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C1 noun /ˌɒk.sɪ.dʒɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

oxygenation

suministro o tratamiento con oxígeno
Meaning
The process of supplying or treating with oxygen.
Example
Deep breathing exercises improve oxygenation of the body.
Los ejercicios de respiración profunda mejoran el suministro de oxígeno en el cuerpo.
A1 noun /ˈdɒlər/

dollar

dólar
Meaning
The basic monetary unit of the United States and some other countries
Example
I need five dollars to buy this book.
Necesito cinco dólares para comprar este libro.
C2 verb /dɪsˈbɜːrdən/

disburden

aliviar
Meaning
to relieve someone of a burden or load
Example
She disburdened herself of worries by sharing them with her friend.
Ella se liberó de sus preocupaciones compartiéndolas con su amiga.
C1 verb /kənˈspaɪər/

conspire

conspirar
Meaning
to secretly plan with others to do something harmful or illegal
Example
They conspired to overthrow the government.
Ellos conspiraron para derrocar al gobierno.
C2 noun /ˈdɒɡərəl/

doggerel

verso vulgar
Meaning
Comic or irregular verse, often poorly constructed and lacking in artistic quality.
Example
The poet’s work was dismissed as mere doggerel by the critics.
El trabajo del poeta fue descartado como mero verso vulgar por los críticos.
B1 noun ˈlæŋɡwɪdʒ æps

language apps

aplicaciones de idiomas
Meaning
Mobile or computer applications designed to help users learn new languages through interactive lessons and exercises.
Example
Language apps make learning easier.
Las aplicaciones de idiomas hacen que aprender sea más fácil.
C1 adjective /ˈdestatəʊt/

Destitute

pobre; indigente; sin dinero ni posesiones
Meaning
extremely poor; without money or possessions
Example
Many families became destitute after the economic collapse.
Muchas familias se volvieron pobres después del colapso económico.
B2 adjective /ˈhændi/

handy

fácil de usar
Meaning
convenient to use or easily accessible; skillful with the hands
Example
This pocket knife is very handy when you go camping.
Este cuchillo de bolsillo es muy útil cuando vas de camping.
C1 adjective /ˈpær.ə.nɔɪd/

paranoid

tener un miedo o sospecha irracional hacia los demás
Meaning
having an unreasonable fear or suspicion of others
Example
She became paranoid after hearing strange noises outside.
Se volvió paranoica después de escuchar ruidos extraños afuera.
C1 adverb /əˈfrɛʃ/

afresh

de nuevo
Meaning
From the beginning, in a new way.
Example
After the failure, they started the project afresh.
Después del fracaso, comenzaron el proyecto de nuevo.
C1 noun /ˌrɛmɪˈnɪsəns/

reminiscence

rememoración
Meaning
a story or memory about past events
Example
He shared a reminiscence of his childhood days in the village.
Él compartió una rememoración de sus días de infancia en el pueblo.
C1 noun/verb /tɔːrˈpiːdoʊ/

torpedo

torpedo
Meaning
A self-propelled underwater missile; to attack or destroy something suddenly and forcefully.
Example
The submarine launched a torpedo at the enemy ship.
El submarino lanzó un torpedo al barco enemigo.
C2 noun /tiːˈtoʊtəlɪzəm/

teetotalism

abstinencia total del alcohol
Meaning
the practice or principle of abstaining completely from alcoholic drinks
Example
He practiced teetotalism throughout his life.
Él practicó el teetotalismo durante toda su vida.
C2 verb /ˌɛvəˈnɛs/

evanesce

desvanecerse
Meaning
To disappear gradually; to fade away.
Example
The mist began to evanesce as the sun rose higher.
La niebla comenzó a desvanecerse a medida que el sol subía más alto.
B2 verb /ˌriːəˈʃʊr/

reassure

tranquilizar
Meaning
to say or do something to remove someone's doubts or fears
Example
The teacher reassured the students before the exam.
El maestro tranquilizó a los estudiantes antes del examen.
C1 verb /ˈwɪð.ər/

wither

marchitar
Meaning
to dry up and die, typically used for plants
Example
The flowers will wither without enough water.
Las flores se marchitarán sin suficiente agua.
B1 noun /ˈdaɪəɡræm/

