tilth
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C2 noun /tɪlθ/

tilth

condición del suelo (adecuación para sembrar cultivos)
Meaning
The physical condition of soil in relation to its suitability for planting crops.
Example
The farmer checked the soil's tilth before planting the seeds.
El agricultor revisó la tilth del suelo antes de sembrar las semillas.
C2 verb /ˌsuːpərˈæn.ju.eɪt/

superannuate

jubilar con pensión
Meaning
to retire someone with a pension, usually due to age or long service
Example
The company decided to superannuate its senior employees after thirty years of service.
La empresa decidió jubilar con pensión a sus empleados senior después de treinta años de servicio.
C2 adjective /vɛˈstɪdʒiəl/

vestigial

vestigial
Meaning
Relating to a small, undeveloped remnant of something that was once much larger or more functional.
Example
Humans have a vestigial tailbone that no longer serves its original purpose.
Los humanos tienen un hueso en la cola vestigial que ya no cumple su propósito original.
C1 adjective /ˈlæv.ɪʃ/

Lavish

caro; lujoso; extravagante; generoso
Meaning
expensive; elaborate; extravagant; generous
Example
The wedding was a lavish celebration with hundreds of guests.
La boda fue una celebración lujosa con cientos de invitados.
C1 noun /ˈdæmpər/

damper

algo que reduce o disminuye la fuerza, efecto o emoción
Meaning
something that reduces or lessens the force, effect, or excitement
Example
The cancellation of the trip put a damper on their enthusiasm.
La cancelación del viaje redujo su entusiasmo.
C1 noun /ˈmoʊɡəl/

mogul

magnate
Meaning
A powerful or influential person, especially in business or media.
Example
He became a tech mogul by founding a billion-dollar company.
Se convirtió en un magnate de la tecnología al fundar una empresa multimillonaria.
B1 adverb /ˈdef.ɪ.nət.li/

Definitely

definitivamente
Meaning
without doubt; certainly; clearly
Example
I will definitely attend the meeting tomorrow.
Yo definitivamente asistiré a la reunión mañana.
B1 adverb; adjective /ˈkaɪndli/

kindly

amablemente
Meaning
in a kind or gentle manner; showing kindness or goodwill
Example
She kindly helped the old man cross the street.
Ella ayudó amablemente al anciano a cruzar la calle.
B2 noun /ˈkiː.pər/

Keeper

guardián; cuidador;
Meaning
a person whose job it is to guard or take care of something or someone; a goalkeeper
Example
The zoo keeper fed the animals every morning at eight o'clock.
El cuidador del zoológico alimentaba a los animales todas las mañanas a las ocho en punto.
C2 noun /ˈɛpənɪm/

eponym

persona de la que se toma el nombre
Meaning
A person after whom a discovery, invention, place, or other thing is named.
Example
Sandwich is an eponym named after the Earl of Sandwich.
Sándwich es un epónimo nombrado en honor al Conde de Sándwich.
C1 noun /ˈkɒndɪmənts/

condiments

condimentos o salsas
Meaning
Seasonings or sauces used to add flavor to food.
Example
Ketchup and mustard are popular condiments for burgers.
El kétchup y la mostaza son condimentos populares para las hamburguesas.
B2 verb /ˌmænjʊˈfæktʃər/

manufacture

fabricar
Meaning
to produce goods in large quantities using machinery; to make or create something
Example
The company manufactures electronic devices for global markets.
La empresa fabrica dispositivos electrónicos para mercados globales.
C1 noun /ˌekspəˈzɪʃən/

exposition

exposición
Meaning
a detailed explanation or a large public exhibition
Example
The scientist gave a clear exposition of the theory.
El científico dio una explicación clara de la teoría.
B2 noun /ˈpɒlən/

pollen

polen
Meaning
fine powder produced by flowers, used in fertilization
Example
Bees collect pollen from flowers to make honey.
Las abejas recogen polen de las flores para hacer miel.
B2 verb, noun /ɡrɪn/

grin

sonreír ampliamente, a menudo mostrando los dientes
Meaning
to smile broadly, often showing teeth
Example
She grinned happily at the good news.
Ella sonrió felizmente al escuchar las buenas noticias.
C1 noun /rɪˈmɪʃən/

remission

remisión
Meaning
A temporary or permanent decrease or disappearance of disease symptoms; forgiveness of sins or debts.
Example
The patient’s cancer is in remission after the treatment.
El cáncer del paciente está en remisión después del tratamiento.
B1 verb /əˈdɔːr/

