unthinking
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C1 adjective /ʌnˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

unthinking

irreflexivo
Meaning
done without careful thought; automatic or thoughtless
Example
His unthinking remark hurt her feelings.
Su comentario irreflexivo hirió sus sentimientos.
C1 noun dɪˈpliː.ʃən

depletion

agotamiento
Meaning
The gradual reduction or exhaustion of a resource or substance.
Example
Overuse of groundwater leads to depletion of water resources.
El uso excesivo de agua subterránea conduce a la depleción de los recursos hídricos.
C1 noun /mɪsˈɡɪv.ɪŋ/

Misgiving

duda; aprensión; inseguridad
Meaning
A feeling of doubt or apprehension about the outcome or consequences of something
Example
She had serious misgivings about accepting the job offer.
Ella tenía serias dudas sobre aceptar la oferta de trabajo.
C1 verb /əˈpɛnd/

append

agregar
Meaning
to add something as an attachment or supplement, usually at the end of a document or list
Example
She decided to append a note to the end of the report.
Ella decidió agregar una nota al final del informe.
C1 noun /rɪˈpɛərə/

repairer

reparador
Meaning
a person whose job is to fix damaged or broken things
Example
The repairer fixed the broken washing machine quickly.
El reparador arregló la lavadora rota rápidamente.
C1 noun /kuː/

coup

golpe de estado
Meaning
a sudden, decisive action that brings about a change, especially in government
Example
The military staged a coup to overthrow the existing regime.
El ejército llevó a cabo un golpe para derrocar al régimen existente.
C1 noun məˈnjʊər

manure

estiércol, abono orgánico
Meaning
Animal dung used for fertilizing land; organic matter used as fertilizer.
Example
Organic manure enhances soil fertility.
El estiércol orgánico mejora la fertilidad del suelo.
C1 verb /ˈsʌkɪŋ/

sucking

chupar
Meaning
Drawing in a liquid, air, or other substance through the mouth or a tube by creating a vacuum; also used figuratively for something unpleasant or ineffective
Example
The baby is sucking on a pacifier.
El bebé está chupando un chupete.
C1 adjective /traɪt/

trite

trillado
Meaning
Overused and lacking originality.
Example
The speech was full of trite phrases.
El discurso estaba lleno de frases trilladas.
C1 adjective /pərˈsweɪdəbl̩/

persuadable

que se puede convencer fácilmente
Meaning
capable of being convinced or influenced to do something
Example
She was easily persuadable when it came to trying new foods.
Ella era fácilmente persuadible cuando se trataba de probar nuevos alimentos.
C1 verb /ɪˈleɪt/

elate

alegrar
Meaning
To make someone very happy or proud.
Example
The success of the project elated the whole team.
El éxito del proyecto alegró a todo el equipo.
C1 adjective ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs

conscientious

consciente
Meaning
Wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly.
Example
A conscientious worker always delivers high-quality results.
Un trabajador consciente siempre entrega resultados de alta calidad.
C1 noun /ˌmɪsˈkɒn.dʌkt/

Misconduct

conducta inapropiada
Meaning
Unacceptable or improper behavior, especially by a professional person
Example
The officer was dismissed for professional misconduct.
El oficial fue despedido por conducta inapropiada profesional.
C1 noun /ˈtræpɪŋz/

trappings

adornos
Meaning
the outward signs, features, or objects associated with a role, event, or status
Example
The king appeared with all the trappings of royalty.
El rey apareció con todos los adornos de la realeza.
C1 noun /sɪˈkriː.ʃən/

Secretion

secreción
Meaning
a process by which substances are produced and discharged from a cell or gland
Example
Insulin secretion is crucial for blood sugar regulation.
La secreción de insulina es crucial para la regulación del azúcar en sangre.
C1 noun /fəˌsɪlɪˈteɪʃən/

facilitation

facilitación
Meaning
The action of facilitating or making an action or process easier or helping bring about an outcome.
Example
Her facilitation made the meeting run smoothly.
Su facilitación hizo que la reunión fuera fluida.
C1 verb /sɪˈdjuːs/

seduce

seducir
Meaning
to attract someone into doing something, especially something they might not normally do
Example
The advertisement was designed to seduce customers into buying luxury products.
El anuncio estaba diseñado para seducir a los clientes a comprar productos de lujo.
C1 verb /ˈpɒstʃʊleɪt/

postulate

postular
Meaning
to suggest or assume that something is true as the basis for reasoning or discussion
Example
Scientists postulate that life exists on other planets.
Los científicos postulan que la vida existe en otros planetas.
C1 verb /ˈtɑːrnɪʃ/

tarnish

embarrar
Meaning
To lose luster, especially as a result of exposure to air or moisture; to damage reputation.
Example
The silver jewelry tarnished quickly when left in the open air.
La joyería de plata se embarró rápidamente cuando se dejó al aire libre.
C1 noun /ˈwɔː.tər ˌlɪl.i/

