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B1 noun /ˈdʒuː.ni.ər/

Junior

junior; novato; inferior
Meaning
a person who is younger or lower in rank than someone else; relating to young people
Example
The junior employee was eager to learn from senior colleagues.
El empleado junior estaba ansioso por aprender de los colegas senior.
C1 adjective /ˌɛvərˈlæstɪŋ/

everlasting

eterno
Meaning
Lasting forever or for an indefinitely long time.
Example
The poet wrote about his everlasting love for nature.
El poeta escribió sobre su amor eterno por la naturaleza.
C2 noun, verb /ˈkæŋkər/

canker

ulceras
Meaning
A fungal disease of plants; an ulcerous sore in the mouth; to corrupt or destroy slowly
Example
The tree was infected with a canker that damaged its bark.
El árbol estaba infectado con un cancro que dañó su corteza.
B1 adjective /ˌel.ɪˈmen.tər.i/

Elementary

elemental; básico
Meaning
basic; fundamental; primary level
Example
He learned elementary mathematics in school.
Él aprendió matemáticas elementales en la escuela.
B2 verb /ænˈtɪsɪˌpeɪt/

anticipate

anticipar
Meaning
to expect or look forward to something; to realize or foresee in advance
Example
We anticipate a large crowd at the event.
Esperamos una gran multitud en el evento.
C1 adverb /ˈfɜː.vənt.li/

Fervently

con fervor; ardientemente;
Meaning
with passionate intensity; ardently; with great emotion or enthusiasm
Example
She fervently hoped that her dreams would come true.
Ella esperaba fervientemente que sus sueños se hicieran realidad.
C1 noun /brɒŋˈkaɪtɪs/

bronchitis

bronquitis
Meaning
inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the lungs
Example
The doctor diagnosed him with acute bronchitis.
El doctor lo diagnosticó con bronquitis aguda.
C1 noun /ˌdʒʊə.rɪsˈdɪk.ʃən/

Jurisdiction

jurisdicción
Meaning
the official power to make legal decisions and judgments; the extent of this power
Example
This case falls under the jurisdiction of the federal court.
Este caso está bajo la jurisdicción del tribunal federal.
C2 verb /bɪˈleɪt/

belate

retrasar
Meaning
to delay or make late
Example
Heavy traffic belated our arrival at the party.
El tráfico pesado retrasó nuestra llegada a la fiesta.
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səˈbɔːr.dɪ.nət/

insubordinate

insubordinado
Meaning
Defiant of authority; disobedient to orders.
Example
The insubordinate employee refused to follow the manager's instructions.
El empleado insubordinado se negó a seguir las instrucciones del gerente.
B2 noun /ˈmɜːrdərər/

murderer

asesino
Meaning
a person who unlawfully kills another human being with intent
Example
The murderer was caught by the police within hours.
El asesino fue capturado por la policía en pocas horas.
C2 noun /ˈæsənəns/

assonance

asonancia
Meaning
the repetition of vowel sounds in nearby words in poetry or prose
Example
The poet used assonance to create a musical effect in his verse.
El poeta usó la asonancia para crear un efecto musical en su verso.
B2 noun /ˈlænd.lɔːrd/

Land lord

propietario
Meaning
a person who owns property and rents it to tenants
Example
The landlord collected the monthly rent from all tenants.
El arrendador cobró el alquiler mensual de todos los inquilinos.
B2 noun /dɪsˈpoʊzl/

disposal

eliminación
Meaning
the action or process of getting rid of something
Example
The disposal of waste is crucial for maintaining a clean environment.
La eliminación de residuos es crucial para mantener un ambiente limpio.
B2 adjective ˈpeɪn.ləs

painless

sin dolor
Meaning
Not causing pain; involving little effort or stress.
Example
Modern methods ensure painless treatment.
Los métodos modernos aseguran un tratamiento sin dolor.
C1 verb /ɡʌʃ/

gush

brotar
Meaning
to flow out suddenly and forcefully, or to express something enthusiastically
Example
Tears began to gush from her eyes.
Las lágrimas empezaron a brotar de sus ojos.
A2 noun rɪˈspɛkt

respect

respeto
Meaning
A feeling of deep admiration for someone or something.
Example
We should show respect to the freedom fighters.
Debemos mostrar respeto a los luchadores por la libertad.
C1 noun /krʌtʃ/

