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C1 noun /ˈfɔːrwɜːrd/

foreword

prólogo
Meaning
a short introduction at the beginning of a book, typically written by someone other than the author
Example
The foreword of the book was written by a famous historian.
El prólogo del libro fue escrito por un historiador famoso.
C2 verb /ʃʌk/

shuck

pelar
Meaning
To remove the outer covering, such as the husk of corn or shell of shellfish.
Example
She learned how to shuck oysters quickly.
Ella aprendió a pelar ostras rápidamente.
C1 verb /əˈluːd/

allude

aludir
Meaning
To refer to something indirectly or casually.
Example
The professor alluded to Shakespeare during the lecture.
El profesor aludió a Shakespeare durante la conferencia.
C2 noun /ˈænʒənuː/

ingenue

jovencita inocente
Meaning
an innocent, naïve young woman, especially as represented in literature or theater
Example
She played the role of the ingénue in the play with great charm.
Ella interpretó el papel de la jovencita inocente en la obra con gran encanto.
C1 adjective /pəˈrɛniəl/

perennial

perenne
Meaning
lasting or existing for a long time, or recurring continually
Example
Climate change is a perennial concern for scientists.
El cambio climático es una preocupación perenne para los científicos.
B2 noun /ˈkloʊʒər/

closure

cierre
Meaning
the action or process of closing something, or the sense of finality or resolution.
Example
The closure of the company left many employees without jobs.
El cierre de la empresa dejó a muchos empleados sin trabajo.
B2 adjective /ɪˈrɛləvənt/

Irrelevant

irrelevante
Meaning
not connected with or relevant to something; having no bearing on the matter
Example
Your past mistakes are irrelevant to this discussion.
Tus errores pasados son irrelevantes para esta discusión.
C1 noun /ˈlʌləˌbaɪ/

lullaby

canción de cuna
Meaning
a soothing song sung to help a child fall asleep
Example
She sang a lullaby to her baby every night.
Ella cantaba una canción de cuna a su bebé todas las noches.
C1 adjective /prəˈlɪf.ɪk/

prolific

prolífico
Meaning
Present in large numbers or quantities; plentiful; producing many works, results, or offspring.
Example
The author is prolific, having written over 30 books.
El autor es prolífico, ha escrito más de 30 libros.
A2 adjective /ˈmoʊbaɪl/

mobile

móvil
Meaning
Able to move or be moved easily; also refers to portable communication devices.
Example
She prefers a mobile lifestyle that allows her to travel frequently.
Ella prefiere un estilo de vida móvil que le permita viajar con frecuencia.
C1 adjective /ˈsnɒbɪʃ/

snobbish

presuntuoso
Meaning
having or showing the attitude of people who think they are better than others
Example
She seemed snobbish because she avoided talking to the waiters.
Ella parecía presuntuosa porque evitó hablar con los camareros.
C2 noun /ˌdɪləˈtænt/

dilettante

aficionado
Meaning
A person who takes up an art, activity, or subject merely for amusement, especially in a superficial way.
Example
He was dismissed as a dilettante in the art world because he lacked formal training.
Fue despedido como un aficionado en el mundo del arte porque le faltaba formación formal.
B2 noun /ˈaʊt.saɪ.dər/

Out-sider

extranjero
Meaning
a person who does not belong to a particular group; someone not accepted by a group
Example
As an outsider, he found it difficult to understand their traditions.
Como extranjero, le resultó difícil entender sus tradiciones.
B1 noun /əˈpiːl/

Appeal

apelación; solicitud; atractivo
Meaning
a serious or urgent request, typically to the public; the quality of being attractive or interesting
Example
The charity made an appeal for donations.
La caridad hizo un llamamiento para donaciones.
B2 noun /diˈoʊ.dər.ənt/

Deodorant

desodorante
Meaning
a substance that removes or conceals unpleasant smells, especially bodily odors
Example
She applied deodorant before going to the gym to stay fresh during workout.
Ella se aplicó desodorante antes de ir al gimnasio para mantenerse fresca durante el entrenamiento.
A2 noun /dʒæm/