diagram

diagrama
Meaning
a simplified drawing that shows the structure, relationship, or process of something
Example
The teacher explained the system using a clear diagram.
El profesor explicó el sistema usando un diagrama claro.
A2 adjective ˈnesəseri

necessary

necesario
Meaning
Required to be done, achieved, or present; essential.
Example
Strict regulations are necessary for maintaining order.
Las estrictas regulaciones son necesarias para mantener el orden.
C1 adjective /ˈpɜːrmiəbl̩/

permeable

permeable
Meaning
allowing liquids or gases to pass through
Example
The soil in this area is very permeable to water.
El suelo en esta área es muy permeable al agua.
C1 noun /kəˈmɪtl̩/

committal

envío a prisión / detención
Meaning
The action of sending a person to prison or a mental hospital; also the act of committing something to a particular place.
Example
The judge ordered the committal of the accused to custody.
El juez ordenó el envío del acusado a la custodia.
A2 noun, verb /kɔɪn/

coin

moneda
Meaning
A flat piece of metal used as money; as a verb, to invent a new word or phrase.
Example
The government decided to coin a new term for the program.
El gobierno decidió acuñar un nuevo término para el programa.
C2 adjective /djuːˈplɪsɪtəs/

duplicitous

mentiroso
Meaning
Deceitful; deliberately deceptive or dishonest.
Example
The politician was criticized for his duplicitous statements.
El político fue criticado por sus declaraciones engañosas.
B2 noun /dʒet/

Jet

avión a chorro
Meaning
a rapid stream of liquid, gas, or flame; an aircraft powered by jet engines
Example
The jet took off smoothly and reached cruising altitude quickly.
El jet despegó suavemente y alcanzó rápidamente la altitud de crucero.
C1 verb /ˌdɪsəˈlaʊ/

disallow

desautorizar
Meaning
to refuse to allow or accept something
Example
The referee disallowed the goal for offside.
El árbitro desautorizó el gol por fuera de lugar.
C1 adjective /taɪˈtænɪk/

titanic

titanico
Meaning
Of exceptional strength, size, or power.
Example
The company made titanic efforts to expand into new markets.
La compañía hizo esfuerzos titánicos para expandirse a nuevos mercados.
B1 verb /pɔːr/

pour

verter
Meaning
to flow or cause to flow in a steady stream; to rain heavily
Example
Please pour the water into the glass carefully.
Por favor vierte el agua en el vaso con cuidado.
B1 verb /siːk/

seek

buscar
Meaning
to try to find or obtain something; to attempt or desire to achieve
Example
He decided to seek advice from his mentor.
Decidió buscar consejo de su mentor.
C2 verb /ˈsɜːrkəmskraɪb/

circumscribe

circunscribir
Meaning
to limit or restrict something within boundaries
Example
The rules circumscribe the powers of the committee.
Las reglas circunscriben los poderes del comité.
C1 adjective /ˈwaɪəri/

wiry

delgado, fuerte y resistente
Meaning
Lean, tough, and strong, often with sinewy muscles.
Example
The wiry athlete moved with remarkable speed and agility.
El atleta delgado se movió con una velocidad y agilidad notables.
B2 noun /dɪˈrɛktəri/

directory

directorio
Meaning
a book or online resource listing people, businesses, or services with relevant details
Example
I need to find a plumber in the phone directory.
Necesito encontrar un fontanero en el directorio telefónico.
C1 verb /ɡraɪp/

gripe

quejarse
Meaning
to complain about something in an annoying way
Example
He is always griping about the weather.
Él siempre está quejándose del clima.
C1 noun /əˈseɪlənt/

assailant

agresor
Meaning
a person who attacks another
Example
The police arrested the assailant at the scene.
La policía arrestó al agresor en el lugar del crimen.
C2 noun /ˈkætɪtʃuː/