crutch

muleta, apoyo
Meaning
a support used by someone injured to walk; also something relied upon for support or help
Example
He had to use crutches after breaking his leg.
Tuvo que usar muletas después de romperse la pierna.
B1 verb /sɪŋk/

sink

hundir
Meaning
to go down below the surface; to descend
Example
The ship sinks in the deep ocean.
El barco se hunde en el océano profundo.
A1 noun /skuːl/

school

escuela
Meaning
An institution for educating children; also a group of people sharing the same ideas or discipline.
Example
The children walked to school together.
Los niños caminaron juntos a la escuela.
C1 verb /ɪɡˈzɔːlt/

exalt

exaltar, ensalzar
Meaning
to praise highly or raise in rank, honor, or power
Example
The community exalted the teacher for his dedication.
La comunidad exaltó al maestro por su dedicación.
A2 noun /ˈmeməri/

Memory

memoria
Meaning
The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information
Example
She has an excellent memory for faces and names.
Ella tiene una excelente memoria para caras y nombres.
C1 noun /sɛˈseɪʃən/

cessation

cesación
Meaning
The fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
Example
There was a temporary cessation of hostilities.
Hubo una cesación temporal de las hostilidades.
B2 noun ˈaʊt.pʊt

output

producción
Meaning
The amount of something produced by a person, machine, or industry.
Example
Climate change reduces agricultural output.
El cambio climático reduce la producción agrícola.
C2 adjective /ˈnɛtlˌsʌm/

nettlesome

irritante
Meaning
Causing irritation, annoyance, or difficulty.
Example
The nettlesome rules frustrated the workers.
Las reglas irritantes frustraron a los trabajadores.
B2 adjective /liːn/

Lean

delgado; con poca grasa; débil
Meaning
thin; having little fat; weak
Example
He has a lean and muscular body.
Él tiene un cuerpo delgado y musculoso.
C1 noun/verb /vɔːlt/

vault

bóveda segura / saltar
Meaning
A secure room for storing valuables; also to leap or spring over something.
Example
The bank kept its gold bars in a secure vault.
El banco guardaba sus lingotes de oro en una bóveda segura.
B2 verb /səkˈsiːdɪŋ/

succeeding

sucesivo / posterior
Meaning
coming after or following in order; continuing to succeed
Example
In the succeeding years, the company expanded rapidly.
En los años sucesivos, la empresa se expandió rápidamente.
C2 adjective /əbˈsiːkwɪəs/

obsequious

servil
Meaning
Excessively obedient or attentive in a servile way.
Example
The waiter gave an obsequious bow to every customer.
El camarero hizo una reverencia servil a cada cliente.
C2 noun /ˈjoʊmən/

yeoman

campesino / empleado leal
Meaning
A farmer who cultivates his own land; also used to describe someone performing loyal, useful service.
Example
He did yeoman service in completing the project on time.
Hizo un servicio leal al completar el proyecto a tiempo.
B2 noun əˌkjuː.mjəˈleɪ.ʃən

accumulation

acumulación
Meaning
The gradual gathering or collecting of something over time.
Example
The accumulation of dust affects appliance efficiency.
La acumulación de polvo afecta la eficiencia de los electrodomésticos.
B2 noun draʊt

drought

sequía
Meaning
A prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall; a shortage of water.
Example
Drought impacts crop growth significantly.
La sequía afecta significativamente el crecimiento de los cultivos.
A1 pronoun /ˈɛniˌbɒdi/

anybody

cualquiera
Meaning
any person; anyone
Example
Anybody can join the club.
Cualquiera puede unirse al club.
C2 verb /dɪsˈteɪn/

distain

despreciar
Meaning
to treat with scorn or contempt (archaic form of disdain)
Example
He would never distain those who had less fortune than him.
Él nunca despreciaba a aquellos que tenían menos fortuna que él.
B2 adjective ˌɒn.trə.prəˈnɜː.ri.əl

entrepreneurial

emprendedor
Meaning
Relating to or characterized by the activity of setting up a business or businesses, taking on financial risks in the hope of profit.
Example
His entrepreneurial spirit led him to establish a successful startup.
Su espíritu emprendedor lo llevó a establecer una exitosa startup.
A1 noun /ˈsɪti/

city

ciudad
Meaning
a large town or an urban area with its own government
Example
Dhaka is the largest city in Bangladesh.
Madrid es la ciudad más grande de España.
C1 noun /vɪˈvæsɪti/

