics and functionality.
El diseño de interiores se centra en la estética y funcionalidad.
C1 verb /ˈflɪk.ər/

flicker

parpadear
Meaning
to shine unsteadily or waver between light and dark
Example
The candle flickered in the wind.
La vela parpadeaba en el viento.
C1 adjective /əbˈsɛsɪv/

obsessive

obsesivo
Meaning
Relating to or characterized by an obsession; thinking about something too much.
Example
He has an obsessive interest in cleanliness.
Él tiene un interés obsesivo en la limpieza.
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

clemencia
Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
El juez mostró clemencia y redujo su sentencia.
C1 noun /ˈsɑːɡə/

saga

gran historia
Meaning
A long story of heroic achievement, or a long, complex series of events.
Example
The company's rise and fall became a corporate saga.
El ascenso y la caída de la empresa se convirtió en una saga corporativa.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrsənəbl/

personable

agradable
Meaning
having a pleasant appearance and manner; attractive and friendly
Example
The new teacher is very personable and easy to talk to.
El nuevo maestro es muy agradable y fácil de hablar.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːrtʃɑːrdʒ/

surcharge

recargo adicional
Meaning
an additional charge or payment added to the usual cost
Example
The airline ticket had a fuel surcharge added to it.
El boleto de avión tenía un recargo por combustible agregado.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈvæmp/

revamp

rehacer
Meaning
To give a new and improved form, structure, or appearance to something.
Example
The company decided to revamp its website for a modern look.
La empresa decidió renovar su sitio web para darle un aspecto moderno.
C1 noun /ˈdʒʌɡərˌnɔːt/

juggernaut

fuerza imparable
Meaning
A huge, powerful, and unstoppable force or institution.
Example
The new tech company has become a juggernaut in the industry.
La nueva empresa tecnológica se ha convertido en una fuerza imparable en la industria.
C1 noun /ˌklɔːstrəˈfəʊbiə/

claustrophobia

claustrofobia
Meaning
an extreme or irrational fear of being in confined spaces
Example
He avoids elevators because of his claustrophobia.
Él evita los ascensores debido a su claustrofobia.
C1 noun /ˈkɒn.vɔɪ/

convoy

convoy
Meaning
a group of vehicles or ships traveling together, often for protection
Example
The military convoy moved through the desert at dawn.
El convoy militar atravesó el desierto al amanecer.
C1 noun /ˈækəleɪd/

accolade

accolade
Meaning
An award, honor, or expression of praise.
Example
She received an accolade for her outstanding performance.
Ella recibió un reconocimiento por su destacado desempeño.
C1 noun /ruːz/

Ruse

artimaña; truco
Meaning
an action intended to deceive someone; a trick or stratagem
Example
The thief used a clever ruse to distract the guard.
El ladrón usó una artimaña astuta para distraer al guardia.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ət biːk/

Parrot Beak

pico de loro
Meaning
a climbing plant with curved red and orange flowers resembling a parrot's beak
Example
The parrot beak flower's unique curved shape makes it a fascinating addition to any garden.
La flor de pico de loro tiene una forma curva única que la convierte en una adición fascinante a cualquier jardín.
C1 noun /ˈtɜːrbjələns/

turbulence

turbulencia
Meaning
Violent or unsteady movement of air, water, or some other fluid; disorder or conflict.
Example
The plane experienced severe turbulence during the flight.
El avión experimentó una turbulencia severa durante el vuelo.
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

picazón
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
La picazón en los ojos a menudo conduce a frotarse.
C1 noun ˌɪm.pʌlˈsɪv.ɪ.ti

impulsivity

impulsividad
Meaning
The tendency to act quickly and without thought or care; lack of self-control.
Example
His impulsivity led him to make reckless choices.
Su impulsividad lo llevó a tomar decisiones imprudentes.
C1 noun /ˈfɛlən/

felon

delincuente
Meaning
a person who has committed a serious crime
Example
The felon was sentenced to ten years in prison.
El delincuente fue sentenciado a diez años de prisión.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsəʊʃəl/

unsocial

antisocial
Meaning
not enjoying the company of others; avoiding social interaction; contrary to social norms
Example
He prefers unsocial hours so he can work alone without interruptions.
Prefiere horarios antisociales para trabajar solo.
C1 verb /kwɛl/

quell

sofocar
Meaning
To suppress or put an end to something, usually by force.
Example
The police were called to quell the violent protest.
La policía fue llamada para sofocar la protesta violenta.
C1 adjective /ˈædʒ.aɪl/