adore

adorar
Meaning
to love deeply and respect highly
Example
She adores her little sister.
Ella adora a su pequeña hermana.
C2 noun /ˈɡʊrmənd/

gourmand

gourmand
Meaning
A person who enjoys eating a lot or has a great appetite for food.
Example
As a true gourmand, he never missed an opportunity to try new dishes.
Como un verdadero gourmán, nunca perdía la oportunidad de probar nuevos platos.
C1 verb /ˈmedɪkeɪt/

medicate

medicar
Meaning
to treat with medicine; to give drugs to someone for medical purposes
Example
The doctor will medicate the patient to reduce inflammation.
El doctor medicará al paciente para reducir la inflamación.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkwaɪ.ət/

Unquiet

inquieto; ansioso; perturbado
Meaning
restless; unable to remain still or quiet; anxious or troubled
Example
She spent an unquiet night worrying about the exam results.
Pasó una noche inquieta preocupada por los resultados del examen.
C1 noun /ˈtɒpˌsɔɪl/

topsoil

capa superficial del suelo
Meaning
the top layer of soil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients
Example
Farmers rely on healthy topsoil for good crop yields.
Los agricultores dependen de un suelo superficial saludable para obtener buenos rendimientos de cosecha.
C2 noun /liːdʒ/

liege

señor feudal
Meaning
A feudal lord entitled to allegiance and service; a loyal subject.
Example
The knight pledged loyalty to his liege.
El caballero juró lealtad a su señor feudal.
C1 noun /ˈʌndərˌwɜːrld/

underworld

submundo
Meaning
The criminal world of organized crime or the mythical world of the dead.
Example
The detective spent years studying the secrets of the underworld.
El detective pasó años estudiando los secretos del submundo.
B1 noun /ˈwiːknəs/

weakness

debilidad
Meaning
a state of being weak; a flaw or shortcoming in character or structure
Example
His main weakness is his lack of patience.
Su principal debilidad es su falta de paciencia.
B1 noun /ˈtiː.pɒt/

Tea-pot

tetera
Meaning
a container with a lid, handle, and spout for brewing and serving tea
Example
She poured hot water into the tea-pot to make tea.
Ella vertió agua caliente en la tetera para hacer té.
B1 noun /ˈbraɪd.ɡrʊm/

Bridegroom

novio
Meaning
a man on his wedding day or just before and after the event
Example
The nervous bridegroom waited at the altar for his bride to arrive.
El nervioso novio esperó en el altar a que llegara su novia.
B1 noun aɪˈdɛntɪti

identity

identidad
Meaning
The fact of being who or what a person or thing is; the characteristics determining who or what a person or thing is.
Example
The day reinforces our national identity.
El día refuerza nuestra identidad nacional.
C1 verb /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/

scrutinize

examinar o inspeccionar de cerca y a fondo
Meaning
Examine or inspect closely and thoroughly.
Example
The scientist scrutinized the data before publishing his findings.
El científico examinó los datos antes de publicar sus hallazgos.
B1 adjective /ˈhɪd.ən/

Hidden

oculto; secreto; invisible
Meaning
concealed from view; kept secret; not visible or apparent
Example
There was a hidden camera in the room.
Había una cámara oculta en la habitación.
C1 verb /stoʊk/

stoke

avivar el fuego; fomentar o aumentar un sentimiento o actividad fuerte
Meaning
To add fuel to a fire; to encourage or increase a strong feeling or activity.
Example
The politician’s speech stoked anger among the crowd.
El discurso del político encendió la ira entre la multitud.
C1 noun /səˈlaɪ.və/

Saliva

saliva
Meaning
the watery liquid secreted into the mouth by glands
Example
The dentist asked her to rinse the saliva from her mouth.
El dentista le pidió que enjuagara la saliva de su boca.
B2 noun /foʊm/

Foam

espuma
Meaning
a mass of small bubbles formed on or in liquid; frothy white mass
Example
The waves crashed against the rocks, creating white foam on the shore.
Las olas chocaron contra las rocas, creando espuma blanca en la orilla.
B2 noun /pæd/

pad

bloc
Meaning
a small cushion or block of soft material; also a set of sheets of paper fastened together
Example
He wrote her phone number on a yellow pad.
Él escribió su número de teléfono en una hoja amarilla.
C1 adjective /ˈbɔɪstərəs/

boisterous

bullicioso
Meaning
noisy, energetic, and cheerful; rowdy
Example
The children were boisterous during the birthday party.
Los niños estaban bulliciosos durante la fiesta de cumpleaños.
A1 pronoun /aʊər/

our

nuestro
Meaning
belonging to or associated with the speaker and one or more other people
Example
This is our house.
Esta es nuestra casa.
C1 adjective /ˌɔː.riˈen.təl/

