health hazards
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B2 noun helθ ˈhæzərdz

health hazards

riesgos para la salud
Meaning
Risks or dangers to physical health and well-being that can cause illness or injury.
Example
Plastic usage leads to significant health hazards.
El uso de plástico conduce a riesgos significativos para la salud.
A1 noun /ˈpiːtsə/

pizza

pizza
Meaning
a flat round bread baked with toppings such as cheese, tomato, and other ingredients
Example
We ordered a large pepperoni pizza for dinner.
Pedimos una pizza grande de pepperoni para la cena.
C2 adjective /hɪk/

Hick

campesino; paleto
Meaning
unsophisticated person from a rural area; country bumpkin
Example
He had a hick accent from growing up in a small town.
Él tenía un acento de campesino por haber crecido en un pueblo pequeño.
B1 adjective /ɑːrmd/

armed

armado
Meaning
equipped with or carrying weapons
Example
The bank was robbed by armed men.
El banco fue robado por hombres armados.
C1 noun /ˈkɒləmnɪst/

columnist

columnista
Meaning
a journalist who regularly writes articles or opinions for a newspaper or magazine
Example
The columnist wrote an article about climate change.
El columnista escribió un artículo sobre el cambio climático.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈɜːrθli/

unearthly

sobrenatural
Meaning
Strange or unnatural in a way that seems not of this world
Example
The forest was filled with an unearthly glow.
El bosque estaba lleno de un resplandor sobrenatural.
C1 noun /ˈbærɪˌtoʊn/

baritone

voz masculina grave
Meaning
a male singing voice between tenor and bass
Example
The singer’s baritone voice impressed the audience.
La voz de barítono del cantante impresionó al público.
B1 noun /ˈswɛtʃɜːrt/

sweatshirt

sudadera
Meaning
A casual, long-sleeved pullover garment, typically made of cotton or fleece, worn for warmth or comfort.
Example
He wore a grey sweatshirt while jogging in the park.
Llevaba una sudadera gris mientras corría en el parque.
B2 noun /ˈtrɔːmə/

trauma

trauma
Meaning
a deeply distressing or disturbing experience; physical injury or emotional shock
Example
The accident left her with lasting emotional trauma.
El accidente le dejó un trauma emocional duradero.
C2 noun /ˈdɛkəˌliːtər/

decaliter

diez litros
Meaning
A metric unit of capacity equal to ten liters.
Example
The container could hold up to one decaliter of water.
El recipiente podría contener hasta un decalitro de agua.
A2 noun /hɑːrt/

Heart

corazón
Meaning
the organ in the chest that pumps blood through the body; the center of emotions and feelings
Example
The doctor listened to my heart with a stethoscope.
El doctor escuchó mi corazón con un estetoscopio.
B2 noun /ˈtɛrərɪst/

terrorist

terrorista
Meaning
a person who uses violence or threats to intimidate or coerce, especially for political purposes
Example
The terrorist was arrested by the police after the attack.
El terrorista fue arrestado por la policía después del ataque.
C2 noun /ˈrɛdʒɪsaɪd/

regicide

regicidio
Meaning
the act of killing a king
Example
The conspirators were executed for committing regicide.
Los conspiradores fueron ejecutados por cometer regicidio.
B2 adjective /ˈneɪvəl/

naval

naval
Meaning
relating to a country's navy or military ships
Example
The country invested heavily in naval defense.
El país invirtió fuertemente en defensa naval.
B2 noun ˌbaɪ.oʊ.dɪˈvɝː.sə.t̬i

biodiversity

biodiversidad
Meaning
The variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
Example
Rainforests are home to immense biodiversity.
Las selvas tropicales albergan una gran biodiversidad.
B2 adjective /ɪˈlɪt.ər.ət/

Illiterate

analfabeto; iletrado; ignorante
Meaning
unable to read or write; lacking education
Example
The program aims to help illiterate adults learn to read and write.
El programa tiene como objetivo ayudar a los adultos analfabetos a aprender a leer y escribir.
C1 adjective /kənˈteɪ.dʒəs/