Water-lily

nenúfar
Meaning
a floating flower that grows on the surface of ponds and lakes
Example
The white water-lily floated gracefully on the pond.
El nenúfar blanco flotaba con gracia en el estanque.
C1 noun /mɪkst ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi/

mixed economy

economía mixta
Meaning
An economic system where both government and private sector operate together.
Example
Most countries today follow a mixed economy model.
Hoy en día, la mayoría de los países siguen un modelo de economía mixta.
C1 noun /ˈmeɪ.triˌɑːrk/

matriarch

matriarca
Meaning
A woman who is the head of a family or community.
Example
The matriarch of the family made all important decisions.
La matriarca de la familia tomó todas las decisiones importantes.
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɪrɪtɪd/

dispirited

desanimado
Meaning
Having lost enthusiasm, hope, or confidence; dejected.
Example
After losing the match, the team looked dispirited.
Después de perder el partido, el equipo se veía desanimado.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈdɛrəlɪkt/

derelict

abandonado
Meaning
in poor condition due to neglect or disuse; a homeless or neglected person
Example
The old factory stood derelict for decades.
La vieja fábrica estuvo abandonada durante décadas.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtɛlɪdʒəbl/

intelligible

Meaning
Able to be understood; clear enough to be comprehended.
Example
Her speech was barely intelligible over the noise.
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌpleɪ/

interplay

interacción
Meaning
The way in which two or more things have an effect on each other.
Example
The interplay between culture and technology shapes modern life.
La interacción entre la cultura y la tecnología moldea la vida moderna.
C1 noun /ˈdɪs.ə.nəns/

dissonance

disonancia
Meaning
Disagreement, lack of harmony, conflict between ideas or beliefs.
Example
The cultural dissonance created misunderstandings.
La disonancia cultural creó malentendidos.
C1 noun /ˈbjuːɡəl/

Bugle

trombón sin válvulas
Meaning
a brass musical instrument similar to a trumpet but without valves, used especially for military calls
Example
The soldier played the bugle to signal the start of the ceremony.
El soldado tocó el trombón sin válvulas para señalar el comienzo de la ceremonia
C1 adjective /ˈɡruːsəm/

gruesome

espantoso
Meaning
Causing horror or disgust.
Example
The police discovered a gruesome crime scene.
La policía descubrió una escena de crimen espantosa.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌlən/

sullen

gruñón
Meaning
bad-tempered and gloomy; silently resentful
Example
She gave him a sullen look and walked away.
Ella le dio una mirada gruñona y se fue.
C1 noun /ˌkæm.əˈrɑː.dɚ.i/

camaraderie

amistad, compañerismo, camaradería
Meaning
Mutual trust and friendship among people who spend a lot of time together.
Example
The camaraderie among teammates was inspiring.
La camaradería entre los compañeros de equipo fue inspiradora.
C1 noun /ˌdep.rɪˈveɪ.ʃən/

deprivation

privación, escasez, falta
Meaning
The damaging lack of material benefits considered to be basic necessities in a society.
Example
Sleep deprivation affects cognitive function.
La privación de sueño afecta la función cognitiva.
C1 verb /smɛlt/

smelt

fundir
Meaning
to extract metal from its ore by heating and melting
Example
The workers smelt iron from its ore in the factory.
Los trabajadores funden hierro de su mineral en la fábrica.
C1 adjective /ˈtrænzvɜːrs/

transverse

transversal
Meaning
situated or lying across something
Example
The transverse road connects two highways.
La carretera transversal conecta dos autopistas.
C1 noun /ˈɪntrɪkəsi/

intricacy

complejidad
Meaning
the quality of being very detailed or complicated
Example
The intricacy of the design impressed everyone.
La complejidad del diseño impresionó a todos.
C1 verb /rɪˈbʌf/