Catechu

catechu
Meaning
an extract from a tropical Asian plant, used in tanning and dyeing
Example
Catechu extract is commonly used in traditional medicine.
El extracto de catechu se utiliza comúnmente en la medicina tradicional.
C2 adjective /rɪˈfræɡəbəl/

refragable

refutable
Meaning
Capable of being refuted or disproved.
Example
His argument was weak and easily refragable.
Su argumento era débil y fácilmente refutable.
C1 verb /ˈɪə.mɑːrk/

earmark

destinar
Meaning
To designate funds, resources, or time for a particular purpose.
Example
The government has earmarked funds for education.
El gobierno ha destinado fondos para la educación.
C2 noun /ˈsʌfrədʒɪst/

suffragist

sufragista
Meaning
a person advocating the extension of suffrage, especially to women
Example
The suffragists organized rallies to demand voting rights for women.
Los sufragistas organizaron manifestaciones para exigir los derechos de voto para las mujeres.
B2 noun /pɪt/

pit

agujero
Meaning
a large hole in the ground or a hollow area
Example
The workers dug a deep pit to build the foundation.
Los trabajadores cavaron un agujero profundo para construir los cimientos.
C1 noun /fɔːrˈkloʊʒər/

foreclosure

embargo hipotecario
Meaning
The legal process by which a lender takes control of a property from a borrower who has failed to make payments.
Example
The family lost their home due to foreclosure after missing several mortgage payments.
La familia perdió su casa debido al embargo hipotecario después de no pagar varias cuotas de la hipoteca.
C2 noun /ˈæpəˌθɛm/

apothegm

máxima, dicho
Meaning
A short, witty, and instructive saying or maxim.
Example
His speech was filled with apothegms about life and success.
Su discurso estaba lleno de máximas sobre la vida y el éxito.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnɔːˈspɪʃəs/

Inauspicious

desafortunado
Meaning
unlucky; showing signs that future success is unlikely; unfavorable
Example
The dark clouds seemed inauspicious for the wedding.
Las nubes oscuras parecían desfavorables para la boda.
C1 noun /kəˈnʌn.drəm/

conundrum

dilema complicado o acertijo
Meaning
A complex problem or puzzle without an easy solution
Example
The ethical conundrum puzzled the researchers.
El dilema ético desconcertó a los investigadores.
C2 adjective /ˈlɪsɪt/

licit

lícito
Meaning
Permitted by law or by rules; legal.
Example
The trade of certain goods is licit under international law.
El comercio de ciertos bienes es lícito bajo la ley internacional.
C1 verb, noun /ˈmʌstər/

muster

reunir / juntar coraje
Meaning
to gather people, especially soldiers; to summon courage or strength
Example
He mustered enough courage to face the challenge.
Él reunió suficiente coraje para enfrentar el desafío.
B2 noun /ɡlɪmps/

Glimpse

vistazo momentáneo;
Meaning
a momentary or partial view; a brief look or sight of something
Example
Through the window, I caught a glimpse of the beautiful garden behind the house.
A través de la ventana, vi un vistazo momentáneo del hermoso jardín detrás de la casa.
C2 adjective /ˈlɪəri/

leery

desconfiado
Meaning
Cautious or wary due to suspicion or distrust.
Example
She was leery of investing in the new business.
Ella estaba desconfiada de invertir en el nuevo negocio.
B2 adjective /ˈkɒnʃəs/

conscious

consciente
Meaning
Aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake.
Example
She was fully conscious after the surgery.
Ella estaba completamente consciente después de la cirugía.
B2 noun /meɪz/

Maize

maíz
Meaning
a tall cereal plant bearing large grains on a cob; corn
Example
Farmers in the region grow maize as their primary crop for both food and animal feed.
Los agricultores en la región cultivan maíz como su principal cultivo tanto para alimentos como para piensos para animales.
B2 adverb /ˈtaɪtli/

Tightly

fuertemente; firmemente
Meaning
in a tight manner; firmly; securely
Example
Hold the rope tightly so you don't fall.
Sujeta la cuerda fuertemente para no caer.
C1 noun /ˈmælədi/

Malady

enfermedad; malestar; dolencia
Meaning
A disease or ailment; a serious problem
Example
The doctor diagnosed a rare malady that affected her nervous system.
El doctor diagnosticó una enfermedad rara que afectó su sistema nervioso.
C1 noun /krəˈʃɛndoʊ/

crescendo

aumento gradual del volumen
Meaning
a gradual increase in loudness or intensity, especially in music
Example
The orchestra built to a powerful crescendo before the finale.
La orquesta construyó un poderoso crescendo antes del final.
A1 noun /ˈmʌðər/

mother

madre
Meaning
a female parent
Example
Her mother is a kind and caring person.
Su madre es una persona amable y cariñosa.
C1 verb /daʊs/

douse

apagar / verter
Meaning
to pour liquid over; to extinguish a fire or light
Example
Firefighters doused the flames with water.
Los bomberos apagaron las llamas con agua.
A1 noun /pɔɪnt/