Contagious

contagioso; infeccioso
Meaning
likely to spread to and affect others; infectious
Example
Her laughter is contagious and makes everyone smile.
Su risa es contagiosa y hace sonreír a todos.
B1 verb /seɪl/

sail

navegar con velas
Meaning
to travel on water in a boat or ship using sails or by wind power
Example
They sailed across the Atlantic Ocean last summer.
Ellos navegaron a través del océano Atlántico el verano pasado.
C1 verb /kraʊtʃ/

crouch

agacharse
Meaning
to bend your knees and lower your body close to the ground
Example
The cat crouched before leaping at its prey.
El gato se agachó antes de saltar hacia su presa.
C1 adjective /suːˈpɜːrlətɪv/

superlative

superlativo
Meaning
Of the highest quality or degree; expressing the extreme form of an adjective or adverb.
Example
Her performance was superlative, earning her a standing ovation.
Su desempeño fue superlativo, ganándose una ovación de pie.
C2 verb /drɔːl/

drawl

hablar lentamente de manera perezosa
Meaning
to speak in a slow, lazy way with prolonged vowel sounds
Example
He tends to drawl when he is tired.
Él tiende a hablar lentamente cuando está cansado.
A2 adjective /ˈkeər.ləs/

Careless

descuidado; negligente; distraído; imprudente;
Meaning
not giving sufficient attention or thought to avoiding harm or errors; negligent; inattentive
Example
His careless driving caused a serious accident on the highway.
Su conducción descuidada causó un accidente grave en la carretera.
C1 verb /ˈfɜːr.tɪ.laɪz/

fertilize

fertilizar
Meaning
to make soil or land more fertile by adding substances
Example
Farmers fertilize the fields to increase crop yield.
Los agricultores fertilizan los campos para aumentar la cosecha.
A2 noun /ˈriːdər/

reader

lector
Meaning
a person who reads or who is capable of reading
Example
She is a fast reader, finishing books in a day.
Ella es una lectora rápida, termina libros en un día.
B2 noun/verb /krɪˈtiːk/

critique

crítica
Meaning
A detailed analysis and assessment of something, especially a literary, philosophical, or political theory; to evaluate critically.
Example
The professor asked the students to critique each other's essays.
El profesor pidió a los estudiantes que criticaran los ensayos de los demás.
B2 adjective /ˈɒp.ʃən.əl/

Optional

opcional
Meaning
not compulsory; left to choice
Example
Wearing a tie is optional for this event.
Usar una corbata es opcional para este evento.
C2 verb /ˈflʌməks/

flummox

confundir
Meaning
To confuse or bewilder someone completely.
Example
The complicated puzzle flummoxed the students.
El complicado rompecabezas confundió a los estudiantes.
C1 adjective /ˈblaɪtɪd/

blighted

desolado
Meaning
Spoiled, damaged, or destroyed.
Example
The blighted neighborhood was abandoned by most residents.
El vecindario desolado fue abandonado por la mayoría de los residentes.
C1 noun /ˈmɒn.ə.stər.i/

Monastery

monasterio; ashram
Meaning
a building or group of buildings where monks live and worship
Example
The ancient monastery was built on a hilltop.
El antiguo monasterio fue construido en la cima de una colina.
B1 adverb /ˈrel.ə.tɪv.li/

Relatively

relativamente
Meaning
in comparison to something else; quite; fairly
Example
The weather is relatively warm today.
El clima está relativamente cálido hoy.
C2 noun ˈfaɪ.təʊˌnjuː.tri.ənt

phytonutrient

fitonutriente
Meaning
Chemical compounds produced by plants that are beneficial to human health but not essential nutrients.
Example
Broccoli is rich in phytonutrients that enhance immunity.
El brócoli es rico en fitonutrientes que mejoran la inmunidad.
C1 noun ˈɪn.fər.əns

inference

inferencia
Meaning
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning; logical deduction.
Example
Scientists make inferences based on experimental data.
Los científicos hacen inferencias basadas en datos experimentales.
C2 adjective /ˌɪnfɪnɪˈtɛsɪməl/

infinitesimal

infinitesimal
Meaning
Extremely small in size or amount; so tiny as to be almost negligible.
Example
The error was so infinitesimal that it didn’t affect the results.
El error fue tan infinitesimal que no afectó los resultados.
A2 verb /diːl/

deal

felicidad
Meaning
to distribute or give out something; to handle or manage
Example
He had to deal with many problems at work.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 noun /ˈdʒiː.nəs/

genus

género
Meaning
a category in biological classification ranking above species and below family
Example
The tiger belongs to the genus Panthera.
El tigre pertenece al género Panthera.
B2 noun /ˈlɪn.ən/