agile

rápido y flexible
Meaning
able to move quickly and easily; quick and adaptable in thinking or action
Example
The startup team was agile in responding to market changes.
El equipo de la startup fue ágil al responder a los cambios del mercado.
C1 noun /ˈpærəˌlɛlɪzəm/

parallelism

paralelismo
Meaning
The state of being parallel or similar; in literature, the use of components in a sentence that are grammatically the same or similar in construction.
Example
The writer used parallelism to give rhythm to his prose.
El escritor usó el paralelismo para dar ritmo a su prosa.
C1 adjective eɪˈsɪŋ.krə.nəs

asynchronous

asíncrono
Meaning
Of or requiring a form of computer control timing protocol in which a specific operation begins upon receipt of an indication that the preceding operation has been completed.
Example
Asynchronous courses allow students to learn at their own pace.
Los cursos asincrónicos permiten a los estudiantes aprender a su propio ritmo.
C1 verb /kənˈviːn/

convene

reunirse, convocar una reunión o asamblea
Meaning
to come together or assemble, especially for a meeting or formal gathering
Example
The board will convene tomorrow to discuss the new policy.
La junta se convocará mañana para discutir la nueva política.
C1 verb /ˈʃʌdər/

shudder

temblar
Meaning
to tremble or shake suddenly, often due to fear, cold, or strong emotion
Example
She shuddered at the thought of walking alone in the dark forest.
Ella se estremeció al pensar en caminar sola en el oscuro bosque.
C1 noun /ˈrɛvərəns/

reverence

reverencia
Meaning
deep respect for someone or something
Example
The students showed reverence to their teacher.
Los estudiantes mostraron reverencia hacia su maestro.
C1 verb /ˈdʒɒsl/

jostle

empujar
Meaning
to push, elbow, or bump against someone roughly, typically in a crowd
Example
The fans jostled each other to get closer to the stage.
Los aficionados se empujaban unos a otros para acercarse al escenario.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndjuɪt/ or /ˈkɑːnduɪt/

conduit

conducto / medio
Meaning
a channel or pipe for conveying water, electricity, or information
Example
The cable was placed inside a protective conduit.
El cable fue colocado dentro de un conducto protector.
C1 noun ˈfæl.ə.si

fallacy

falacia, error, razonamiento falso
Meaning
False belief, misconception, false reasoning.
Example
The idea that success comes easy is a fallacy.
La idea de que el éxito viene fácil es una falacia.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdəˌnɪzəm/

hedonism

hedonismo
Meaning
The pursuit of pleasure and self-indulgence as the highest goal.
Example
The lifestyle of the rich is often criticized as pure hedonism.
El estilo de vida de los ricos a menudo se critica como puro hedonismo.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθ.li/

Earthly

terrenal; mundano; material
Meaning
relating to the earth or human life; worldly; material rather than spiritual
Example
He focused on earthly pleasures rather than spiritual growth.
Se centró en los placeres terrenales en lugar del crecimiento espiritual.
C1 noun /mɪsˈɡɪvɪŋz/

misgivings

dudas, recelos
Meaning
feelings of doubt or concern about the outcome or propriety of something
Example
She had serious misgivings about signing the contract.
Ella tenía serias dudas sobre firmar el contrato.
C1 adjective /ˌboʊnəˈfaɪdi/

Bonafide

genuino; auténtico; legítimo
Meaning
genuine; authentic; legitimate
Example
She is a bonafide expert in her field.
Ella es una experta genuina en su campo.
C1 verb /dɪˈfeɪm/

defame

difamar
Meaning
to harm someone's reputation by spreading false information
Example
He was defamed by malicious rumors.
Él fue difamado por rumores maliciosos.
C1 verb /ˈkʌl.mɪ.neɪt/

culminate

culminar
Meaning
To reach the final or climactic stage of a process or activity.
Example
Years of hard work culminated in his success.
Años de trabajo arduo culminaron en su éxito.
C1 verb ɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtɪd

initiated

iniciado
Meaning
Caused a process or action to begin; started something.
Example
The project was initiated to enhance marine biodiversity.
El proyecto fue iniciado para mejorar la biodiversidad marina.
C1 verb /hjuːˈmɪlieɪt/

humiliate

humillar
Meaning
to make someone feel ashamed or foolish by injuring their dignity
Example
He was humiliated by his public failure.
Él fue humillado por su fracaso público.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrtɪnənt/

impertinent

impertinente
Meaning
rude and showing a lack of respect
Example
It was impertinent of him to question the manager's decision.
Fue impertinente de su parte cuestionar la decisión del gerente.
C1 adjective /ɪˈmeʒərəbəl/