Oriental

relativo a los países del Este de Asia; oriental
Meaning
relating to the countries of East Asia; eastern
Example
The museum has a beautiful collection of oriental art.
El museo tiene una hermosa colección de arte oriental.
C2 noun /ˈkɒl.ə.kwi/

colloquy

conversación formal
Meaning
A formal conversation or dialogue, often on serious or academic topics.
Example
The professors engaged in a deep colloquy about the future of education.
Los profesores participaron en una profunda conversación sobre el futuro de la educación.
C2 verb /voʊˈsɪfəˌreɪt/

vociferate

vociferar
Meaning
to shout, complain, or argue loudly or vehemently
Example
The protesters vociferated against the unfair law.
Los manifestantes vociferaron contra la ley injusta.
A1 preposition /θruː/

through

a través de
Meaning
moving in one side and out the other side of something
Example
The train passed through the tunnel.
El tren pasó a través del túnel.
C2 verb /dɪˈræsɪˌneɪt/

deracinate

desarraigar
Meaning
To uproot something completely; to displace people from their native environment or culture.
Example
The conflict deracinated many families from their homeland.
El conflicto desarraigó muchas familias de su tierra natal.
C1 verb /ˈeɪ.li.ə.neɪt/

alienate

alienar
Meaning
To make someone feel isolated or estranged; to cause someone to become unfriendly.
Example
His rude behavior alienated many of his friends.
Su comportamiento grosero alienó a muchos de sus amigos.
C2 noun kwɔːrk

quark

quark
Meaning
A fundamental subatomic particle that combines to form protons and neutrons.
Example
Quarks form protons and neutrons.
Los quarks forman protones y neutrones.
B2 noun /əˈsʌmpʃən/

Assumption

suposición
Meaning
a thing that is accepted as true without proof; a supposition
Example
His assumption about the weather proved to be wrong.
Su suposición sobre el clima resultó ser incorrecta.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛndənt/

pendent

colgante
Meaning
hanging down or suspended
Example
The pendent branches touched the ground.
Las ramas colgantes tocaron el suelo.
C2 adjective /ɪˈlɪbərəl/

illiberal

iliberal
Meaning
Opposed to liberal principles; restricting freedom of thought or behavior.
Example
The government was criticized for its illiberal policies.
El gobierno fue criticado por sus políticas iliberales.
C2 noun /ˌpɒl.iˈsɪl.ə.bəl/

polysyllable

palabra polisílaba
Meaning
a word with more than one syllable
Example
The word 'elephant' is a polysyllable because it has three syllables.
La palabra 'elefante' es una palabra polisílaba porque tiene tres sílabas.
C2 adjective /ˈbeɪlfəl/

baleful

amenazante
Meaning
Threatening harm; menacing or expressing hatred.
Example
She gave him a baleful look after the insult.
Después del insulto, le dio una mirada amenazante.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnrɪˈkwaɪtɪd/

unrequited

no correspondido
Meaning
Not returned or reciprocated, especially in the context of love or affection.
Example
He suffered from unrequited love for years.
Él sufrió de amor no correspondido durante años.
C1 adjective /ˈædʒ.aɪl/

agile

rápido y flexible
Meaning
able to move quickly and easily; quick and adaptable in thinking or action
Example
The startup team was agile in responding to market changes.
El equipo de la startup fue ágil al responder a los cambios del mercado.
B1 noun /prɪnt/

Print

impresión; marca; huella;
Meaning
words, letters, or pictures produced on paper using a machine; a mark made by pressing something onto a surface
Example
The book is available in both digital and print versions.
El libro está disponible en versiones tanto digitales como impresas.
B2 adjective səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl

sustainable

sostenible
Meaning
Able to be maintained at a certain rate or level; conserving an ecological balance.
Example
Sustainable practices mitigate environmental impact.
Las prácticas sostenibles mitigan el impacto ambiental.
C1 noun ˌpraɪɔːrɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən

prioritization

priorización
Meaning
The action or process of deciding the relative importance or urgency of things.
Example
Effective prioritization ensures resources are used efficiently.
Una priorización efectiva asegura que los recursos se utilicen de manera eficiente.
C2 noun, verb /ˈkaʊntərˌtʃɑːrdʒ/

countercharge

contracargo
Meaning
an opposing charge or accusation; to make an opposing attack
Example
The lawyer filed a countercharge against the accuser.
El abogado presentó una contracarga contra el acusador.
B2 noun /ˈkʌt.lət/