Point

punto; detalle; propósito
Meaning
a particular detail, idea, or fact; the sharp end of something
Example
What's the point of arguing about this issue?
¿Cuál es el punto de discutir sobre este asunto?
B2 noun /ˈɪnstɪŋkt/

instinct

instinto
Meaning
A natural way of behaving or reacting that does not require learning.
Example
Birds build nests by instinct.
Los pájaros construyen nidos por instinto.
A2 verb /fɪl/

fill

llenar
Meaning
to make or become full; to put something into a container until it is full
Example
Please fill the glass with water.
Por favor, llene el vaso con agua.
C2 noun /əˈfreɪ/

affray

pelea pública
Meaning
A public fight or noisy disturbance that causes alarm.
Example
The police were called to break up an affray outside the stadium.
La policía fue llamada para romper una pelea afuera del estadio.
C1 verb /prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/

procrastinate

procrastinar, posponer, dejar para después
Meaning
To delay or postpone action; to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness.
Example
He tends to procrastinate when facing difficult tasks.
Él tiende a procrastinar cuando enfrenta tareas difíciles.
A2 noun ˈsen.tərz

centers

centros
Meaning
The middle point of a circle or sphere, equidistant from every point on the circumference or surface; a place or group of buildings where a specified activity is concentrated.
Example
Centers drive regional development.
Los centros impulsan el desarrollo regional.
B1 adverb /ˈʃɔːt.li/

Shortly

pronto; en breve; brevemente
Meaning
soon; in a short time; briefly
Example
The meeting will begin shortly.
La reunión comenzará pronto.
C2 noun /ˈlɪniəmənt/

lineament

rasgo
Meaning
A distinctive feature or characteristic, especially of the face.
Example
Her delicate lineaments revealed her noble birth.
Sus delicados rasgos revelaron su noble nacimiento.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkʌltʃəd/

Uncultured

incivilizado; sin educación
Meaning
lacking good manners, refinement, or education; uncivilized
Example
His uncultured behavior embarrassed everyone at the dinner party.
Su comportamiento incivilizado avergonzó a todos en la fiesta de la cena.
C2 verb /fɪˈlændər/

philander

filandear
Meaning
to engage in casual or frivolous romantic or sexual relationships
Example
He was known to philander with many women in town.
Era conocido por filandear con muchas mujeres en la ciudad.
A2 verb /beɪs/

base

basar
Meaning
to use something as a foundation; to establish or locate something
Example
They based their decision on facts.
Ellos basaron su decisión en hechos.
B1 noun hoʊm əˈplaɪ.ənsɪz

home appliances

electrodomésticos
Meaning
Electrical devices and machines used in households for daily tasks and convenience.
Example
Modern home appliances enhance convenience.
Los electrodomésticos modernos mejoran la comodidad.
C1 noun /əbˈzɜːvəns/

observance

observancia
Meaning
The practice of following a custom, rule, or religious law.
Example
The festival is held in observance of a centuries-old tradition.
El festival se celebra en observancia de una tradición centenaria.
A2 adjective /əˈlɪmpɪk/

olympic

olímpico
Meaning
related to the Olympic Games, a major international sporting event
Example
She trained hard to compete in the Olympic Games.
Ella entrenó duro para competir en los Juegos Olímpicos.
A2 verb /hʌɡ/

hug

abrazar
Meaning
to hold someone tightly in your arms to show affection or comfort
Example
She hugged her friend before leaving for the airport.
Ella abrazó a su amiga antes de irse al aeropuerto.
C1 noun /ˈsɜːrəɡət/

surrogate

sustituto
Meaning
A substitute, especially a person deputizing for another in a specific role or office.
Example
The surrogate mother gave birth to the child after carrying it for nine months.
La madre sustituta dio a luz al niño tras llevarlo durante nueve meses.
C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

ineficiencia
Meaning
The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
Example
Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.
La ineficiencia del gobierno conduce a una finalización lenta del proyecto.
C1 noun /ˈiːkwɪnɒks/

equinox

equilibrio entre el día y la noche
Meaning
The time or date when day and night are of equal length, occurring twice a year.
Example
The spring equinox marks the beginning of longer days.
El equinoccio de primavera marca el comienzo de los días más largos.
A2 verb /əˈlaʊ/

allow

permitir
Meaning
to give permission for something to happen or someone to do something
Example
The teacher did not allow phones in class.
La profesora no permitió los teléfonos en clase.
A2 noun /ˈɒm.lət/