rebuff

rechazar
Meaning
to reject or refuse in a sharp or abrupt way
Example
She rebuffed his invitation to dinner.
Ella rechazó su invitación a cenar.
C1 verb ˈplʌmɪtɪŋ

plummeting

caída repentina
Meaning
Falling or dropping suddenly and steeply; decreasing rapidly
Example
The fertility rate in Bangladesh is plummeting.
La tasa de fertilidad en Bangladesh está cayendo rápidamente.
C1 noun /voʊɡ/

vogue

moda
Meaning
the prevailing fashion, style, or trend at a particular time
Example
Minimalist design is currently in vogue.
El diseño minimalista está actualmente de moda.
C1 adjective /kræs/

crass

tosco, sin sensibilidad o refinamiento
Meaning
lacking sensitivity, refinement, or intelligence
Example
His crass remarks offended everyone at the meeting.
Sus comentarios groseros ofendieron a todos en la reunión.
C1 noun /lɔnˈdʒɛvəti/

longevity

longevidad
Meaning
Long life or long existence of something.
Example
Good habits contribute to health and longevity.
Los buenos hábitos contribuyen a la salud y longevidad.
C1 verb /ˈsenʃər/

censure

censurar, criticar severamente
Meaning
to criticize severely; to express strong disapproval
Example
The committee censured the politician for his misconduct.
El comité censuró al político por su mala conducta.
C1 verb /wɔːrp/

warp

deformar
Meaning
To twist or bend out of shape, often due to heat or moisture.
Example
The wooden door warped in the summer heat.
La puerta de madera se deformó con el calor del verano.
C1 adjective /əbˈzɜːrvənt/

Observant

observador
Meaning
quick to notice things; watchful; attentive
Example
The observant detective noticed every small detail at the crime scene.
El detective observador notó cada pequeño detalle en la escena del crimen.
C1 adjective /miːk/

Meek

suave y sumiso; humilde; paciente
Meaning
gentle and submissive; humble; patient
Example
Despite his power, he remained meek and humble.
A pesar de su poder, se mantuvo manso y humilde.
C1 adjective /ˌæl.ɡəˈrɪð.mɪk/

algorithmic

basado en algoritmos
Meaning
Based on or using algorithms; relating to mathematical rules or procedures.
Example
Algorithmic processes power artificial intelligence systems.
Los procesos algorítmicos impulsan los sistemas de inteligencia artificial.
C1 noun ˈmiːdiə ˈdɒmɪnəns

media dominance

dominio de los medios
Meaning
The control and powerful influence that media has over communication and information distribution in society.
Example
The internet has enhanced media dominance globally.
Internet ha aumentado el dominio de los medios a nivel mundial.
C1 noun /wɪk/

Wick

mecha de vela
Meaning
a cord or strand of cotton that burns to provide light in a candle or lamp
Example
The candle wick needs to be trimmed for better burning.
La mecha de la vela necesita ser recortada para una mejor combustión.
C1 adjective /əˈtjuːnd/

attuned

ajustado / sensible
Meaning
Being receptive or sensitive to something; well adjusted or in harmony.
Example
She is attuned to the needs of her students.
Ella está ajustada a las necesidades de sus estudiantes.
C1 noun/adjective /ˈluː.nə.tɪk/

lunatic

lunático
Meaning
A person who is insane or acting in a foolish or reckless way; also used as an adjective meaning insane.
Example
The driver was driving like a lunatic on the highway.
El conductor estaba conduciendo como un lunático en la autopista.
C1 noun ˈnuːkliəs

nucleus

núcleo
Meaning
The central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
Example
The nucleus consists of protons.
El núcleo consiste en protones.
C1 noun /ɡriːn ˈkəʊ.kə.nʌt/

Green Coconut

coco verde
Meaning
a young coconut with green outer shell containing refreshing coconut water
Example
We drank fresh water from a green coconut on the beach.
Bebimos agua fresca de un coco verde en la playa.
C1 noun /æmˈniːʒə/

amnesia

amnesia
Meaning
A partial or total loss of memory, usually caused by injury, illness, or psychological trauma.
Example
After the accident, she suffered from amnesia and could not remember her own name.
Después del accidente, sufrió de amnesia y no pudo recordar su propio nombre.
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrdʒəri/

perjury

perjurio
Meaning
The offense of willfully telling an untruth in a court after taking an oath.
Example
She was convicted of perjury after giving false evidence.
Fue condenada por perjurio después de dar pruebas falsas.
C1 adjective ʌnˈjiːl.dɪŋ