Cutlet

croqueta
Meaning
a small piece of meat, especially veal or lamb, for frying or grilling
Example
She served delicious chicken cutlets for dinner.
Ella sirvió deliciosas croquetas de pollo para la cena.
C1 noun ˌnæʃ.ən.ə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

nationalization

nacionalización
Meaning
The process of a government taking control of private property or industry.
Example
The nationalization of banks was aimed at stabilizing the economy.
La nacionalización de los bancos fue dirigida a estabilizar la economía.
C2 verb /dɪˈnɒmɪˌneɪt/

denominate

denominar
Meaning
to give a name or designation to something
Example
The currency was denominated in dollars.
La moneda fue denominada en dólares.
B1 noun /ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt/

management

gestión
Meaning
The process of dealing with or controlling things or people.
Example
Proper management minimizes environmental damage.
La gestión adecuada minimiza los daños ambientales.
B1 verb meɪnˈteɪn

maintain

mantener
Meaning
To keep in good condition; to preserve or sustain.
Example
Maintaining discipline in educational institutions is crucial.
Mantener la disciplina en las instituciones educativas es crucial.
C1 verb /bɪˈsiːdʒ/

besiege

sitio
Meaning
to surround a place with armed forces to capture it; to overwhelm with requests or attention
Example
The city was besieged by enemy troops.
La ciudad fue sitiada por tropas enemigas.
A1 adjective/adverb /lɛs/

less

menos
Meaning
A smaller amount; not as much.
Example
She spends less money than her brother.
Ella gasta menos dinero que su hermano.
C1 noun /ˈpriːˌæmbəl/

preamble

preámbulo
Meaning
a preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document
Example
The preamble of the constitution outlines its guiding principles.
El preámbulo de la constitución describe sus principios fundamentales.
C1 adjective /ˈtɔːrtʃuəs/

tortuous

tortuoso, complicado
Meaning
Full of twists and turns; excessively complex or complicated.
Example
The tortuous mountain road made driving very difficult.
La tortuosa carretera de montaña hizo que conducir fuera muy difícil.
B2 noun /ˌek.spɪˈdɪʃ.ən/

Expedition

expedición
Meaning
a journey undertaken by a group of people with a particular purpose; organized trip for exploration
Example
The mountain climbing expedition required months of careful planning and preparation.
La expedición de escalada de montaña requirió meses de planificación y preparación cuidadosa.
B2 noun, verb /kɜːrs/

curse

maldición
Meaning
a solemn wish that harm or misfortune should befall someone; a rude or offensive word or phrase; to utter offensive words or wish harm upon someone
Example
He cursed loudly when he realized he had lost his wallet.
Maldijo en voz alta cuando se dio cuenta de que había perdido su billetera.
C2 verb /dɪsˈbɜːrs/

disburse

distribuir
Meaning
to pay out money, especially from a fund
Example
The organization will disburse the funds to the affected families.
La organización distribuirá los fondos a las familias afectadas.
C2 noun /ˈlɪŋ.ɡwə/

lingua

lengua
Meaning
A language, especially one used for communication among people.
Example
English has become a global lingua for business and science.
El inglés se ha convertido en una lengua global para los negocios y la ciencia.
B2 adjective /ˈfɜːr.taɪl/