Immeasurable

inconmensurable
Meaning
too large or extensive to measure; boundless
Example
The immeasurable love of a mother knows no bounds.
El amor inconmensurable de una madre no tiene límites.
C1 verb /aʊst/

oust

destituir
Meaning
To remove someone from a position or place of power or authority.
Example
The rebels ousted the dictator from power.
Los rebeldes destituyeron al dictador del poder.
C1 verb /spɜːrn/

spurn

rechazar con desdén
Meaning
To reject something or someone with disdain or contempt.
Example
She spurned his offer of help.
Ella rechazó su oferta de ayuda con desdén.
C1 adjective /ˈkræfti/

crafty

astuto, ingenioso, tramposo
Meaning
skilled at achieving goals through cunning or deceit; sly
Example
The crafty fox evaded the hunters again.
El astuto zorro evadió a los cazadores nuevamente.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtrɛntʃ/

entrench

afianzar
Meaning
To establish something so firmly that it is difficult to change.
Example
The company entrenched its position in the market through innovation.
La empresa afianzó su posición en el mercado a través de la innovación.
C1 adjective /ˈspɑːrtn/

spartan

espartano
Meaning
showing simplicity and lack of luxury; austere
Example
He lived in a spartan room with just a bed and a chair.
Vivió en una habitación espartana con solo una cama y una silla.
C1 noun /ˈiːkwɪnɒks/

equinox

equilibrio entre el día y la noche
Meaning
The time or date when day and night are of equal length, occurring twice a year.
Example
The spring equinox marks the beginning of longer days.
El equinoccio de primavera marca el comienzo de los días más largos.
C1 noun /ˌɛkstrəˈdɪʃən/

extradition

extradición
Meaning
the official process of sending someone accused of a crime to another country or state
Example
The extradition of the suspect was delayed due to legal issues.
La extradición del sospechoso se retrasó debido a problemas legales.
C1 noun /səˈbætɪkəl/

sabbatical

período de descanso para estudio o viaje
Meaning
A period of paid leave granted to a teacher or worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
Example
She took a sabbatical to research her new book.
Ella tomó un sabático para investigar su nuevo libro.
C1 noun /ˈʌndərˌstʌdi/

understudy

doble de reparto
Meaning
An actor who learns another's role to act as a replacement if needed.
Example
The understudy performed when the lead actor fell ill.
El doble de reparto actuó cuando el actor principal se enfermó.
C1 adjective /dɪˈreɪndʒd/

deranged

loco
Meaning
mentally disturbed or insane; behaving irrationally
Example
The deranged man shouted nonsense in the street.
El hombre loco gritó tonterías en la calle.
C1 adjective /ˈtɒp.məʊst/

Topmost

más alto; superior
Meaning
highest in position or rank
Example
The flag was placed on the topmost branch of the tree.
La bandera fue colocada en la rama más alta del árbol.
C1 verb ˈrɛk.tɪ.faɪ

rectify

rectificar
Meaning
To correct mistakes or make something right.
Example
The company took steps to rectify its financial mistakes.
La empresa tomó medidas para rectificar sus errores financieros.
C1 adjective ˈriːdʒən spəˈsɪfɪk

region-specific

específico de la región
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of a particular region or area.
Example
Climate change impacts are region-specific.
Los impactos del cambio climático son específicos de la región.
C1 verb /ˈrætɪfaɪ/

ratify

ratificar
Meaning
to approve or confirm something officially, usually by law or formal consent
Example
The government ratified the trade agreement.
El gobierno ratificó el acuerdo comercial.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈfɛnsɪv/

inoffensive

inoffensivo
Meaning
Not likely to offend or provoke; harmless.
Example
His inoffensive remarks kept the conversation friendly.
Sus comentarios inofensivos mantuvieron la conversación amigable.
C1 verb /bɪˈɡɛt/

beget

engendrar / procrear
Meaning
to bring about or give rise to; to father or produce
Example
Violence begets more violence.
La violencia engendra más violencia.
C1 noun /flʌks/

flux

flujo
Meaning
continuous change or movement; the rate of flow of something
Example
The company was in a state of constant flux during the reorganization.
La empresa estaba en un estado de flujo constante durante la reorganización.
C1 noun/verb /ˈkætəpʌlt/