vivacity

vivacidad
Meaning
The quality of being lively, animated, and full of energy.
Example
The child’s vivacity brightened the entire room.
La vivacidad del niño iluminó toda la habitación.
C1 adjective /ˈrɔːkəs/

raucous

ruidoso, estridente
Meaning
loud, harsh, and unpleasant sound or behavior
Example
The crowd became raucous after the team scored.
La multitud se volvió ruidosa después de que el equipo anotó.
C2 noun /ˈhɪlək/

hillock

colina
Meaning
A small hill or mound.
Example
The children climbed up the grassy hillock to watch the sunset.
Los niños subieron a la colina cubierta de hierba para ver la puesta de sol.
C1 noun /ˈɡæloʊz/

gallows

horca
Meaning
A structure used for hanging criminals who have been sentenced to death.
Example
The criminal was led to the gallows at dawn.
El criminal fue llevado a la horca al amanecer.
C2 noun /ˈbrɛviˌɛri/

breviary

libro de oraciones
Meaning
A book containing the service for each day, used in Christian liturgy.
Example
The monk read from the breviary during morning prayers.
El monje leyó del libro de oraciones durante las oraciones matutinas.
A2 noun /drʌɡ/

drug

droga
Meaning
a substance used as a medicine or an illegal addictive substance
Example
The doctor prescribed a new drug for the illness.
El médico recetó una nueva droga para la enfermedad.
B2 adjective /dɪˈfɪnɪtɪv/

definitive

definitivo
Meaning
serving as a final or most authoritative form; conclusive and decisive
Example
The committee reached a definitive agreement on the policy.
El comité llegó a un acuerdo definitivo sobre la política.
B2 noun /ɪɡˈzæmɪnər/

examiner

examinador
Meaning
A person who tests or inspects knowledge, skills, or qualifications
Example
The examiner reviewed each student's answer sheet carefully.
El examinador revisó cuidadosamente la hoja de respuestas de cada estudiante.
B2 noun /əˈkjuːzd/

accused

acusado
Meaning
a person who has been charged with a crime
Example
The accused pleaded not guilty in court.
El acusado se declaró no culpable en la corte.
A1 noun /ˈbɔɪˌfrɛnd/

boyfriend

Meaning
a man or boy that someone is having a romantic or close relationship with
Example
She introduced her boyfriend to her parents.
C2 noun /dʒeɪp/

jape

broma, chiste
Meaning
A practical joke or humorous remark.
Example
He enjoyed a harmless jape with his friends.
Disfrutó de una broma inofensiva con sus amigos.
B2 adjective /dɪˈprɛst/

depressed

deprimido
Meaning
Feeling very sad and without hope; in a state of unhappiness.
Example
She felt depressed after losing her job.
Ella se sintió deprimida después de perder su trabajo.
A2 noun /ˈriː.zənz/

reasons

razones
Meaning
Causes, explanations, or justifications for an action or event.
Example
Reasons for pollution need addressing urgently.
Las razones de la contaminación deben abordarse urgentemente.
C1 adjective /ˌsækrɪˈfɪʃəl/

sacrificial

sacrificial
Meaning
Relating to or involving sacrifice.
Example
The lamb was used as a sacrificial offering in the ritual.
El cordero fue utilizado como una ofrenda sacrificial en el ritual.
B2 noun /iˈkɒlədʒɪst/

ecologist

ecólogo
Meaning
A scientist who studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment.
Example
The ecologist studied the effects of pollution on the forest ecosystem.
El ecólogo estudió los efectos de la contaminación en el ecosistema del bosque.
B1 noun /rɪˈsɜːtʃə(r)/

researcher

investigador
Meaning
a person who conducts research
Example
The researcher published her findings in a scientific journal.
El investigador publicó sus hallazgos en una revista científica.
C1 noun /ˌprəʊˈæk.tɪv ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/

proactive leadership

liderazgo proactivo
Meaning
Leadership that takes initiative and anticipates problems before they occur, rather than reacting to events.
Example
Proactive leadership ensures timely decisions.
El liderazgo proactivo asegura decisiones oportunas.
C1 adjective ˈfæʃ.ɪst

fascist

fascista
Meaning
Relating to or characteristic of fascism; extremely authoritarian.
Example
Fascist governance undermines freedom.
El gobierno fascista socava la libertad.
C1 verb /ˈdrɪbəl/