Fertile

fértil
Meaning
capable of producing abundant vegetation or crops; able to conceive children
Example
The fertile soil in this region makes it perfect for growing vegetables.
El suelo fértil de esta región lo hace perfecto para cultivar verduras.
B2 noun /dɪkˈteɪtə/

dictator

dictador
Meaning
a ruler with total power over a country, typically one who has obtained control by force
Example
The dictator ruled the country with an iron fist.
El dictador gobernó el país con mano de hierro.
C2 noun /əˈfreɪ/

affray

pelea pública
Meaning
A public fight or noisy disturbance that causes alarm.
Example
The police were called to break up an affray outside the stadium.
La policía fue llamada para romper una pelea afuera del estadio.
B1 verb /rɪˈflekt/

reflect

reflejar
Meaning
to think deeply about; to mirror back light or image
Example
The mirror reflects her beautiful face.
El espejo refleja su hermoso rostro.
C1 noun /ˈtʌrɪt/

turret

torre pequeña en la cima de una torre o edificio más grande
Meaning
A small tower on top of a larger tower or building, often used in castles or fortifications.
Example
The castle was guarded by soldiers stationed in the turret.
El castillo estaba custodiado por soldados apostados en la torre.
C1 adjective /ˈrek.wɪ.zɪt/

Requisite

requisito; necesario
Meaning
made necessary by particular circumstances; required
Example
Good communication skills are requisite for this job.
Las habilidades de comunicación son requisito para este trabajo.
B2 noun /ʌnəˈbɪləti/

unability

incapacidad
Meaning
the state of being unable to do something; incapacity
Example
His unability to solve the problem caused delays in the project.
Su incapacidad para resolver el problema causó retrasos en el proyecto.
B1 verb /səˈraʊnd/

surround

rodear
Meaning
To be all around someone or something.
Example
Mountains surround the small village.
Las montañas rodean el pequeño pueblo.
C2 noun /ˈvɪntnər/

vintner

vinatero / vendedor de vino
Meaning
A person who makes or sells wine.
Example
The vintner explained the process of making red wine.
El vinatero explicó el proceso de hacer vino tinto.
B1 noun /ˈlɛktʃərər/

lecturer

conferenciante
Meaning
a person who gives lectures, especially at a college or university
Example
The lecturer explained the theory with clear examples.
El conferenciante explicó la teoría con ejemplos claros.
C2 noun /əˈmɛrɪkəˌnɪzəm/

americanism

americanismo
Meaning
A word, phrase, or practice characteristic of American English or culture.
Example
The term 'sidewalk' is an Americanism, while 'pavement' is used in British English.
El término 'sidewalk' es un americanismo, mientras que 'pavement' se usa en el inglés británico.
C2 noun /sfɛˈrɪsɪti/

sphericity

esfericidad
Meaning
The quality or state of being spherical; roundness.
Example
The sphericity of the ball made it roll smoothly on the ground.
La esfericidad de la pelota permitió que rodara suavemente sobre el suelo.
C2 noun /rɪˈfræk.tər/

refractor

refractor
Meaning
A type of telescope that uses lenses to focus light.
Example
Refractor telescopes use lenses to focus light.
Los telescopios refractores usan lentes para enfocar la luz.
B2 adjective, noun, verb /ˈæb.strækt/

abstract

abstracto, resumen
Meaning
existing in thought or as an idea but not having physical or concrete existence; a summary of a text
Example
The artist is known for her abstract paintings.
La artista es conocida por sus pinturas abstractas.
A2 noun /ˈtaɪm.teɪ.bəl/

Timetable

horario
Meaning
a schedule showing planned activities or events at particular times
Example
Please check the train timetable for departure times.
por favor, verifique el horario del tren para los horarios de salida.
B2 verb /ˈfæs.ɪ.neɪt/

fascinate

fascinar
Meaning
to attract and hold the attention of someone; to charm or captivate
Example
The magician's performance fascinated the audience.
La actuación del mago fascinó al público.
B2 noun /sərˈkʌmfərəns/

circumference

circunferencia
Meaning
the distance around the edge of a circle
Example
The teacher asked us to calculate the circumference of the circle.
La profesora nos pidió calcular la circunferencia del círculo.
B2 noun /ˌkɑn.frənˈteɪ.ʃən/

Confrontation

confrontación
Meaning
a hostile or argumentative meeting or situation between opposing parties; direct challenge or opposition
Example
The confrontation between the two leaders ended without any agreement.
La confrontación entre los dos líderes terminó sin ningún acuerdo.
C2 verb /ˈæktʃueɪt/

actuate

activar
Meaning
to put into action or motion; to motivate or activate
Example
The engineer actuated the machine with a simple switch.
El ingeniero activó la máquina con un simple interruptor.
A2 adjective /ˈkɒm.ən/

common

común
Meaning
occurring frequently or widely; shared by all
Example
It is common to see traffic in the city during rush hour.
Es común ver tráfico en la ciudad durante la hora pico.
B1 noun /muːd/