linen

ropa de lino
Meaning
A strong cloth made from the fibers of the flax plant, or items made from this cloth such as sheets or clothing.
Example
She bought new linen curtains for the living room.
Ella compró nuevas cortinas de lino para la sala de estar.
C2 adjective /æbˈstruːs/

abstruse

abstruso
Meaning
Difficult to understand; obscure.
Example
The abstruse nature of the philosophical debate left many confused.
La naturaleza abstrusa del debate filosófico dejó a muchos confundidos.
C1 noun /noʊm/

gnome

gnomo
Meaning
a small mythical creature, often depicted as a bearded man living underground; also a figurine used in gardens
Example
The garden was decorated with a gnome statue.
El jardín estaba decorado con una estatua de gnomo.
C2 noun /nuːt/

Newt

tritón
Meaning
a small amphibian with a long tail that lives both in water and on land
Example
The newt swam gracefully in the pond.
El tritón nadó con gracia en el estanque.
C2 noun /ˈɔː.rɪ.fɪs/

orifice

orificio
Meaning
an opening or hole, especially in the body or a device
Example
The medicine was applied through a small orifice in the device.
El medicamento se aplicó a través de un pequeño orificio en el dispositivo.
B2 noun /səbˈskrɪp.ʃən/

Subscription

suscripción
Meaning
a payment for regular delivery of a service or product; an arrangement to receive something regularly
Example
I canceled my Netflix subscription because I wasn't watching it enough.
Cancelé mi suscripción a Netflix porque no la estaba viendo lo suficiente.
C2 adjective /ˈbeɪnfəl/

baneful

perjudicial
Meaning
Causing harm, ruin, or destruction; deadly or poisonous.
Example
His baneful influence ruined the community.
Su influencia perjudicial arruinó la comunidad.
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

clemencia
Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
El juez mostró clemencia y redujo su sentencia.
B2 noun /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/

congestion

congestión
Meaning
A situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties.
Example
Urban congestion leads to longer travel times.
La congestión urbana lleva a tiempos de viaje más largos.
C1 noun /ˌænɛkˈseɪʃən/

annexation

anexión
Meaning
the act of adding or taking control of territory or property, especially by a state
Example
The annexation of the region led to international condemnation.
La anexión de la región provocó condena internacional.
B2 verb /hæk/

hack

cortar, acceder sin autorización a un sistema informático
Meaning
to cut or chop roughly; to gain unauthorized access to a computer system
Example
The programmer managed to hack into the system.
El programador logró hackear el sistema.
C1 adjective /lʌʃ/

lush

rico, abundante y lujoso, especialmente refiriéndose a la vegetación
Meaning
rich, abundant, and luxurious, especially referring to vegetation
Example
The valley was filled with lush green fields.
El valle estaba lleno de campos verdes y exuberantes.
C2 adjective /daɪˈɒsɪsən/

diocesan

relacionado con una diócesis
Meaning
relating to a diocese or the district under the supervision of a bishop in the Christian Church
Example
The diocesan council met to discuss church affairs.
El consejo diocesano se reunió para discutir los asuntos de la iglesia.
C1 noun, adjective /ˈsɛntənəri/ or /sɛnˈtɛnəri/

centenary

centenario
Meaning
The hundredth anniversary of a significant event; relating to a period of 100 years.
Example
The school celebrated its centenary with a grand event.
La escuela celebró su centenario con un gran evento.
B1 noun /ˈjuːnjən/

Union

unión
Meaning
the action of joining or combining; a political unit formed from separate states
Example
The union of the two companies created a powerful corporation.
La unión de las dos empresas creó una poderosa corporación.
C1 noun /ˈmʌltɪplaɪər/

multiplier

multiplicador
Meaning
a number or factor by which another number is multiplied; something that increases the effect or value of something else
Example
In economics, government spending can act as a multiplier for economic growth.
En economía, el gasto público puede ser un multiplicador del crecimiento.
C2 verb /ˌriː.kəˈnɔɪ.tər/

reconnoiter

reconocer
Meaning
to make a preliminary inspection or survey, especially of an area for military or strategic purposes
Example
The soldiers reconnoitered the area before advancing.
Los soldados reconocieron el área antes de avanzar.
C1 verb /pəˈveɪd/

pervade

permeabilizar
Meaning
to spread through and be present in every part of something
Example
The smell of fresh flowers pervaded the entire room.
El aroma de las flores frescas permeó toda la habitación.
C2 noun ˌsɜːkəmˈspekʃən

circumspection

precaución, evitar riesgos
Meaning
The quality of being wary and unwilling to take risks; prudence.
Example
His circumspection ensured no mistakes were made.
Su precaución garantizó que no se cometieran errores.
B2 adjective /ˈplen.tɪ.fəl/