dribble

goteo / driblar el balón con pequeños toques
Meaning
to let liquid flow slowly in drops or to move a ball skillfully with repeated small kicks or bounces
Example
The baby dribbled milk on his shirt.
El bebé derramó leche sobre su camisa.
C2 adjective /ˈnjuːmɪnəs/

numinous

numinoso
Meaning
having a strong spiritual or mysterious quality
Example
The temple had a numinous atmosphere that inspired awe.
El templo tenía una atmósfera numinosa que inspiraba asombro.
B1 verb /rɪˈkʌvər/

recover

recuperar
Meaning
To return to a normal state of health, mind, or strength; to regain or save something.
Example
The world is struggling to recover from the pandemic.
El mundo está luchando por recuperarse de la pandemia.
B1 noun /ɪnˈɡriːdiənt/

ingredient

ingrediente
Meaning
A component part or element of something, especially in a recipe.
Example
Flour is a key ingredient in baking bread.
La harina es un ingrediente clave en la preparación del pan.
B2 noun /dʒɑːr/

Jar

tarro; bote
Meaning
a wide-mouthed container made of glass or pottery; to have a harsh or unpleasant effect
Example
She stored homemade cookies in a large glass jar on the kitchen counter.
Ella guardó galletas caseras en un gran tarro de vidrio en el mostrador de la cocina.
C1 noun /ˌnɑm.əˈni/

Nominee

nominado
Meaning
a person who is nominated for an office, award, or honor
Example
She was the nominee for the Best Actress award.
Ella fue la nominada para el premio a la mejor actriz.
B2 adjective ˌkɒntrəˈdɪktəri

contradictory

contradictorio
Meaning
Mutually opposed or inconsistent; containing elements that oppose each other.
Example
Their views on education are contradictory.
Sus puntos de vista sobre la educación son contradictorios.
C1 verb, noun /mʊər/

moor

atar / terreno baldío
Meaning
As a verb: to tie a ship so that it stays in place. As a noun: open, uncultivated land.
Example
The sailors moored the ship at the dock.
Los marineros amarraron el barco en el muelle.
B1 adjective /əˈʃeɪmd/

Ashamed

avergonzado
Meaning
feeling embarrassed or guilty because of one's actions
Example
He was ashamed of his poor performance.
Él estaba avergonzado de su bajo rendimiento.
B2 noun /ˈzaɪləfoʊn/

Xylophone

xilófono
Meaning
a percussion instrument consisting of wooden bars that are struck with mallets to produce musical tones
Example
The children enjoyed playing the colorful xylophone in music class.
A los niños les gustó tocar el xilófono colorido en la clase de música.
C1 verb /ˈdræm.ə.taɪz/

dramatize

dramatizar
Meaning
to present a story in a dramatic way, or to exaggerate something
Example
The novel was dramatized into a popular TV series.
La novela fue dramatizada en una popular serie de televisión.
B1 noun /ɪkˈspens/

Expense

gasto; desembolso;
Meaning
the cost required for something; money spent on something
Example
The travel expense for the business trip was covered by the company.
El gasto de viaje para el viaje de negocios fue cubierto por la empresa.
B2 preposition /kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/

concerning

concerniente
Meaning
about or relating to something; causing worry or anxiety
Example
There are some reports concerning the new project.
Hay algunos informes concernientes al nuevo proyecto.
A1 noun /suːp/

Soup

sopa
Meaning
a liquid food made by boiling meat, vegetables, or other ingredients in water
Example
I had a bowl of chicken soup for lunch.
Tuve un tazón de sopa de pollo para el almuerzo.
B2 adjective /slɪm/

slim

delgado
Meaning
thin in an attractive or healthy way; small in amount or chance
Example
She looked slim in her new dress.
Ella se veía delgada en su nuevo vestido.
A2 adverb /jet/