Omelet

tortilla
Meaning
a dish made from beaten eggs cooked in a frying pan and often folded around a filling
Example
She made a cheese omelet for breakfast.
Ella hizo una tortilla de queso para el desayuno.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊ.bɑːr/

Crowbar

palanca
Meaning
a heavy iron bar with a curved end used as a lever for prying things apart
Example
He used a crowbar to remove the old nails.
Él usó una barra de hierro para sacar los clavos viejos.
A1 noun /iːst/

east

este
Meaning
The direction from which the sun rises; one of the four cardinal points.
Example
The sun rises in the east.
El sol sale por el este.
B1 verb meɪnˈteɪn

maintain

mantener
Meaning
To keep in good condition; to preserve or sustain.
Example
Maintaining discipline in educational institutions is crucial.
Mantener la disciplina en las instituciones educativas es crucial.
B2 verb /ˌoʊvərˈsiː/

oversee

supervisar
Meaning
to supervise or watch over something; to manage and direct
Example
The manager will oversee the entire construction project.
El gerente supervisará todo el proyecto de construcción.
B2 noun /ˈliːtər/

litre

litro
Meaning
a metric unit of volume equal to 1,000 cubic centimeters; commonly used to measure liquids
Example
She bought a litre of milk from the shop.
Compró un litro de leche en la tienda.
B1 adjective /ˈmʌl.tɪ.pl̩/

Multiple

múltiples; varios; diversos
Meaning
having many parts, elements, or members; numerous
Example
She suffered multiple injuries in the accident.
Ella sufrió múltiples lesiones en el accidente.
B2 adjective /aɪˈrɒnɪkəl/

ironical

irónico
Meaning
expressing irony; having the nature of irony
Example
Her ironical tone made everyone uncomfortable.
Su tono irónico hizo que todos se sintieran incómodos.
C2 adjective /ˌhaɪpərˈbɔːriən/

hyperborean

hiperbóreo
Meaning
Relating to the extreme north; very cold or frigid.
Example
The explorers prepared for the hyperborean climate of the Arctic.
Los exploradores se prepararon para el clima hiperbóreo del Ártico.
C1 noun /pərˈveɪər/

purveyor

proveedor
Meaning
a person or business that supplies goods, services, or information
Example
He is a well-known purveyor of fine wines.
Es un conocido proveedor de vinos finos.
B1 adjective /ˈɡɔːr.dʒəs/

Gorgeous

extremadamente hermoso; atractivo; visualmente impresionante
Meaning
extremely beautiful; attractive; visually stunning
Example
The bride looked absolutely gorgeous.
La novia se veía absolutamente hermosa.
A2 adjective /ˈmeɪdʒər/

major

importante
Meaning
important, serious, or significant
Example
Climate change is a major concern for the world.
El cambio climático es una preocupación importante para el mundo.
C2 adjective /ɡoʊʃ/

gauche

tosco
Meaning
lacking social grace, sensitivity, or tact; awkward
Example
His gauche remarks embarrassed everyone at the dinner party.
Sus comentarios toscos avergonzaron a todos en la fiesta de cena.
B2 noun /ˈstæm.ɪ.nə/

Stamina

resistencia
Meaning
the ability to sustain prolonged physical or mental effort
Example
Marathon runners need great stamina to complete the race.
Los corredores de maratón necesitan gran resistencia para completar la carrera.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈdɛkərəs/

indecorous

indecoroso
Meaning
Not in keeping with good taste and propriety; improper.
Example
His indecorous behavior shocked the audience.
Su comportamiento indecoroso sorprendió a la audiencia.
A2 noun /ˈbraʊzər/

browser

navegador
Meaning
a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web.
Example
I use a web browser to search for information online.
Uso un navegador web para buscar información en línea.
B2 adjective, noun, verb /ˈæb.strækt/

abstract

abstracto, resumen
Meaning
existing in thought or as an idea but not having physical or concrete existence; a summary of a text
Example
The artist is known for her abstract paintings.
La artista es conocida por sus pinturas abstractas.
B1 adverb /ˈrʌfli/