Plentiful

abundante; en gran cantidad
Meaning
abundant; existing in large quantity
Example
The harvest was plentiful this year due to good weather.
La cosecha fue abundante este año debido al buen clima.
B2 noun /ˈmɛkəˌnɪzəm/

mechanism

mecanismo
Meaning
A system of parts working together in a machine; a process or technique for achieving something.
Example
The mechanism of the clock stopped working after years of use.
El mecanismo del reloj dejó de funcionar después de años de uso.
B2 noun /prəˈvɪʒ.ən/

Provision

provisión
Meaning
supplies of food and other necessary things; arrangement or preparation
Example
The government made provision for emergency supplies during the flood.
El gobierno hizo provisión para los suministros de emergencia durante la inundación.
C2 noun /ˌbrɪɡ.əˈdɪər/

brigadier

brigadier
Meaning
A military officer rank, usually commanding a brigade.
Example
The brigadier inspected the troops before the parade.
El brigadier inspeccionó las tropas antes del desfile.
C1 verb /zæɡ/

zag

hacer un giro brusco
Meaning
to make a sharp change in direction, especially in a zigzag pattern
Example
The rabbit zagged quickly to escape the fox.
El conejo hizo un giro rápido para escapar del zorro.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɜːr.ʃən/

exertion

esfuerzo físico o mental
Meaning
Using energy or effort to achieve something.
Example
Excessive exertion can lead to fatigue and burnout.
El exceso de exertión puede llevar a la fatiga y al agotamiento.
C2 adjective /ɪˈfɛmɪnət/

effeminate

afeminado
Meaning
Having traits, tastes, or habits traditionally considered feminine, often used negatively for men.
Example
The critics described him as effeminate due to his gentle manner.
Los críticos lo describieron como afeminado debido a su manera suave.
C1 noun /ˈsaɪkiː/

psyche

alma / mente
Meaning
the human soul, mind, or spirit
Example
The novel explores the depths of the human psyche.
La novela explora las profundidades de la psique humana.
C2 adverb /ˌɪnsəʊˈmʌtʃ/

insomuch

tanto
Meaning
to such an extent
Example
He was insomuch tired that he could hardly stand.
Estaba tan cansado que apenas podía mantenerse en pie.
B2 verb /ɪˈvoʊk/

evoke

evocar
Meaning
to bring a feeling, memory, or image into the mind
Example
The old song evoked memories of her childhood.
La vieja canción evocó recuerdos de su infancia.
B2 phrase ˈɡləʊ.bəl ˌkəʊ.ɒp.əˈreɪ.ʃən

global cooperation

cooperación global
Meaning
International collaboration and working together across countries to address common challenges and goals.
Example
Global cooperation is essential to address climate challenges.
La cooperación global es esencial para abordar los desafíos climáticos.
B2 noun /tɔːrˈneɪdoʊ/

tornado

tornado
Meaning
a rapidly rotating column of air in contact with the ground and clouds, often destructive
Example
The tornado destroyed several houses in the village.
El tornado destruyó varias casas en el pueblo
C2 verb /kəˈlʌmnieɪt/

calumniate

calumniar
Meaning
To make false and damaging statements about someone; to slander.
Example
He was furious when he realized they had calumniated his reputation.
Él estaba furioso cuando se dio cuenta de que habían calumniado su reputación.
B2 verb /ˌoʊvərˈwɛlm/

overwhelm

abrumar
Meaning
to overpower someone emotionally or physically; to be too much to handle
Example
She was overwhelmed with gratitude after receiving the help.
Ella estaba abrumada de gratitud después de recibir la ayuda.
C1 adjective /ˈɪɡ.ni.əs/

igneous

ígnea
Meaning
Formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Example
Granite is an igneous rock commonly used in construction.
El granito es una roca ígnea que se utiliza comúnmente en la construcción.
B2 noun /ˈoʊvərpæs/