Yet

aún; todavía;
Meaning
up to now or a specified time; still; however; nevertheless
Example
He hasn't finished his homework yet.
Él no ha terminado su tarea aún.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonal
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La carta fue escrita en un estilo muy impersonal.
C2 verb /ˈreə.rɪ.faɪ/

rarefy

diluir, refinar
Meaning
To make something less dense or more refined.
Example
The air rarefies as you climb higher into the mountains.
El aire se diluye a medida que subes más alto en las montañas.
B2 verb /prɪˈskrʌɪb/

prescribe

recetar
Meaning
to recommend or authorize the use of something, especially medicine
Example
The doctor prescribed medication for my cold.
El doctor recetó medicamentos para mi resfriado.
C2 verb /ˌɪntərˈsiːd/

intercede

interceder
Meaning
to act or plead on behalf of someone in difficulty or trouble; to intervene between parties to help resolve a dispute
Example
She interceded with the teacher to give her brother another chance.
Ella intercedió con el maestro para darle otra oportunidad a su hermano.
B2 noun /səˈnɛərioʊ/

scenario

situación posible
Meaning
a possible situation or sequence of events
Example
The company prepared for the worst-case scenario.
La empresa se preparó para el peor de los casos.
B2 noun /kənˈvɜː.ʃən/

Conversion

conversión, cambio, transformación
Meaning
The process of changing or causing something to change from one form to another.
Example
High website conversion rates indicate effective marketing.
Las altas tasas de conversión de sitios web indican una comercialización efectiva.
C1 adjective /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡə.bəl/

Navigable

navegable
Meaning
suitable for ships or boats to travel on; able to be navigated
Example
The river is navigable for small boats during the rainy season.
El río es navegable para pequeños botes durante la temporada de lluvias.
C2 noun /ˌmælˈoʊdər/

malodor

mal olor
Meaning
An unpleasant smell; bad odor.
Example
The garbage bin gave off a terrible malodor.
El cubo de basura emitió un terrible mal olor.
A2 noun /sɒks/

Socks

calcetines
Meaning
soft coverings for the feet, typically worn inside shoes
Example
I need to buy new socks for winter.
Necesito comprar calcetines nuevos para el invierno.
B1 noun /ˈæŋɡl/

angle

ángulo
Meaning
The space between two intersecting lines or surfaces at the point where they meet.
Example
The teacher explained how to measure an angle in geometry.
El maestro explicó cómo medir un ángulo en geometría.
C2 noun /ˌmjuːlˈtɪər/

muleteer

muletero
Meaning
a person who drives or takes care of mules
Example
The muleteer guided the animals safely across the mountain path.
El muletero guió a los animales de manera segura a través del sendero montañoso.
C1 noun ˌpriːˌɒkjʊˈpeɪʃən

preoccupation

preocupación
Meaning
The state of being absorbed in thought; mental distraction.
Example
His preoccupation with work led to neglecting his personal life.
Su preocupación por el trabajo llevó a descuidar su vida personal.
C1 noun /ˈtrɪb.jə.ter.i/

Tributary

afluente
Meaning
a river or stream flowing into a larger river or lake
Example
The tributary joins the main river near the city.
El afluente se une al río principal cerca de la ciudad.
C1 noun /ˈwɪŋˌspæn/

wingspan

envergadura
Meaning
the distance from the tip of one wing to the tip of the other wing
Example
The eagle has an impressive wingspan of over two meters.
El águila tiene una impresionante envergadura de más de dos metros.
C2 noun /ˌɡæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

gasification

gasificación
Meaning
The process of converting solid or liquid fuel into gas.
Example
Gasification is widely used to produce fuel gas from coal.
La gasificación se usa ampliamente para producir gas combustible a partir del carbón.
C2 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪbəl/

impassible

impasible
Meaning
Incapable of suffering or feeling pain (used mainly in theological or philosophical contexts).
Example
Some philosophers argue that God is impassible and cannot experience human emotions.
Algunos filósofos argumentan que Dios es impasible y no puede experimentar emociones humanas.
A2 noun /leŋθ/

Length

longitud
Meaning
the measurement or extent of something from end to end; the greater of two or the greatest of three dimensions
Example
The length of the table is two meters.
La longitud de la mesa es dos metros.
B2 noun, verb, adjective /ˈpeɪtənt/ or /ˈpætənt/

patent

patente
Meaning
a government license granting exclusive rights to an inventor; also to obtain such rights
Example
He patented his new invention to protect it from being copied.
Él patentó su nuevo invento para protegerlo de ser copiado.
C1 adjective /ˈmɔːrbɪd/

morbid

interés anormal en temas perturbadores o desagradables
Meaning
Having an abnormal interest in disturbing or unpleasant subjects such as death or disease.
Example
She had a morbid fascination with crime stories.
Ella tenía una fascinación mórbida por las historias de crímenes.
B1 noun /ˈjuːnjən/