catapult

catapulta / dispositivo para lanzar
Meaning
A device for launching objects at high speed; to hurl or launch something suddenly.
Example
The invention catapulted him to international fame.
La invención lo catapultó a la fama internacional.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtændʒəbl/

intangible

intangible
Meaning
Unable to be touched or grasped; not having a physical presence.
Example
Trust is an intangible quality in relationships.
La confianza es una cualidad intangible en las relaciones.
C1 noun prɪˈzɝː.və.tɪv

preservative

conservante
Meaning
A chemical substance that prevents decay, fermentation, or other natural processes that cause food deterioration.
Example
Artificial preservatives are harmful to health.
Los conservantes artificiales son perjudiciales para la salud.
C1 noun /ɪˈreləvəns/

irrelevance

irrelevancia
Meaning
the quality of not being connected to or important for a particular matter; lack of significance
Example
His long explanation only highlighted the irrelevance of the details to the main issue.
Su larga explicación solo resaltó la irrelevancia de los detalles para el tema principal.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪɡ.ju.əs/

contiguous

contiguo
Meaning
sharing a common border; touching
Example
The two continguous houses shared a wall.
Las dos casas contiguas compartieron una pared.
C1 noun /təˈlɛpəθi/

telepathy

telepatía
Meaning
the supposed communication of thoughts or ideas by means other than the known senses
Example
The twins claimed to share telepathy with each other.
Los gemelos afirmaron compartir telepatía entre sí.
C1 verb /pləˈkeɪt/

placate

calmar
Meaning
to make someone less angry or hostile; to calm or soothe
Example
He tried to placate the angry customer with a refund.
Intentó calmar al cliente enojado con un reembolso.
C1 noun /ˈbʌrə, ˈbʊrə/

borough

barrio
Meaning
A town, district, or administrative division, especially one with its own local government.
Example
Brooklyn is a borough of New York City.
Brooklyn es un barrio de la ciudad de Nueva York.
C1 adjective /ˈtʌf.tɪd/

Tufted

con mechones; cubierto de mechones
Meaning
having a tuft or tufts; furnished with a tuft or clump of threads, hairs, or other material
Example
The tufted sofa looked elegant in the living room.
El sofá con mechones se veía elegante en la sala de estar.
C1 noun səˌfɪs.tɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

sophistication

nivel alto de complejidad o refinamiento
Meaning
High level of complexity or refinement.
Example
The sophistication of modern AI technology is remarkable.
La sofisticación de la tecnología moderna de IA es notable.
C1 verb /kənˈdəʊn/

condone

condonar
Meaning
To accept or allow behavior that is morally wrong or offensive.
Example
The manager refused to condone harassment in the workplace.
El gerente se negó a condonar el acoso en el lugar de trabajo.
C1 adjective /ˈrez.ə.luːt/

Resolute

resuelto; firme; decidido
Meaning
determined; having a firm decision; unwavering
Example
She remained resolute in her decision to pursue her dreams.
Ella permaneció resuelta en su decisión de seguir sus sueños.
C1 noun /əˈduː/

ado

alboroto / actividad innecesaria
Meaning
a fuss or unnecessary activity; trouble or difficulty
Example
Without further ado, let’s begin the ceremony.
Sin más alboroto, empecemos la ceremonia.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

involuntario
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
Él dio un escalofrío involuntario cuando escuchó el ruido fuerte.
C1 verb /rɪˈdʒɛnəreɪt/

regenerate

regenerar
Meaning
to grow or produce again; to renew or restore
Example
The lizard can regenerate its lost tail.
El lagarto puede regenerar su cola perdida.
C1 adjective /praɪˈmiːvəl/

primeval

primitivo
Meaning
Relating to the earliest ages in history; ancient and primitive.
Example
The explorers ventured into the primeval forest untouched by humans.
Los exploradores se adentraron en el bosque primitivo sin tocar por los humanos.
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

catastrófico
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
La guerra tuvo efectos catastróficos en la economía del país.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈskeɪðd/

unscathed

ileso
Meaning
Without suffering any injury, damage, or harm.
Example
She escaped from the accident unscathed.
Ella escapó del accidente ilesa.
C1 noun /ˌmiːdɪˈeɪʃən/

mediation

mediación
Meaning
Intervention between parties to promote reconciliation, settlement, or compromise.
Example
The mediation helped resolve the conflict between the two teams.
La mediación ayudó a resolver el conflicto entre los dos equipos.
C1 adjective /nɑːkˈtɜr.nəl/