Mood

estado de ánimo; humor;
Meaning
a temporary state of mind or feeling; atmosphere
Example
She was in a good mood after receiving the news.
Ella estaba de buen humor después de recibir las noticias.
B2 noun /kənˈfɛʃən/

confession

confesión
Meaning
a statement admitting that one is guilty of a crime or has done something wrong
Example
The suspect made a full confession to the police.
El sospechoso hizo una confesión completa a la policía.
C1 verb /ˈnɪbəl/

nibble

mordisquear
Meaning
to take small bites of food
Example
The rabbit nibbled on a carrot.
El conejo mordisqueó una zanahoria.
B1 noun /ˈɑp.ʃən/

Option

opción
Meaning
a thing that is or may be chosen; an alternative course of action
Example
You have the option to work from home or office.
Tienes la opción de trabajar desde casa o desde la oficina.
C1 noun /ˈlaɪtʃi/

Litchi

lichi
Meaning
a small oval pink-red tropical fruit with white translucent flesh and sweet taste
Example
The litchi has a rough pink shell that you peel to eat the sweet white fruit inside.
El litchi tiene una cáscara rosa rugosa que se pela para comer la fruta blanca y dulce en su interior.
B2 adjective /ˈtɔː.kə.tɪv/

Talkative

hablador
Meaning
fond of talking; speaking freely and at length
Example
My talkative neighbor loves to chat about everything.
Mi vecino hablador le encanta charlar sobre todo.
C1 adverb /ɔːˈtɒnəməsli/

autonomously

de forma autónoma
Meaning
In an independent or self-governing manner.
Example
The robot can operate autonomously without human intervention.
El robot puede operar de forma autónoma sin intervención humana.
C1 verb /prɒd/

prod

empujar
Meaning
to poke or push someone or something with a finger, foot, or pointed object
Example
She prodded him in the arm to get his attention.
Ella le dio un empujón en el brazo para llamar su atención.
C1 verb /rɪˈsiːd/

recede

retroceder
Meaning
To move back or further away from a previous position.
Example
The floodwaters began to recede after the heavy rain stopped.
Las aguas de la inundación comenzaron a retroceder después de que la lluvia intensa paró.
C2 adjective /kənˌtɛmpəˈreɪniəs/

contemporaneous

contemporáneo
Meaning
existing, happening, or occurring at the same time
Example
The two artists were contemporaneous and often influenced each other.
Los dos artistas eran contemporáneos y a menudo se influenciaban mutuamente.
C1 noun /æbˈdʌk.ʃən/

abduction

secuestro
Meaning
the act of taking someone away illegally by force; kidnapping
Example
The police are investigating the abduction of the child.
La policía está investigando el secuestro del niño.
C1 noun /ˌdɪs.kʌl.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

discoloration

decoloración
Meaning
The process of changing or losing color; fading.
Example
Sun exposure causes discoloration of fabrics.
La exposición al sol causa la decoloración de las telas.
B2 adjective /ˈdevəsteɪtɪŋ/

devastating

devastador
Meaning
causing severe shock, distress, or destruction; extremely damaging or upsetting
Example
The earthquake had a devastating effect on the city.
El terremoto tuvo un efecto devastador en la ciudad.
B2 noun /pætʃ/

Patch

parche
Meaning
a small piece of material used to mend a hole; a small area of something different
Example
She sewed a patch over the hole in her jeans.
Ella cosió un parche sobre el agujero en sus pantalones vaqueros.
B2 adjective /ˈsoʊbər/

Sober

sobrio; serio y reflexivo; moderado
Meaning
not affected by alcohol; serious and thoughtful; moderate
Example
He remained sober throughout the celebration.
Él permaneció sobrio durante toda la celebración.
B1 noun /ˌɡrædʒ.uˈeɪ.ʃən/

graduation

felicidad
Meaning
the act of receiving a degree or diploma after completing a course of study
Example
Her parents attended her graduation ceremony with pride.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C2 adjective /ˈlɪtərəl/

littoral

litoral
Meaning
Related to or situated on the shore of the sea or a lake.
Example
The littoral zone is home to many unique marine species.
La zona litoral es el hogar de muchas especies marinas únicas.
C2 adjective /ʌnˈælɔɪd/

unalloyed

puro
Meaning
Pure, complete, and not mixed with anything else.
Example
She felt unalloyed joy at the news of her success.
Ella sintió una alegría pura al recibir la noticia de su éxito.
B2 adjective /ʌnˈdʒʌst/