Union

unión
Meaning
the action of joining or combining; a political unit formed from separate states
Example
The union of the two companies created a powerful corporation.
La unión de las dos empresas creó una poderosa corporación.
B1 noun /ˈstætʃuː/

Statue

una obra de arte tridimensional, típicamente hecha de piedra, metal o madera
Meaning
a three-dimensional work of art, typically made of stone, metal, or wood
Example
The statue of liberty is a famous landmark in New York.
La estatua de la libertad es un famoso hito en Nueva York.
B2 verb /rɪˈvoʊlt/

revolt

rebelarse
Meaning
to rebel against authority; to feel disgust
Example
The people revolted against the corrupt government.
La gente se rebeló contra el gobierno corrupto.
B1 noun /ˈsteɪtəs/

status

estado
Meaning
the social or professional position or condition of someone or something
Example
His social status improved after the promotion.
Su estado social mejoró después de la promoción.
B2 noun /ˈpes.ə.mɪst/

Pessimist

pesimista
Meaning
a person who tends to see the worst aspect of things or believes that the worst will happen; someone who lacks hope or confidence in the future
Example
Being a pessimist, he always expected the worst outcome.
Siendo un pesimista, siempre esperaba el peor resultado.
C2 noun /ˈpɔːrfəri/

porphyry

una roca ígnea dura
Meaning
A hard igneous rock containing crystals, often used for decorative or building purposes.
Example
The ancient Romans used porphyry to make columns and statues.
Los antiguos romanos usaron pórfido para hacer columnas y estatuas.
B2 adjective /ˈfræʤaɪl/

fragile

frágil
Meaning
Easily broken or damaged; delicate.
Example
Be careful with that vase, it's very fragile.
Ten cuidado con ese jarrón, es muy frágil.
C2 noun, verb /ˈkaʊntərˌtʃɑːrdʒ/

countercharge

contracargo
Meaning
an opposing charge or accusation; to make an opposing attack
Example
The lawyer filed a countercharge against the accuser.
El abogado presentó una contracarga contra el acusador.
A2 verb /kwɪt/

quit

dejar
Meaning
to stop doing something; to leave a job or position
Example
She decided to quit her job and start her own business.
Ella decidió dejar su trabajo y empezar su propio negocio.
C1 noun /ˈvɜː.tɪ.kəl ˈfɑː.mɪŋ/

vertical farming

agricultura vertical
Meaning
The practice of growing crops in vertically stacked layers, often incorporating controlled-environment agriculture.
Example
Vertical farming ensures maximum space utilization in urban areas.
La agricultura vertical asegura la máxima utilización del espacio en las áreas urbanas.
C2 noun /ˌtrænspəˈzɪʃən/

transposition

transposición
Meaning
the act of changing the order or position of something
Example
The transposition of digits caused an error in the calculation.
La transposición de dígitos causó un error en el cálculo.
B2 adjective /ˈpaʊərləs/

powerless

impotente
Meaning
without ability, influence, or strength
Example
She felt powerless against the unfair system.
Ella se sintió impotente contra el sistema injusto.
B2 noun ˈæk.tɪv rɪˈkɔːl

Active recall

recuerdo activo
Meaning
A learning technique that involves actively trying to retrieve information from memory rather than passively reviewing material.
Example
Active recall improves long-term memory and retention.
El recuerdo activo mejora la memoria a largo plazo y la retención.
B2 noun /ˈwɪlɪŋnəs/

willingness

voluntad
Meaning
the quality of being prepared or ready to do something
Example
Her willingness to help others made her very popular.
Su voluntad de ayudar a los demás la hizo muy popular.
C1 noun /ˈbreɪkər/

breaker

disyuntor (algo que rompe, una ola grande que se rompe cerca de la orilla, o un dispositivo que interrumpe un circuito eléctrico)
Meaning
A person or thing that breaks something; a large sea wave that breaks into foam near the shore; a device that interrupts an electric circuit.
Example
The breaker tripped during the storm, cutting off electricity.
El disyuntor se disparó durante la tormenta, cortando la electricidad.
C2 noun /ˈaɪdɪl/

idyll

escena idílica
Meaning
An extremely happy, peaceful, or picturesque episode or scene, often idealized.
Example
Their honeymoon was an idyll on a tropical island.
Su luna de miel fue una escena idílica en una isla tropical.
C2 noun /ˈkæθoʊd/

cathode

electrodo negativo
Meaning
The negative electrode in a device such as a battery or tube, where electrons enter.
Example
The cathode emits electrons in the tube.
El cátodo emite electrones en el tubo.
C1 verb /ˌsuːpərˈsiːd/

supersede

reemplazar
Meaning
To replace or take the place of something because it is more modern or effective.
Example
This new law will supersede the old regulations.
Esta nueva ley reemplazará las viejas regulaciones.
B2 adjective /ˈbaɪəst/