unyielding

inquebrantable o firme
Meaning
Not easily broken or giving in to pressure.
Example
Her unyielding determination helped her overcome all challenges.
Su determinación inquebrantable la ayudó a superar todos los desafíos.
C1 noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

calligraphy

el arte de la escritura hermosa y decorativa
Meaning
The art of beautiful and decorative handwriting.
Example
She took a course to improve her calligraphy skills.
Ella tomó un curso para mejorar sus habilidades en caligrafía.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪ.bəlˈbɒd.id/

able-bodied

físicamente apto
Meaning
physically strong and healthy, not disabled
Example
The company is looking for able-bodied workers for the construction site.
La empresa está buscando trabajadores físicamente aptos para el sitio de construcción.
C1 noun /vəˈnɪər/

veneer

felicidad
Meaning
A thin decorative covering of fine wood applied to a coarser wood or other material; a superficially attractive appearance.
Example
The table was covered with a thin veneer of mahogany.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 noun /ˈʌndərˌstʌdi/

understudy

doble de reparto
Meaning
An actor who learns another's role to act as a replacement if needed.
Example
The understudy performed when the lead actor fell ill.
El doble de reparto actuó cuando el actor principal se enfermó.
C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

incisivo
Meaning
Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.
Example
His incisive comments revealed the core issues.
Sus comentarios incisivos revelaron los problemas clave.
C1 noun /ˈkʌˈs.tə.di/

Custody

custodia; detención; tutela
Meaning
the protective care or guardianship of someone or something; imprisonment or detention
Example
After the divorce, they shared custody of their children equally.
Después del divorcio, compartieron la custodia de sus hijos por igual.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnsɔːrt/

consort

compañero, consorte real
Meaning
To associate with someone, typically with disapproval; also, a spouse of a reigning monarch.
Example
He was criticized for consorting with criminals.
Fue criticado por asociarse con criminales.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl̩/

inconceivable

inconcebible
Meaning
Impossible to imagine or believe; beyond comprehension.
Example
It seemed inconceivable that she could finish the marathon after such little training.
Parecía inconcebible que ella pudiera terminar el maratón después de tan poco entrenamiento.
C1 adjective /dɪˈpreɪvd/

depraved

depravado
Meaning
morally corrupt or wicked
Example
The film depicts the life of a depraved criminal.
La película describe la vida de un criminal depravado.
C1 adjective /ˌaʊt əv ðə ˈweɪ/

out-of-the-way

apartado o remoto
Meaning
remote or unusual; not in a convenient or usual location
Example
They stayed in an out-of-the-way village.
Se quedaron en una aldea apartada.
C1 adjective/noun /ˈnɜːr.tʃɚ.ɪŋ/

nurturing

cuidado, fomento, desarrollo
Meaning
The process of caring for and encouraging growth or development.
Example
A nurturing environment helps children thrive.
Un ambiente nurturing ayuda a los niños a prosperar.
C1 adjective /ˈpɑːr.dən.ə.bəl/

Pardonable

perdonable
Meaning
able to be forgiven; excusable
Example
His mistake was pardonable given the difficult circumstances.
Su error era perdonable dadas las difíciles circunstancias.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʌkt/

induct

admitir formalmente a alguien en una posición, organización o cargo
Meaning
to formally admit someone into a position, organization, or office
Example
She was inducted into the university's honor society.
Ella fue admitida en la sociedad de honor de la universidad.
C1 noun /ˌfɪɡjʊˈriːn/

figurine

pequeña figura decorativa
Meaning
a small ornamental statue or model of a human or animal
Example
She bought a porcelain figurine of a dancing ballerina.
Ella compró una figura de porcelana de una bailarina de ballet.
C1 noun ˌmiː.diˈɒk.rə.ti

mediocrity

mediocridad
Meaning
Being average or ordinary, not particularly good.
Example
He refused to settle for mediocrity and aimed for greatness.
Él se negó a conformarse con la mediocridad y aspiró a la grandeza.
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜː.mə.ti/