Unjust

injusto; incorrecto
Meaning
not fair or right; morally wrong
Example
The punishment was unjust for such a minor offense.
El castigo fue injusto por tal pequeña ofensa.
C2 adjective /ɒˈstɛnsɪv/

ostensive

ostensible
Meaning
clearly demonstrative or pointing out; explicitly shown
Example
The teacher gave an ostensive example to clarify the concept.
La maestra dio un ejemplo ostensible para aclarar el concepto.
C2 noun /əˈdɛndəm/

addendum

adenda
Meaning
an additional item or piece of information added at the end of a document or book
Example
The report included an addendum with updated statistics.
El informe incluía un adenda con estadísticas actualizadas.
B1 noun /ˈrʌbɪʃ/

Rubbish

basura; cosas inútiles; tonterías
Meaning
waste material; refuse or litter; nonsense or worthless things
Example
Please throw the rubbish in the bin.
Por favor, tira la basura en el contenedor.
B2 adverb /ɪkˈstɛnsɪvli/

extensively

extensivamente
Meaning
in a thorough or wide-ranging manner
Example
She traveled extensively across Europe for her research.
Ella viajó extensivamente por Europa para su investigación.
B1 verb /fərˈbɪd/

forbid

prohibir
Meaning
to order someone not to do something
Example
The school forbids smoking on campus.
La escuela prohíbe fumar en el campus.
C1 adjective /ˈrʌs.tɪk/

Rustic

sencillo y no sofisticado; relacionado con áreas rurales
Meaning
simple and unsophisticated; relating to rural areas
Example
The rustic cottage had wooden beams and a thatched roof.
La cabaña rústica tenía vigas de madera y un techo de paja.
C1 noun /ˈtʌɡboʊt/

tugboat

remolcador
Meaning
a small, powerful boat used for towing or pushing ships
Example
The tugboat guided the massive ship safely into the harbor.
El remolcador guió el enorme barco de forma segura hacia el puerto.
C2 verb /ˈdiːfælˌkeɪt/

defalcate

malversar
Meaning
to misuse or embezzle money that one is responsible for
Example
The accountant was accused of defalcating company funds.
El contador fue acusado de malversar los fondos de la empresa.
C2 adjective /baɪˈkæmərəl/

bicameral

bicameral
Meaning
Having two branches or chambers, especially in a legislature.
Example
The United States has a bicameral legislature consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives.
Los Estados Unidos tienen una legislatura bicameral compuesta por el Senado y la Cámara de Representantes.
C1 noun ˈsɒv.rɪn.ti

sovereignty

soberanía
Meaning
The authority of a state to govern itself or another state; supreme power or authority.
Example
Sovereignty is essential for a nation's identity.
La soberanía es esencial para la identidad de una nación.
C1 noun /ˈtʃʌk.əl/

Chuckle

risa suave
Meaning
a quiet or suppressed laugh; to laugh quietly or with amusement
Example
He gave a soft chuckle when he heard the funny joke.
Él dio una suave risa cuando escuchó el chiste divertido.
A2 noun /ˈkʊki/

cookie

galleta
Meaning
a small sweet baked food, usually with flour, sugar, and butter
Example
She offered me a chocolate chip cookie.
Ella me ofreció una galleta de chispas de chocolate.
B2 noun /ˈlɒtəri/

lottery

lotería
Meaning
A means of raising money by selling numbered tickets and giving prizes to the holders of numbers drawn at random.
Example
He won a car in the national lottery.
Ganó un coche en la lotería nacional.
C2 verb /ɛksˈproʊprieɪt/

expropriate

expropiar
Meaning
To take property from its owner, especially by authority or for public use.
Example
The government decided to expropriate the land for a new highway.
El gobierno decidió expropiar la tierra para una nueva carretera.
C1 noun ˌwɛðəraɪˈzeɪʃən

weatherization

climatización
Meaning
The practice of protecting a building and its interior from the elements.
Example
The house underwent weatherization to improve energy efficiency.
La casa pasó por un proceso de climatización para mejorar la eficiencia energética.
C1 noun /heɪz/

Haze

neblina
Meaning
a slight obscuration of the lower atmosphere, typically caused by fine suspended particles; confusion
Example
The morning haze lifted gradually as the sun rose higher in the sky.
La neblina matutina se levantó gradualmente a medida que el sol se elevaba más alto en el cielo.