Roughly

aproximadamente; de manera violenta o dura
Meaning
approximately; in a harsh or violent way
Example
The project will take roughly three months to complete.
El proyecto tomará aproximadamente tres meses para completarse.
B2 noun ˈflæʃkɑːrdz

flashcards

tarjetas didácticas
Meaning
Cards containing small amounts of information, held up for students to see, as an aid to learning.
Example
Flashcards help in quick memorization.
Las tarjetas didácticas ayudan en la memorización rápida.
C2 adverb /ʌnˈɜːrɪŋli/

unerringly

sin cometer errores
Meaning
Without making any mistakes; always accurate
Example
The archer aimed unerringly at the target.
El arquero apuntó sin cometer errores al objetivo.
C1 adjective /ˈsteɪtli/

stately

majestuoso y digno
Meaning
Having a dignified, majestic, and impressive appearance or manner.
Example
The stately mansion stood at the end of the long driveway.
La majestuosa mansión se encontraba al final del largo camino de entrada.
C1 noun /səˈlɪləkwi/

soliloquy

monólogo
Meaning
a speech in which a character talks to themselves, often used in drama to reveal inner thoughts
Example
Hamlet's soliloquy is one of the most famous passages in Shakespearean drama.
El monólogo de Hamlet es uno de los pasajes más famosos del drama shakesperiano.
B2 adjective /rɪˈnjuː.ə.bəl/

renewable

renovable
Meaning
Able to be renewed or replaced naturally; not depleted when used.
Example
Renewable resources minimize environmental damage.
Los recursos renovables minimizan los daños al medio ambiente.
A2 noun /fiːld/

field

campo
Meaning
an area of open land, often used for farming, sports, or scientific study
Example
The children played football in the field.
Los niños jugaron al fútbol en el campo.
C2 noun /leɪð/

lathe

torno
Meaning
A machine for shaping wood, metal, or other material by rotating it against a cutting tool.
Example
The carpenter used a lathe to shape the wooden bowl.
El carpintero usó un torno para dar forma al tazón de madera.
C1 adjective /ˈræɡ.ɪd/

Ragged

desgarrado; roto; raído
Meaning
torn; tattered; frayed; shabby
Example
The homeless man wore ragged clothes.
El hombre sin hogar llevaba ropa desgarrada.
B2 noun /əˈsɜːʃən/

assertion

afirmación
Meaning
a confident and forceful statement of fact or belief
Example
Her assertion that she was right was met with silence.
Su afirmación de que tenía razón fue recibida con silencio.
B2 verb /fʊlˈfɪl/

fulfill

cumplir
Meaning
to complete or accomplish something, especially a task or promise
Example
He worked hard to fulfill his dreams.
Trabajó duro para cumplir sus sueños.
B2 noun ˈæp.ə.taɪt

appetite

apetito
Meaning
A natural desire to satisfy a bodily need, especially for food.
Example
Junk food increases appetite unnaturally.
La comida chatarra aumenta el apetito de manera antinatural.
B2 noun /ˈkwɒr.əl/

Quarrel

pelea; disputa
Meaning
an angry argument or disagreement between people
Example
They had a quarrel about money and stopped talking to each other.
Tuvieron una pelea por el dinero y dejaron de hablarse entre ellos.
C2 adjective /pɔːrˈtɛntəs/

portentous

portentoso, grave
Meaning
Giving a sign or warning that something, often bad or serious, is going to happen; or overly solemn and pompous.
Example
His portentous tone made everyone nervous about the news.
Su tono portentoso hizo que todos se pusieran nerviosos por las noticias.
C1 noun /ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/

arbitration

arbitraje
Meaning
the process of resolving a dispute through an impartial third party whose decision is binding; formal judgment outside a court
Example
The contract requires arbitration to settle any disputes.
El contrato exige arbitraje para resolver cualquier disputa.
C1 noun ˈstræt.ə.sfɪər

stratosphere

estratósfera
Meaning
The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surface.
Example
The stratosphere provides a unique environment.
La estratósfera proporciona un entorno único.
B2 noun /ˈaɪ.saɪt/