overpass

paso elevado
Meaning
A bridge that carries one road or railway over another.
Example
The new overpass reduced traffic congestion in the city.
El nuevo paso elevado redujo la congestión de tráfico en la ciudad.
C2 verb ɪɡˈzɔːrt

exhort

exhortar
Meaning
To strongly encourage or urge someone to do something.
Example
The teacher exhorted students to work hard for exams.
El profesor exhortó a los estudiantes a trabajar duro para los exámenes.
C1 noun ˈdɪk.ʃən

diction

pronunciación y elección de palabras
Meaning
The style of pronunciation and word choice in speaking or writing.
Example
A strong diction enhances communication skills.
Una dicción fuerte mejora las habilidades de comunicación.
B1 adjective /əˈɡrɛsɪv/

aggressive

agresivo
Meaning
ready or likely to attack or confront; forceful
Example
The salesman used an aggressive strategy to close the deal.
El vendedor utilizó una estrategia agresiva para cerrar el trato.
C2 noun /ˌprɪnsɪˈpæləti/

principality

principado
Meaning
a state ruled by a prince
Example
Monaco is a famous principality in Europe.
Mónaco es un famoso principado en Europa.
B2 verb /prɪˈskrʌɪb/

prescribe

recetar
Meaning
to recommend or authorize the use of something, especially medicine
Example
The doctor prescribed medication for my cold.
El doctor recetó medicamentos para mi resfriado.
C2 noun /ˈfɜːrnəri/

fernery

fernería, lugar donde se cultivan helechos
Meaning
a place or greenhouse where ferns are cultivated
Example
The garden's fernery was full of exotic plants.
La jardinera estaba llena de plantas exóticas en la fernería.
C2 noun /ˌdɪsprəˈpɔːrʃən/

disproportion

desproporción
Meaning
a lack of balance or symmetry; an inequality
Example
There is a clear disproportion between rich and poor in many societies.
Hay una clara disproporción entre los ricos y los pobres en muchas sociedades.
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.vəˌnɪz.əm/

chauvinism

chauvinismo
Meaning
Excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause, group, or gender, often with contempt for others.
Example
The company's culture was criticized for promoting male chauvinism.
La cultura de la empresa fue criticada por promover el chauvinismo masculino.
B1 adjective /rɪˈtaɪərd/

Retired

jubilado
Meaning
having left one's job and ceased to work; withdrawn from activity
Example
My retired grandfather enjoys gardening in his free time.
Mi abuelo jubilado disfruta de la jardinería en su tiempo libre.
A2 noun /bɔːrd/

board

tabla; junta directiva
Meaning
a flat, thin, rectangular piece of material such as wood; also a group of people managing an organization
Example
The board decided to increase the budget.
La junta decidió aumentar el presupuesto.
C1 adjective ˌɪm.pəˈsɛp.tɪ.bəl

imperceptible

imperceptible
Meaning
So subtle or gradual that it is difficult to notice or perceive
Example
The changes in his behavior were imperceptible at first.
Los cambios en su comportamiento eran imperceptibles al principio.
C1 noun /kræɡ/

crag

un acantilado o roca empinada
Meaning
a steep or rugged cliff or rock face
Example
The hikers climbed the jagged crag to reach the summit.
Los excursionistas subieron el acantilado escarpado para llegar a la cima.
C1 adverb /ˈrɪdʒɪdli/

Rigidly

estrictamente; de manera inflexible
Meaning
in a strict, inflexible manner; without compromise
Example
The rules are rigidly enforced in this institution.
Las reglas son estrictamente aplicadas en esta institución.
A1 noun /raɪs/

Rice

arroz
Meaning
a cereal grain that is a staple food in many countries
Example
We eat rice with curry for dinner.
Comemos arroz con curry para la cena.
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

unidades cohesivas
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
Los primeros humanos formaron unidades cohesivas para sobrevivir.
B2 noun /ˌprɒb.əˈbɪl.ə.ti/