Infirmity

debilidad; enfermedad; fraqueza
Meaning
physical or mental weakness; a disease or ailment; frailty
Example
Despite his advanced age and various infirmities, he remained mentally sharp and alert.
A pesar de su avanzada edad y varias enfermedades, se mantuvo mentalmente agudo y alerta.
C1 noun /ˈpreɪsiː/

precis

resumen
Meaning
A concise summary of a text or speech.
Example
The student submitted a précis of the long article.
El estudiante entregó un resumen del largo artículo.
C1 noun/verb /pɔːr/

pore

poros / estudiar cuidadosamente
Meaning
As a noun: a tiny opening in the skin or surface. As a verb: to study something carefully.
Example
She pored over the documents for hours before making a decision.
Ella estudió los documentos durante horas antes de tomar una decisión.
C1 verb /ˌmɪsɪnˈtɜːrprɪt/

misinterpret

malinterpretar
Meaning
to understand or explain something wrongly
Example
He misinterpreted her silence as agreement.
Él malinterpretó su silencio como un acuerdo.
C1 adjective /ˈliː.θəl/

Lethal

letal; mortal;
Meaning
deadly; fatal; capable of causing death
Example
The snake's venom is lethal to humans if not treated immediately.
El veneno de la serpiente es letal para los humanos si no se trata inmediatamente.
C1 noun /tʃɪt/

Chit

nota, billete, recibo
Meaning
a short note, typically a brief informal letter; a voucher for a sum owed
Example
She left a chit on the table asking him to call her back.
Ella dejó un chit en la mesa pidiéndole que la llamara de vuelta.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈnaɪt/

ignite

encender
Meaning
To catch fire or cause to catch fire; to start or arouse.
Example
The sparks ignited the dry leaves in seconds.
Las chispas encendieron las hojas secas en segundos.
C1 noun /ˈstɒpɪdʒ/

stoppage

parada; detención
Meaning
The act of stopping or ceasing; a halt in operation or activity
Example
The sudden stoppage of the train caused delays for all passengers.
La parada repentina del tren causó retrasos a todos los pasajeros.
C1 adjective /ˈluːdɪkrəs/

ludicrous

absurdo
Meaning
so foolish, unreasonable, or out of place as to be amusing
Example
It is ludicrous to think the Earth is flat.
Es absurdo pensar que la Tierra es plana.
C1 noun /dɪˈsaɪ.pəl/

Disciple

discípulo; seguidor
Meaning
a follower and student of a teacher, leader, or philosopher; devoted follower
Example
The famous philosopher had many disciples who spread his teachings worldwide.
El famoso filósofo tenía muchos discípulos que difundieron sus enseñanzas por todo el mundo.
C1 noun /kwɔːrˈtɛt/

quartet

cuarteto
Meaning
A group of four people playing music or singing together.
Example
The string quartet performed beautifully at the concert.
El cuarteto de cuerdas actuó maravillosamente en el concierto.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzuːbərənt/

exuberant

exuberante
Meaning
full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
The children were exuberant after winning the game.
Los niños estaban exuberantes después de ganar el juego.
C1 adjective /əˈdɛpt/

adept

hábil
Meaning
Very skilled or proficient at something.
Example
She is adept at solving complex mathematical problems.
Ella es hábil para resolver problemas matemáticos complejos.
C1 adjective + noun ʌnˈpresɪdentɪd ˈnɒlɪdʒ

unprecedented knowledge

conocimiento sin precedentes
Meaning
Information or understanding that has never been obtained or achieved before.
Example
Artemis will provide unprecedented knowledge about the solar system.
Artemis proporcionará un conocimiento sin precedentes sobre el sistema solar.
C1 noun /ˌɑːpərˈtuːnɪst/

opportunist

oportunista
Meaning
A person who takes advantage of situations for personal gain, often disregarding principles.
Example
He is seen as an opportunist who always puts his interests first.
Se le ve como un oportunista que siempre pone sus intereses primero.
C1 noun /ˌprɑːfɪˈtɪr/

profiteer

especulador
Meaning
a person who makes excessive profits, especially unfairly or illegally
Example
The government punished war profiteers.
El gobierno castigó a los especuladores de la guerra.
C1 adjective /ˈhɛlθfəl/

healthful

saludable
Meaning
Promoting good health; beneficial to health.
Example
A healthful diet includes fresh fruits and vegetables.
Una dieta saludable incluye frutas y verduras frescas.
C1 noun /ˈiːzl̩/

easel

soporte para lienzo
Meaning
a frame for supporting an artist's canvas while painting or drawing
Example
The artist placed the canvas on the easel before starting to paint.
El artista colocó el lienzo sobre el caballete antes de empezar a pintar.
C1 verb /bruːd/