Eyesight

visión
Meaning
the ability to see; vision
Example
Regular eye checkups are important for maintaining good eyesight.
Los chequeos oculares regulares son importantes para mantener una buena visión.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈrɛpjətəbl̩/

disreputable

desprestigiado
Meaning
having a bad reputation; not considered respectable or trustworthy
Example
The journalist avoided staying in the disreputable part of town.
El periodista evitó quedarse en la parte desprestigiada de la ciudad.
C1 verb /ˈsʌkɪŋ/

sucking

chupar
Meaning
Drawing in a liquid, air, or other substance through the mouth or a tube by creating a vacuum; also used figuratively for something unpleasant or ineffective
Example
The baby is sucking on a pacifier.
El bebé está chupando un chupete.
C2 noun əˌklaɪ.mə.tɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

acclimatization

aclimatación
Meaning
The process of adapting to a new environment or condition.
Example
The hikers needed time for acclimatization to high altitudes.
Los excursionistas necesitaron tiempo para la aclimatación a grandes altitudes.
B2 noun /ˈlænd.leɪ.di/

Landlady

casera
Meaning
a woman who rents out land, a building, or accommodation; a female property owner
Example
The friendly landlady provided fresh towels and showed us around the apartment.
La amable casera nos proporcionó toallas frescas y nos mostró el apartamento.
C1 verb, noun /kweɪl/

quail

atemorizarse; un pájaro pequeño de cola corta
Meaning
verb: to feel or show fear; noun: a small, short-tailed bird
Example
She quailed at the sight of the approaching storm.
Ella se acobardó al ver la tormenta que se acercaba.
C1 noun /dɪˈstɔːrʃən/

distortion

distorsión, presentación errónea
Meaning
the action of twisting, changing, or misrepresenting the shape, sound, or truth of something
Example
There was a distortion in the radio signal.
Hubo una distorsión en la señal de radio.
C1 noun /ˈɡraʊnd kruː/

ground crew

personal de tierra
Meaning
a team of people who maintain and service aircraft on the ground
Example
The ground crew prepared the plane for takeoff.
El personal de tierra preparó el avión para el despegue.
C2 noun /kɒɡˈnoʊmən/

cognomen

apellido / sobrenombre
Meaning
A family name or surname; an additional name or nickname.
Example
His cognomen became widely known in literary circles.
Su apellido se hizo ampliamente conocido en los círculos literarios.
A2 noun /ɪˈkwɪpmənt/

equipment

equipo
Meaning
the necessary tools, machines, or other items needed for a particular purpose
Example
The laboratory bought new equipment for research.
El laboratorio compró nuevos equipos para la investigación.
A2 noun /ˈsiː.nər.i/

Scenery

paisaje
Meaning
the natural features of a landscape; the painted background used on a theater stage
Example
The mountain scenery was breathtakingly beautiful.
El paisaje montañoso era impresionante.
C1 verb /ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/

nullify

anular
Meaning
to make something legally invalid or ineffective
Example
The court decided to nullify the contract.
El tribunal decidió anular el contrato.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzɔːlt/

exalt

exaltar, ensalzar
Meaning
to praise highly or raise in rank, honor, or power
Example
The community exalted the teacher for his dedication.
La comunidad exaltó al maestro por su dedicación.
B2 noun ˈruθləs ˌkɑmpəˈtɪʃən

ruthless competition

competencia despiadada
Meaning
Fierce and merciless rivalry or contest, without pity or compassion.
Example
Ruthless competition for power leads to societal issues.
La competencia despiadada por el poder lleva a problemas sociales.
C2 noun /ˈrɒndoʊ/

rondo

composición musical (con tema recurrente)
Meaning
a musical composition with a recurring leading theme
Example
The pianist ended the recital with a lively rondo.
El pianista terminó el recital con un rondó animado.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛnərəbəl/

Venerable

venerable; respetado
Meaning
deserving respect due to age, wisdom, or character; revered
Example
The venerable professor has taught at the university for fifty years.
El venerable profesor ha enseñado en la universidad durante cincuenta años.
C2 adjective /ɪnˈvaɪələt/

inviolate

inviolado
Meaning
free from violation, injury, or desecration; kept safe and untouched
Example
The ancient temple remained inviolate for centuries.
El antiguo templo permaneció inviolado durante siglos.