Jam

una mermelada dulce hecha de frutas y azúcar; una situación difícil; un bloqueo
Meaning
a sweet spread made from fruit and sugar; a difficult situation; a blockage
Example
She spread strawberry jam on her toast for breakfast every morning.
Ella untó mermelada de fresa en su tostada cada mañana para el desayuno.
C1 verb /ˈnjuːtrəlaɪz/

neutralize

neutralizar
Meaning
to make something ineffective or harmless
Example
The medicine helped neutralize the poison in his system.
La medicina ayudó a neutralizar el veneno en su sistema.
C2 noun /ænˈtɪstrəfi/

antistrophe

antístrofe (un recurso retórico)
Meaning
A rhetorical device in which a word or phrase is repeated at the end of successive clauses; in Greek choral poetry, the part of the ode sung by the chorus in return movement.
Example
The poet used antistrophe to emphasize the repeated phrase.
El poeta usó la antístrofe para enfatizar la frase repetida.
B2 adjective /dɪˈbeɪtəbl̩/

debatable

debatible
Meaning
open to discussion or doubt; not certain
Example
It is debatable whether the policy will work.
Es debatible si la política funcionará.
B2 noun ˌɪntəˈlektʃuəlz

intellectuals

intelectuales
Meaning
People possessing a highly developed intellect; scholars or academics.
Example
Intellectuals protested against the dominance.
Los intelectuales protestaron contra la dominación.
C2 adjective /ˈfʌsti/

fusty

húmedo y rancio
Meaning
smelling stale, damp, or stuffy; old-fashioned
Example
The room smelled fusty after being closed for months.
La habitación olía a rancio después de estar cerrada durante meses.
B1 adverb /ˈðɛərˌfɔr/

Therefore

por lo tanto
Meaning
for that reason; consequently
Example
It was raining, therefore we stayed inside.
Estaba lloviendo, por lo tanto, nos quedamos adentro.
B2 noun/verb /bʌk/

buck

ciervo macho / resistir
Meaning
A male deer; also to resist or oppose strongly.
Example
The horse began to buck wildly as the rider tried to hold on.
El caballo comenzó a buckear salvajemente mientras el jinete intentaba mantenerse firme.
B1 noun/verb /wuːnd/

wound

felicidad
Meaning
an injury to the body or to harm someone
Example
He received a deep wound on his arm.
Ella no podía ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 verb /ˈnæv.ɪ.ɡeɪt/

navigate

navegar
Meaning
To plan and direct the route or course of a ship, aircraft, or other form of transport.
Example
The GPS helps navigate complex routes.
El GPS ayuda a navegar rutas complejas.
C2 noun ˌpɜː.tɪˈnæs.ɪ.ti

pertinacity

determinación firme y persistencia
Meaning
Firm determination and persistence in achieving something.
Example
His pertinacity in achieving his goals was inspiring.
Su pertinaz determinación en alcanzar sus metas fue inspiradora.
A1 noun /tʃiːz/

Cheese

queso
Meaning
a food made from the pressed curds of milk; used for photography to make people smile
Example
She added grated cheese to the pasta for extra flavor.
Ella añadió queso rallado a la pasta para darle más sabor.
B2 adjective /ɪkˈstɜːr.nəl/

External

externo
Meaning
coming from or relating to the outside; not belonging to or originating from within
Example
The company hired external consultants to review their business strategy.
La empresa contrató consultores externos para revisar su estrategia empresarial.
C2 noun ˈtræn.zi.əns

transience

transitoriedad
Meaning
The state or fact of lasting only for a short time; impermanence.
Example
The transience of youth makes it more precious.
La transitoriedad de la juventud la hace más preciosa.
A2 noun /kənˌɡrætʃ.əˈleɪ.ʃənz/

Congratulations

felicitaciones
Meaning
words expressing praise for an achievement or good wishes on a special occasion
Example
Congratulations on your promotion! You really deserved this success.
¡Felicitaciones por tu ascenso! Realmente te merecías este éxito.
B2 noun /rɪˈmuː.vəl/

Removal

remoción; eliminación; despido;
Meaning
the action of taking something away or eliminating it; dismissal from office
Example
The removal of the old furniture took all day.
La remoción de los muebles viejos tomó todo el día.
B2 verb /ˈmeməraɪz/

memorize

memorizar
Meaning
to learn something by heart; to commit to memory
Example
Students need to memorize important formulas for the exam.
Los estudiantes deben memorizar fórmulas importantes para el examen.
B2 noun /fraɪt/