brood

pensar profundamente, grupo de pajaritos recién nacidos
Meaning
to think deeply about something that makes one unhappy; also, a group of young birds hatched at the same time
Example
He sat alone, brooding over his failures.
Él se sentó solo, pensando profundamente sobre sus fracasos.
C1 adjective /vəˈluː.mə.nəs/

voluminous

voluminoso, grande, expansivo
Meaning
Occupying or containing much space; large in volume, in particular.
Example
The library contained a voluminous collection of books.
La biblioteca tenía una colección voluminosa de libros.
C1 verb /ˈmɪt.ɪ.ɡeɪt/

mitigate

mitigar
Meaning
To make less severe, serious, or painful; to lessen the severity of damage or harm.
Example
Proper planning can mitigate financial risks.
La planificación adecuada puede mitigar los riesgos financieros.
C1 adjective /ˌsʌbˈkɒn.ʃəs/

subconscious

subconsciente
Meaning
Of or concerning the part of the mind which one is not fully aware of but which influences actions and feelings.
Example
Fears often come from the subconscious mind.
Los miedos a menudo provienen de la mente subconsciente.
C1 noun /ˌnjʊə.roʊ.plæˈstɪs.ɪ.ti/

neuroplasticity

neuroplasticidad
Meaning
The brain's ability to reorganize itself by forming new neural connections throughout life.
Example
Neuroplasticity allows the brain to rewire itself after an injury.
La neuroplasticidad permite que el cerebro se recablee después de una lesión.
C1 noun /pəˈraɪə/

pariah

paria
Meaning
An outcast; someone who is rejected by society or a social group.
Example
After the scandal, he became a social pariah.
Después del escándalo, se convirtió en un paria social.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈspiːkəbl/

unspeakable

inexpresable
Meaning
too bad or shocking to be expressed in words
Example
The survivors endured unspeakable horrors during the war.
Los sobrevivientes soportaron horrores inexpresables durante la guerra.
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

viola
Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
Ella eligió tocar la viola en la orquesta escolar.
C1 noun /kɔːr/

corps

rama del ejército, grupo
Meaning
a branch of the military or a group organized for a specific purpose
Example
He joined the army corps after graduation.
Se unió al cuerpo del ejército después de graduarse.
C1 verb /ˈnuːtər/

neuter

esterilizar
Meaning
To remove the reproductive organs of an animal; or having no gender.
Example
They decided to neuter their cat to prevent more kittens.
Decidieron esterilizar a su gato para evitar más gatitos.
C1 adjective /ˌbaɪˈlæt.ər.əl/

bilateral

bilateral
Meaning
An agreement or relationship between two parties that is mutual, two-sided, or reciprocal.
Example
The two countries signed a bilateral trade agreement.
Los dos países firmaron un acuerdo comercial bilateral.
C1 verb /ˈsmʌðər/

smother

sofocar / asfixiar
Meaning
to kill someone by covering their nose and mouth to prevent breathing; to cover something completely; to overwhelm with excessive attention or affection
Example
She smothered the fire with a blanket.
Ella sofocó el fuego con una manta.
C1 noun /ˌdɪsəˈbiːdiəns/

disobedience

desobediencia
Meaning
failure or refusal to obey rules, laws, or authority
Example
The child's disobedience worried his parents.
La desobediencia del niño preocupó a sus padres.
C1 adjective /ˈhɪd.i.əs/

Hideous

horrible; espantoso; grotesco
Meaning
extremely ugly or unpleasant; causing shock or disgust
Example
The monster in the movie had a hideous appearance.
El monstruo en la película tenía una apariencia espantosa.
C1 verb /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/

ridicule

ridiculizar
Meaning
To make fun of someone or something in a cruel or dismissive way.
Example
He was ridiculed for his strange ideas.
Fue ridiculizado por sus ideas extrañas.
C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛrəld/

herald

heraldo
Meaning
A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of something; to announce or signal.
Example
The blooming flowers herald the arrival of spring.
Las flores que florecen anuncian la llegada de la primavera.
C1 noun /ˈnoʊmæd/

nomad

nómada
Meaning
A person who has no permanent home and moves from place to place.
Example
The desert was once home to nomads who lived by herding animals.
El desierto fue una vez hogar de los nómadas que vivían pastoreando animales.
C1 noun /ɪˈklɪps/

Eclipse

eclipse (del sol o la luna)
Meaning
an obscuring of light from one celestial body by another; a decline or loss
Example
The total solar eclipse darkened the sky for several minutes.
El eclipse solar total oscureció el cielo durante varios minutos.
C1 noun /ɪnˈdɪɡ.nə.ti/