Probability

probabilidad
Meaning
the likelihood that something will happen; a mathematical measure of how likely something is to occur
Example
There is a high probability of rain tomorrow.
Hay una alta probabilidad de lluvia mañana.
C1 noun /ˈpræɡmətɪst/

pragmatist

pragmático
Meaning
A person who deals with things in a practical and realistic way.
Example
He is a true pragmatist who values results over ideals.
Él es un verdadero pragmático que valora los resultados más que los ideales.
C2 adjective /ˈlæm.ən.tə.bəl/

lamentable

lamentable
Meaning
deserving to be criticized or regretted; unfortunate
Example
The team’s lamentable performance disappointed their fans.
El lamentable desempeño del equipo decepcionó a sus fanáticos.
C1 noun /ˈhɒrəˌskoʊp/

horoscope

horóscopo
Meaning
A forecast of a person's future based on the positions of the stars and planets at their birth.
Example
She read her horoscope every morning to see what the stars predicted.
Ella leía su horóscopo cada mañana para ver lo que las estrellas predijeron.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsəˈfɪʃənsi/

insufficiency

insuficiencia
Meaning
The state of not being enough or not being adequate.
Example
The project failed due to the insufficiency of funds.
El proyecto falló debido a la insuficiencia de fondos.
C1 verb /ˈsʌkɪŋ/

sucking

chupar
Meaning
Drawing in a liquid, air, or other substance through the mouth or a tube by creating a vacuum; also used figuratively for something unpleasant or ineffective
Example
The baby is sucking on a pacifier.
El bebé está chupando un chupete.
C2 verb /ˌmælˈtriːt/

maltreat

maltratar
Meaning
To treat someone cruelly or unfairly.
Example
The law punishes those who maltreat animals.
La ley castiga a aquellos que maltratan a los animales.
C2 noun /ˈfetiʃ/

fetich

fétich
Meaning
an object believed to have magical powers or to be inhabited by a spirit
Example
The villagers treated the statue as a powerful fetich.
Los aldeanos trataban la estatua como un fétich poderoso.
C2 adjective /səˈmætɪk/

somatic

somático
Meaning
Relating to the body, especially as distinct from the mind.
Example
Yoga can improve both somatic and mental health.
El yoga puede mejorar tanto la salud somática como mental.
C2 noun /ˈpɪnəs/

pinnace

bote pequeño
Meaning
a small boat, often carried by a larger ship
Example
The sailors used a pinnace to reach the shore.
Los marineros usaron un bote pequeño para llegar a la orilla.
B2 noun /ɪnˈdʒɛkʃən/

injection

inyección
Meaning
the act of introducing a substance into the body through a needle
Example
The nurse gave me an injection to prevent the infection.
La enfermera me dio una inyección para prevenir la infección.
B2 noun /ˈtʃɪk piː/

Chick pea

garbanzo
Meaning
round beige legume; protein-rich pulse used in various dishes
Example
Soak the chick peas overnight before cooking them for better digestion.
Remoja los garbanzos durante la noche antes de cocinarlos para una mejor digestión.
A2 noun /spɔːt/

sport

deporte
Meaning
an activity involving physical exertion and skill in which an individual or team competes against another or others for entertainment
Example
Football is a popular sport around the world.
El fútbol es un deporte popular en todo el mundo.
C1 adjective /ˈpruː.dənt/

Prudent

prudente; cauteloso; sabio;
Meaning
wise; careful; cautious;
Example
It's prudent to save money for the future.
Es prudente ahorrar dinero para el futuro.
B1 noun /rɪˈvɪʒ.ən/

Revision

revisión; edición revisada
Meaning
the action of revising; a revised edition or form of something; review of subject matter
Example
The students spent hours doing revision for their final exams.
Los estudiantes pasaron horas haciendo revisión para sus exámenes finales.
C1 adjective /kənˈtraɪvd/

contrived

artificial o forzado; no natural ni espontáneo
Meaning
artificial or forced; not natural or spontaneous
Example
The ending of the movie felt contrived and unrealistic.
El final de la película se sintió forzado e irreal.
C2 noun /ˈkwɒdrʊpɛd/

quadruped

cuadrúpedo
Meaning
an animal that walks on four feet
Example
Most mammals are quadruped creatures adapted for running and stability.
La mayoría de los mamíferos son criaturas cuadrúpedas, adaptadas para correr y para mantener la estabilidad.
C1 noun /səˈprɑːnoʊ/

soprano

la voz más alta femenina o de niño
Meaning
the highest female or boy’s singing voice
Example
She sang beautifully in the soprano range during the concert.
Ella cantó hermosamente en el rango soprano durante el concierto.
B2 adjective/noun /ɪˈrɑːki/