Fright

miedo; susto; pavor
Meaning
a sudden intense feeling of fear; a shock or surprise that causes fear
Example
The loud thunder gave her such a fright that she dropped her coffee cup.
El fuerte trueno le dio tal susto que dejó caer su taza de café.
A2 verb /kənˈsɪdər/

consider

considerar
Meaning
to think carefully about something, especially before making a decision
Example
She is considering studying abroad next year.
Ella está considerando estudiar en el extranjero el próximo año.
B1 noun ˈpɒl.ə.si

policy

política
Meaning
A course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual; a contract of insurance.
Example
Effective policies drive national development.
Las políticas efectivas impulsan el desarrollo nacional.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɜːrtɪd/

concerted

concertado
Meaning
done with great effort, planned and performed together by multiple people
Example
The workers made a concerted effort to improve conditions.
Los trabajadores hicieron un esfuerzo concertado para mejorar las condiciones.
B1 noun ˈplænɪŋ

planning

planificación
Meaning
The process of making plans for something; the control of urban development by a local government authority.
Example
Effective planning ensures better waste management.
Una planificación efectiva asegura una mejor gestión de residuos.
C2 verb /ɪnˈɡrɑːft/

ingraft

implantar
Meaning
To implant or fix deeply, often used in the sense of grafting an idea or quality.
Example
The teacher tried to ingraft good manners in the students.
El maestro trató de implantar buenos modales en los estudiantes.
C2 noun /ˈnjuː.trɪ.mənt/

nutriment

nutrimento
Meaning
Something that nourishes; sustenance or food.
Example
The soil provides nutriment to the plants.
El suelo proporciona nutrimento a las plantas.
B2 adjective /kəˈreɪdʒəs/

Courageous

valiente; intrépido; mostrando coraje frente al peligro
Meaning
brave; fearless; showing courage in the face of danger
Example
The courageous firefighter rescued the family from the burning building.
El valiente bombero rescató a la familia del edificio en llamas.
C1 noun /ˈtʌɡboʊt/

tugboat

remolcador
Meaning
a small, powerful boat used for towing or pushing ships
Example
The tugboat guided the massive ship safely into the harbor.
El remolcador guió el enorme barco de forma segura hacia el puerto.
B1 noun /kəˈnuː/

Canoe

canoa
Meaning
a narrow boat pointed at both ends and moved with a paddle
Example
They paddled their canoe down the peaceful stream.
Remaron su canoa por el tranquilo arroyo.
B2 noun /dʒɜːm/

germ

microbio
Meaning
a microscopic organism, especially one that causes disease
Example
Washing your hands helps prevent the spread of germs.
Lavarse las manos ayuda a prevenir la propagación de los microbios.
B2 noun /kwɪˈziːn/

cuisine

cocina
Meaning
A style or method of cooking, especially characteristic of a particular country or region.
Example
Italian cuisine is famous all over the world.
La cocina italiana es famosa en todo el mundo.
A2 noun /ˈsɒkər/

soccer

fútbol
Meaning
a sport in which two teams of eleven players each try to score goals by kicking a ball into the opposing goal
Example
He loves to play soccer with his friends.
A él le gusta jugar al fútbol con sus amigos.
B2 adjective /dɪˈfensɪv/

Defensive

defensivo
Meaning
used or intended to defend or protect; showing a tendency to react in an angry or hurt way when criticized
Example
He became defensive when criticized about his work.
Se volvió defensivo cuando lo criticaron por su trabajo.
C2 verb /vɪˈtjuːpəreɪt/

vituperate

vituperar
Meaning
To criticize harshly or abuse verbally.
Example
The politician was quick to vituperate his opponents during the debate.
El político fue rápido para vituperar a sus oponentes durante el debate.
B1 adjective /dʌl/

Dull

aburrido; insípido; soso; monótono; tonto;
Meaning
lacking interest or excitement; not bright; lacking intelligence; tedious
Example
The lecture was very dull and boring.
La conferencia fue muy aburrida y tediosa.
B2 noun /ˈwɜːrʃɪp/