Indignity

indignidad; humillación; deshonra;
Meaning
treatment or circumstances that cause one to feel shame or loss of dignity; humiliation
Example
She refused to suffer the indignity of being searched without proper cause.
Ella se negó a sufrir la indignidad de ser registrada sin causa justificada.
C1 noun /ˈtem.pɪst/

Tempest

tormenta
Meaning
a violent storm with strong winds; a state of great disturbance or tumult
Example
The sailors struggled to navigate through the fierce tempest.
Los marineros lucharon por navegar a través de la feroz tormenta.
C1 verb /əbˈstrʌkt/

obstruct

obstruir
Meaning
to block or hinder progress; to prevent or impede movement
Example
The fallen tree obstructed the road for several hours.
El árbol caído obstruyó el camino durante varias horas.
C1 noun /wedʒ/

Wedge

cuña; cuñar; partir
Meaning
a triangular piece of wood or metal used for splitting or securing; a piece of cheese or cake
Example
He used a wooden wedge to split the log into smaller pieces.
Usó una cuña de madera para dividir el tronco en pedazos más pequeños.
C1 verb /ˈɔːstrəˌsaɪz/

ostracize

ostracizar
Meaning
to exclude someone from a group or society; to banish or shun
Example
After the scandal, he was ostracized by his former colleagues.
Después del escándalo, fue ostracizado por sus antiguos compañeros de trabajo.
C1 noun /brɪˈɡeɪd/

brigade

brigada
Meaning
A large group of people organized for a specific purpose, especially a military unit.
Example
The fire brigade arrived quickly to put out the flames.
La brigada de bomberos llegó rápidamente para apagar las llamas.
C1 verb /riːl/

reel

tropezar / enrollar
Meaning
to lose balance and stagger; to wind or spin something onto a reel
Example
He reeled backward after being punched.
Se tropezó hacia atrás después de ser golpeado.
C1 noun ˈfeɪz.aʊt

phase-out

eliminación gradual
Meaning
A gradual reduction and eventual elimination of something.
Example
A phase-out of fossil fuels was agreed upon.
Se acordó la eliminación gradual de los combustibles fósiles.
C1 noun speɪst ˌrep.ɪˈtɪʃ.ən

spaced repetition

repetición espaciada
Meaning
A learning technique that involves reviewing information at increasing intervals to improve long-term retention.
Example
Spaced repetition helps in long-term memory retention.
La repetición espaciada ayuda a retener la memoria a largo plazo.
C1 adjective /pərˈmɪsəbl̩/

permissible

permitido
Meaning
allowed or permitted by rules or law
Example
It is permissible to park here after 6 p.m.
Está permitido estacionar aquí después de las 6 p.m.
C1 adjective ɪˈræt.ɪk

erratic

errático
Meaning
Unpredictable and inconsistent; not even or regular in pattern or movement.
Example
His erratic behavior confused his colleagues.
Su comportamiento errático confundió a sus colegas.
C1 noun /ˈæspɪrənt/

aspirant

aspirante
Meaning
a person who seeks or hopes to achieve a position of honor or advancement
Example
She is an aspirant for the university's top scholarship.
Ella es una aspirante a la beca más alta de la universidad.
C1 adjective /ˈkjuːmjələtɪv/

cumulative

cumulativo
Meaning
Increasing gradually by addition; growing in quantity, force, or effect.
Example
The cumulative effect of stress can harm your health.
El efecto acumulativo del estrés puede dañar tu salud.
C1 noun /strəˈtiː.dʒɪk ˈɪn.saɪts/

strategic insights

perspectivas estratégicas
Meaning
Deep understanding and wisdom gained through careful analysis for planning purposes.
Example
Strategic insights guide policymaking.
Las perspectivas estratégicas guían la toma de decisiones políticas.
C1 noun /ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

imprisonment

encarcelamiento
Meaning
the act of putting someone in prison; the state of being confined as punishment
Example
He faced imprisonment for violating the court order.
Se enfrentó al encarcelamiento por violar la orden judicial.
C1 noun /ˌɑːrtʃˈbɪʃəp/

archbishop

arzobispo
Meaning
A senior bishop in charge of an archdiocese in the Christian Church.
Example
The archbishop delivered a sermon to thousands of people.
El arzobispo dio un sermón a miles de personas.