Nocturnal

nocturno
Meaning
active at night; happening during the night
Example
Owls are nocturnal animals that hunt at night.
Los búhos son animales nocturnos que cazan por la noche.
C1 adjective /raɪ/

wry

torcido, sarcástico
Meaning
twisted or distorted in expression; showing dry, mocking humor
Example
He gave a wry smile after hearing the sarcastic remark.
Él dio una sonrisa torcida después de escuchar el comentario sarcástico.
C1 noun ˈmæŋɡroʊv ˈfɒrɪst

Mangrove Forest

bosque de manglares
Meaning
A coastal forest ecosystem characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones.
Example
Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest.
Sundarbans es el mayor bosque de manglares del mundo.
C1 verb /ɡɔːr/

gore

perforar con cuernos
Meaning
to pierce with horns or tusks; spilled blood
Example
The bull gored the matador during the fight.
El toro goreó al matador durante la pelea.
C1 verb /pɛk/

Peck

picar
Meaning
To strike or bite something with a beak; to eat in small bites.
Example
The hen began to peck at the grains scattered on the ground.
La gallina comenzó a picotear los granos esparcidos por el suelo.
C1 adjective /kənˈdʒenɪtl/

congenital

congénito
Meaning
existing from birth, usually describing a disease or condition
Example
The child was born with a congenital heart defect.
El niño nació con un defecto congénito en el corazón.
C1 noun ˈkeɪ.dəns

cadence

ritmo de habla con subida y bajada de tono
Meaning
The rhythm and flow of speech with rise and fall in tone.
Example
His speech had a natural cadence that captivated the audience.
Su discurso tenía una cadencia natural que cautivó a la audiencia.
C1 verb /dʒəʊlt/

jolt

sacudida
Meaning
to push or shake someone or something abruptly and roughly
Example
The sudden stop jolted all the passengers forward.
La parada repentina empujó a todos los pasajeros hacia adelante.
C1 adverb, adjective /ˌɪnkɑːɡˈniːtoʊ/

incognito

incógnito
Meaning
In disguise or with one's identity concealed.
Example
The celebrity traveled incognito to avoid the paparazzi.
La celebridad viajó incognito para evitar a los paparazzi.
C1 adjective /kənˈtɪn.ju.əl/

Continual

continuo; ininterrumpido;
Meaning
happening repeatedly over a long period of time; constant and uninterrupted
Example
The continual noise from the construction site was very annoying.
El ruido continuo del sitio de construcción era muy molesto.
C1 /ʃrɛd/

shred

triturar
Meaning
to tear or cut something into small pieces
Example
She shredded the old documents before throwing them away.
Ella trituró los viejos documentos antes de tirarlos.
C1 noun /ˌhaɪ.roʊˈɡlɪf.ɪks/

hieroglyphics

jeroglíficos
Meaning
a system of writing using pictures or symbols, used especially by ancient Egyptians
Example
The tomb walls were covered with Egyptian hieroglyphics.
Las paredes de la tumba estaban cubiertas con jeroglíficos egipcios.
C1 noun /ˌkɒrəˈneɪʃən/

coronation

coronación
Meaning
the act or ceremony of crowning a sovereign or monarch
Example
The coronation of the new king was attended by thousands of people.
La coronación del nuevo rey fue presenciada por miles de personas.
C1 adjective /ˈkæn.dɪd/

Candid

sincero; franco; honesto
Meaning
truthful and straightforward; frank and honest in expression
Example
I appreciate your candid opinion about the project.
Aprecio tu opinión sincera sobre el proyecto.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

unforeseen

inesperado
Meaning
Not anticipated or predicted; unexpected.
Example
The project faced unforeseen challenges that delayed its completion.
El proyecto enfrentó desafíos imprevistos que retrasaron su finalización.
C1 noun /kəmˈplɪsəti/

complicity

complicidad
Meaning
the state of being involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing
Example
The court revealed his complicity in the fraud scheme.
El tribunal reveló su complicidad en el esquema de fraude.
C1 noun /ˈstæl.i.ən/

stallion

caballo macho para cría
Meaning
An adult male horse that is not castrated, often used for breeding.
Example
The farm owns a powerful stallion for breeding purposes.
La granja posee un caballo macho poderoso para fines de cría.
C1 noun /njʊəˈrəʊ.sɪs/

neurosis

trastorno neurótico
Meaning
A relatively mild mental illness that is not caused by organic disease, involving symptoms of stress.
Example
His neurosis made social interactions difficult.
Su neurosis hizo que las interacciones sociales fueran difíciles.