Worship

culto
Meaning
the feeling or expression of reverence and adoration for a deity; religious devotion and practice
Example
They gather every Sunday for worship.
Ellos se reúnen cada domingo para el culto.
C2 noun /ˌɪmbəˈsɪləti/

imbecility

imbecilidad
Meaning
Extreme foolishness, stupidity, or weakness of mind.
Example
The plan was abandoned due to its sheer imbecility.
El plan fue abandonado debido a su pura imbecilidad.
B2 noun /ˈtiːmmeɪt/

teammate

compañero de equipo
Meaning
a member of the same team
Example
He congratulated his teammate after scoring the goal.
Él felicitó a su compañero de equipo después de marcar el gol.
B2 noun /ˌæl.əˈkeɪ.ʃən/

allocation

asignación
Meaning
The action or process of distributing resources or duties for a particular purpose.
Example
Budget allocation for education must be increased.
La asignación de presupuesto para la educación debe aumentarse.
C1 noun ˈɪm.pɪ.təs

impetus

impulso
Meaning
The force or motivation that drives something forward; momentum.
Example
The new policy provided an impetus for economic growth.
La nueva política proporcionó un impulso para el crecimiento económico.
C1 adjective /ədˈmɪsəbl/

admissible

admisible
Meaning
acceptable or valid, especially as evidence in a court of law
Example
The judge ruled that the document was admissible as evidence.
El juez dictaminó que el documento era admisible como prueba.
A2 adjective /ˈtaɪərɪŋ/

tiring

agotador
Meaning
causing someone to feel exhausted or in need of rest
Example
The long journey was extremely tiring.
El largo viaje fue extremadamente agotador.
C1 noun /ˈtʃaɪ.nə.weər/

China-ware

porcelana
Meaning
dishes, plates, cups, and other tableware made of porcelain or fine ceramic
Example
The expensive china-ware was displayed in the cabinet.
Los costosos platos de porcelana fueron exhibidos en el gabinete.
B2 noun /əˈtɜːrni/

attorney

abogado
Meaning
a person who practices law; a lawyer
Example
She hired an attorney to represent her in court.
Ella contrató un abogado para representarla en la corte.
A2 noun /peɪn/

Pain

dolor; sufrimiento físico o angustia emocional
Meaning
physical suffering or discomfort; mental or emotional distress
Example
The patient felt severe pain in his back.
El paciente sintió un dolor severo en su espalda.
C1 verb /ˈæk.lɪ.meɪt/

acclimate

aclimatarse
Meaning
To adapt or become accustomed to a new environment or situation
Example
It takes time to acclimate to a new climate.
Se necesita tiempo para aclimatarse a un nuevo clima.
C1 noun /plɔɪ/

ploy

estratagema astuta
Meaning
a clever plan or action designed to gain an advantage
Example
She used a clever ploy to win the debate.
Ella usó una táctica astuta para ganar el debate.
C1 adjective /ˈplaɪənt/

pliant

flexible, fácilmente influenciable o adaptable
Meaning
flexible; easily influenced or adaptable
Example
She has a pliant personality that adapts well to new situations.
Ella tiene una personalidad flexible que se adapta bien a nuevas situaciones.
B1 adjective /ˈʌpˌkʌmɪŋ/

upcoming

próximo
Meaning
about to happen or appear
Example
The upcoming event will be held next week.
El próximo evento se llevará a cabo la próxima semana.
C1 noun /sʌˈmeɪʃən/

summation

suma, resumen
Meaning
The process of adding things together; a summary of points.
Example
The lawyer gave a powerful summation of the case.
El abogado dio un poderoso resumen del caso.
A2 noun /ˈmiːnɪŋ/