Biased

sesgado
Meaning
showing prejudice for or against someone or something unfairly
Example
The judge was accused of being biased against the defendant.
El juez fue acusado de estar sesgado contra el acusado.
C1 noun /stɪˈlɛtoʊ/

stiletto

zapato de tacón delgado / daga
Meaning
A small, thin, high-heeled shoe or a dagger with a slender blade.
Example
She wore elegant stiletto heels to the party.
Ella llevaba unos elegantes tacones stilettos a la fiesta.
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɒm.ni.ə/

Insomnia

insomnio
Meaning
habitual sleeplessness; inability to sleep; the condition of being unable to sleep
Example
Her chronic insomnia made it difficult for her to concentrate during work hours.
Su insomnio crónico le dificultaba concentrarse durante las horas de trabajo.
C1 noun /ˈfoʊ.kəs ˈtræk.ɪŋ/

focus tracking

seguimiento del enfoque
Meaning
A technique of monitoring and maintaining attention on specific tasks or goals.
Example
Proper focus tracking improves productivity.
Un seguimiento adecuado del enfoque mejora la productividad.
C1 noun /əˌsæsɪˈneɪʃən/

assassination

asesinato
Meaning
The act of killing someone important, often for political or ideological reasons.
Example
The assassination of the president shocked the nation.
El asesinato del presidente conmocionó a la nación.
C2 noun /tɔːˈtɒlədʒi/

tautology

redundancia innecesaria
Meaning
the unnecessary repetition of the same idea in different words
Example
The phrase 'it will happen or it won’t' is a tautology.
La frase 'pasará o no pasará' es una tautología.
C1 noun kəˈlɛktɪvɪzəm

collectivism

colectivismo
Meaning
The practice or principle of giving a group priority over each individual in it.
Example
Collectivism emphasizes the importance of group over individual interests.
El colectivismo enfatiza la importancia del grupo sobre los intereses individuales.
B1 adverb /ˈlaɪk.li/

Likely

probablemente; con alta probabilidad
Meaning
probably; having a high probability of happening or being true
Example
It will likely rain tomorrow according to the weather forecast.
Probablemente lloverá mañana según el pronóstico del tiempo.
C2 verb /ˈæntɪdeɪt/

antedate

anteceder
Meaning
to be earlier in time; to assign a date earlier than the actual one
Example
The manuscript antedates the modern printing press.
El manuscrito es anterior a la prensa moderna de impresión.
B1 noun /ˈbeɡər/

Beggar

mendigo
Meaning
a person who lives by asking for money or food
Example
The beggar sat by the temple asking for alms.
El mendigo estaba sentado junto al templo pidiendo limosna.
A2 adjective/noun /ˈɪndiən/

indian

indio
Meaning
Relating to India, its people, or their culture.
Example
She loves Indian food, especially biryani.
A ella le encanta la comida india, especialmente el biryani.
C2 noun ˈɛn.ɡræm

Engram

Señales físicas en el cerebro para el almacenamiento y recuperación de recuerdos
Meaning
Physical signs or patterns in the brain for memory storage and retrieval
Example
Scientists study engrams to understand how memories are stored.
Los científicos estudian los engramas para comprender cómo se almacenan los recuerdos.
C2 noun /ˌklɛptəˈmeɪniæk/

kleptomaniac

persona con el impulso irresistible de robar
Meaning
A person with an irresistible urge to steal, typically without need or profit.
Example
The kleptomaniac was caught shoplifting again.
El kleptómano fue atrapado robando en una tienda nuevamente.
C2 noun /ɡruːəl/

Gruel

papilla
Meaning
a thin liquid food of oatmeal or another meal boiled in milk or water
Example
The sick patient could only eat gruel.
El paciente enfermo solo pudo comer papilla.