iraqi

iraquí
Meaning
relating to Iraq or its people
Example
The Iraqi culture is rich and diverse.
La cultura iraquí es rica y diversa.
A1 verb /hoʊp/

hope

esperar
Meaning
to expect and desire that something will happen
Example
I hope it doesn't rain tomorrow.
Espero que no llueva mañana.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈtɛnsɪv/

intensive

intenso
Meaning
Involving a lot of effort, energy, or concentration in a short period of time.
Example
She attended an intensive English course before moving abroad.
Ella asistió a un curso intensivo de inglés antes de mudarse al extranjero.
C1 noun /mɔːˈtæləti/

mortality

mortalidad
Meaning
the state of being subject to death; the death rate of a population
Example
Advancements in medicine have reduced child mortality significantly.
Los avances en medicina han reducido significativamente la mortalidad infantil.
C2 noun /ˈænɪməlˌkjuːl/

animalcule

animalcule
Meaning
A microscopic animal, especially a protozoan or other minute organism.
Example
The scientist observed an animalcule moving under the microscope.
El científico observó un animalcule moviéndose bajo el microscopio.
B2 noun /ˈlɪb.ər.ti/

Liberty

libertad
Meaning
the state of being free within society from oppressive restrictions imposed by authority on one's way of life, behavior, or political views
Example
The Statue of Liberty represents freedom and democracy.
La Estatua de la Libertad representa la libertad y la democracia.
B2 noun, verb /treɪs/

trace

trazo
Meaning
a mark, object, or sign that shows the existence or development of something
Example
She traced the path of the river on the map.
Ella trazó el camino del río en el mapa.
C2 noun ট্রোপোস্ফিয়ার

troposphere

troposfera
Meaning
The lowest layer of Earth's atmosphere where weather phenomena occur.
Example
The troposphere is where weather phenomena occur.
La troposfera es donde ocurren los fenómenos meteorológicos.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈduː/

Undue

excesivo; inapropiado; más de lo necesario o adecuado
Meaning
excessive; inappropriate; more than is necessary or proper
Example
The teacher complained about undue pressure from parents.
El maestro se quejó de la presión excesiva de los padres.
B2 adjective /mɑːrkt/

Marked

marcado; evidente; distinto
Meaning
clearly noticeable; distinct; obvious
Example
There was a marked improvement in her performance.
Hubo una mejora marcada en su desempeño.
C1 noun /ˈwɔː.tər hen/

Water hen

gallineta
Meaning
a waterbird with dark plumage that lives near ponds and wetlands
Example
The water hen swam gracefully across the pond.
La gallineta nadó elegantemente a través del estanque.
B1 noun /ˈkaʊn.səl/

council

consejo
Meaning
an assembly of people chosen or elected to make decisions or advise on matters
Example
The city council voted to improve public transportation.
El consejo de la ciudad votó para mejorar el transporte público.
B2 noun ˈkrɪp.toʊˌkɝː.ən.si

cryptocurrency

criptomoneda
Meaning
Decentralized digital currency operated using blockchain technology.
Example
Bitcoin is the most popular cryptocurrency in the market.
Bitcoin es la criptomoneda más popular en el mercado.
C1 adjective /dɪˈrɒɡətɔːri/

derogatory

despectivo
Meaning
Showing a critical or disrespectful attitude.
Example
The article contained derogatory comments about the politician.
El artículo contenía comentarios despectivos sobre el político.
C2 noun /ˈkrɪptəɡræm/

cryptogram

código secreto
Meaning
a text written in code or cipher
Example
The detective solved the cryptogram hidden in the letter.
El detective resolvió el criptograma oculto en la carta.
C2 verb /ˈmæstɪkeɪt/

masticate

masticar
Meaning
to chew food thoroughly before swallowing
Example
He slowly masticated the bread before swallowing.
Él masticó lentamente el pan antes de tragarlo.
C2 noun /ˈplɛntɪtjuːd/

plentitude

abundancia
Meaning
the condition of being full or abundant
Example
The garden offered a plentitude of flowers in spring.
El jardín ofreció una gran cantidad de flores en primavera.
C2 noun /ˈmɔɪəti/

moiety

mitad o parte
Meaning
One of two equal parts; a half or portion.
Example
The estate was divided into two moieties between the heirs.
La propiedad fue dividida en dos partes entre los herederos.