Meaning

significado; propósito
Meaning
What is meant by a word, text, or concept; significance or purpose
Example
The teacher explained the meaning of the difficult word to the students.
El maestro explicó el significado de la palabra difícil a los estudiantes.
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

codificar
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
El comité trabajó para codificar las leyes existentes.
C2 verb /ˌnɒnˈplʌst/

nonplused

perplejo
Meaning
Past tense of nonplus; surprised and confused.
Example
She was completely nonplused by his sudden decision.
Ella estaba completamente perpleja por su decisión repentina.
C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

incisivo
Meaning
Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.
Example
His incisive comments revealed the core issues.
Sus comentarios incisivos revelaron los problemas clave.
A1 verb /peɪ/

pay

pagar
Meaning
to give money in exchange for goods or services
Example
I need to pay my bills on time.
Necesito pagar mis facturas a tiempo.
C2 noun /ˈtɔːrpər/

torpor

letargo
Meaning
A state of physical or mental inactivity; lethargy.
Example
The heat induced a state of torpor in the workers.
El calor indujo un estado de letargo en los trabajadores.
B2 noun /ˈsɒlɪtjuːd/

solitude

soledad
Meaning
The state or situation of being alone.
Example
Solitude can provide the opportunity for deep reflection.
La soledad puede proporcionar la oportunidad para una reflexión profunda.
B2 verb /ˈsɪmpəθaɪz/

sympathize

compadecer
Meaning
to feel sorry for someone; to understand and share someone's feelings
Example
I sympathize with your loss.
Siento compasión por tu pérdida.
C1 noun /oʊˈbɪt.ʃu.er.i/

Obituary

obituario
Meaning
a notice of someone's death published in a newspaper; biographical account of deceased person
Example
The newspaper published his obituary yesterday.
El periódico publicó su obituario ayer.
B1 noun ˈsɛʃənz

sessions

sesiones, reuniones, período
Meaning
A meeting of an official body, especially a court of law, to conduct its business; a period devoted to a particular activity.
Example
The sessions lasted for three hours.
Las sesiones duraron tres horas.
C1 noun /ˈstɛə.rɪ.əʊˌtaɪ.pɪŋ/

stereotyping

estereotipar
Meaning
A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
Example
Stereotyping people based on their race is harmful.
Estereotipar a las personas según su raza es perjudicial.
C1 verb /ʌnˈsɛtl/

unsettle

desconcertar
Meaning
To disturb or make someone feel anxious or uneasy.
Example
The sudden news unsettled the entire community.
La noticia repentina desconcertó a toda la comunidad.
C2 noun /ˈmɒnəˌsɪləbəl/

monosyllable

palabra monosílaba
Meaning
A word consisting of only one syllable.
Example
Words like 'yes' and 'no' are monosyllables.
Palabras como 'sí' y 'no' son monosílabos.
C2 noun /ˈɡoʊld.moʊ.hɜːr/

Goldmohur

flamboyán
Meaning
A tropical tree with bright orange-red flowers, also known as flame tree or royal poinciana
Example
The goldmohur tree bloomed beautifully in the summer heat.
El árbol Goldmohur floreció hermosamente en el calor del verano.
C1 noun ˈdɪk.ʃən

diction

pronunciación y elección de palabras
Meaning
The style of pronunciation and word choice in speaking or writing.
Example
A strong diction enhances communication skills.
Una dicción fuerte mejora las habilidades de comunicación.
B2 noun /ˈprɒbləm ˈsɒlvɪŋ/

problem-solving

resolución de problemas
Meaning
The process of finding solutions to difficult or complex issues.
Example
Problem-solving skills are key to leadership.
Las habilidades de resolución de problemas son clave para el liderazgo.
C2 verb /ˌnɒnˈplʌst/

nonplussed

desconcertado
Meaning
Past tense of nonplus; surprised and unsure how to react.
Example
He stood nonplussed at the strange remark.
Se quedó desconcertado por el comentario extraño.
B1 verb /ɡræb/

grab

agarrar
Meaning
To seize something quickly and firmly.
Example
He tried to grab the ball before it rolled away.
Él trató de agarrar la pelota antes de que se fuera rodando.
B2 verb /ˌmɪsˈjuːz/

misuse

mal uso
Meaning
To use something incorrectly or for the wrong purpose.
Example
Misusing social media profiles can harm relationships.
El mal uso de los perfiles en redes sociales puede dañar las relaciones.
B2 adjective /ɪnˈfɔːrmətɪv/

Informative

informativo
Meaning
giving or providing useful information; educational; instructive
Example
The documentary was very informative and educational.
El documental fue muy informativo y educativo.
C1 adjective /ˈsɛreɪtɪd/

serrated

dentado
Meaning
Having a notched or saw-toothed edge.
Example
The bread knife had a serrated blade.
El cuchillo de pan tenía una hoja dentada.
B2 adjective /ˈhɜː.bəl/

herbal

herbal
Meaning
Made from or containing herbs, especially for medicinal purposes.
Example
Herbal remedies were widely used here.
Los remedios herbales eran ampliamente utilizados aquí.
B1 adjective /ˈfrʌstreɪtɪŋ/

frustrating

frustrante
Meaning
causing annoyance or dissatisfaction
Example
The slow internet connection was really frustrating.
La conexión de internet lenta fue realmente frustrante.
C1 noun /bʊk ˈbaɪn.dər/

Book binder

encuadernador de libros
Meaning
a person whose job is to fasten the pages of books together and put covers on them
Example
The old book binder carefully restored the antique manuscript.
El viejo encuadernador restauró cuidadosamente el antiguo manuscrito.
C1 adjective /səˈtɪrɪkəl/

satirical

satírico
Meaning
containing or using satire to criticize or mock
Example
The satirical cartoon mocked the government's new policy.
El dibujo satírico burló la nueva política del gobierno.
A2 noun /ˈnefjuː/

nephew

sobrino
Meaning
the son of one’s brother or sister
Example
My nephew is studying at the university.
Mi sobrino estudia en la universidad.
C1 noun /ˈmaɪkrəʊˌklaɪmæt/

microclimate

microclima
Meaning
The climate of a small, specific area that may differ from the general climate of the surrounding region, often influenced by local factors like terrain, vegetation, or buildings.
Example
A microclimate can have a significant impact on plant growth.
Un microclima puede tener un impacto significativo en el crecimiento de las plantas.
B2 noun /ˌledʒɪsˈleɪʃən/

legislation

legislación
Meaning
laws considered collectively, or the act of making laws
Example
The government passed new legislation to protect the environment.
El gobierno aprobó nueva legislación para proteger el medio ambiente.
B2 noun /ɪmˈpaʊə.mənt/

empowerment

empoderamiento
Meaning
Authority or power given to someone to do something.
Example
Empowerment initiatives enhance confidence.
Las iniciativas de empoderamiento mejoran la confianza.
C1 adjective + noun ˈfeɪvərəbəl klaɪˈmætɪk kənˈdɪʃənz

favorable climatic conditions

condiciones climáticas favorables
Meaning
Weather conditions that are suitable and beneficial for growth or development
Example
Winter offers favorable climatic conditions for farming.
El invierno ofrece condiciones climáticas favorables para la agricultura.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pi/

philanthropy

filantropía
Meaning
the desire to promote the welfare of others, often expressed by the generous donation of money to good causes
Example
Philanthropy has helped improve healthcare in many developing countries.
La filantropía ha ayudado a mejorar la atención médica en muchos países en desarrollo.
B1 noun /ɪkˈspreʃ.ən/

Expression

expresión; manifestación;
Meaning
the act of making thoughts or feelings known; a look on someone's face
Example
The artist's painting was a beautiful expression of her inner emotions.
La pintura del artista fue una hermosa expresión de sus emociones internas.
B1 adverb /ˈnætʃərəli/

Naturally

de forma natural
Meaning
in a natural manner; as expected; of course
Example
She naturally excels in mathematics.
Ella sobresale naturalmente en matemáticas.
B1 adjective /pleɪn/

plain

sencillo
Meaning
simple or clear, without decoration or complexity
Example
She wore a plain white dress to the ceremony.
Ella llevaba un vestido blanco sencillo a la ceremonia.
B2 verb /mɜːrdʒ/

merge

fusionar
Meaning
to combine or join together; to blend into one
Example
The two companies decided to merge to increase their market share.
Las dos compañías decidieron fusionarse para aumentar su participación en el mercado.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈʃeɪkən/

Unshaken

inquebrantable; firme
Meaning
not disturbed or affected; firm and steady; unwavering
Example
Her faith remained unshaken despite all the challenges.
Su fe permaneció inquebrantable a pesar de todos los desafíos.
B1 noun /ˈeər fɔːrs/

Air force

fuerza aérea
Meaning
the military organization of a country that uses aircraft for fighting
Example
The air force conducted a training exercise over the mountains.
La fuerza aérea realizó un ejercicio de entrenamiento sobre las montañas.
B2 noun /ˈkoʊ.brə/

Cobra

cobra
Meaning
a venomous snake with a hood that can be spread when threatened
Example
The cobra raised its hood and hissed at the intruder.
La cobra levantó su capucha y siseó al intruso.
B2 noun/verb ˈven.tʃər

venture

empresa arriesgada, aventura, emprender
Meaning
A risky or daring journey or undertaking; a business enterprise involving considerable risk.
Example
His new venture into e-commerce proved successful.
Su nueva aventura en el comercio electrónico fue exitosa.
C1 verb /ˈfɜːrmɛnt/

ferment

someterse a un proceso químico donde los azúcares se convierten en alcohol o ácido; incitar o agitar el cambio
Meaning
to undergo a chemical process where sugars are converted to alcohol or acid; to incite or stir up change
Example
The grapes are left to ferment for several weeks.
Las uvas se dejan fermentar durante varias semanas.
C1 noun /ˌkɒn.təmˈpleɪ.ʃən/

contemplation

profunda reflexión
Meaning
The action of looking thoughtfully at something for a long time; deep reflective thought.
Example
She sat in contemplation before making her decision.
Ella se sentó en profunda reflexión antes de tomar su decisión.
C2 noun /nɛl/

knell

campanazo
Meaning
The sound of a bell, especially when rung solemnly for a death or funeral; a signal of the end or failure of something.
Example
The knell of the church bell echoed through the valley at dusk.
El campanazo de la iglesia resonó por el valle al atardecer.
C2 noun /noʊl/

Knoll

colina pequeña; montículo
Meaning
a small rounded hill or mound
Example
The old oak tree stood majestically on top of the grassy knoll.
El viejo roble se erguía majestuosamente sobre la pequeña colina cubierta de hierba.
C1 adjective ˌdet.rɪˈmen.təl

detrimental

detrimental
Meaning
Tending to cause harm; damaging or harmful.
Example
Pollution has detrimental effects on fertility.
La contaminación tiene efectos perjudiciales sobre la fertilidad.
B2 noun /əˈvɔɪdəns/

avoidance

evitación
Meaning
the act of staying away from something; deliberate prevention of contact or confrontation
Example
Avoidance of difficult conversations can create bigger problems later.
La evitación de conversaciones difíciles puede crear problemas mayores más tarde.
C1 adjective /mʌnˈdeɪn/

mundane

mundano
Meaning
lacking interest or excitement; dull and ordinary
Example
She tried to escape her mundane routine by traveling.
Ella intentó escapar de su rutina mundana viajando.
C1 adjective /ˈfɜːrtɪv/

furtive

furtivo
Meaning
Attempting to avoid notice or attention, typically because of guilt or a belief that discovery would lead to trouble.
Example
He cast a furtive glance at the door before leaving.
Él echó una mirada furtiva a la puerta antes de salir.
A1 verb /tʃuːz/

choose

elegir
Meaning
to pick or select from several options
Example
I always choose healthy food options.
Siempre elijo opciones de comida saludable.
B1 noun rəʊlz

Roles

rol
Meaning
A person's or thing's function in a particular situation.
Example
Defined roles improve team performance.
Los roles definidos mejoran el rendimiento del equipo.
C1 noun /ˈfaɪər.wɔːl/

firewall

cortafuegos
Meaning
A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.
Example
A firewall protects networks from cyber-attacks.
Un cortafuegos protege las redes de ciberataques.
C1 verb /ˌriːhəˈbɪlɪteɪt/

rehabilitate

rehabilitar
Meaning
to restore someone to health, normal life, or a good condition after illness, injury, or imprisonment
Example
The clinic helps rehabilitate injured athletes.
La clínica ayuda a rehabilitar a los atletas lesionados.
B1 adjective /əˈlɜːrt/

alert

alerta
Meaning
quick to notice and respond to potential danger or issues; aware and attentive
Example
The alert dog barked at the stranger approaching the house.
El perro alerta ladró al extraño que se acercaba a la casa.
C2 verb /ˌkaʊntərˈveɪl/

countervail

contrarrestar
Meaning
to offset or counteract the effect of something
Example
The benefits of the new policy countervail its drawbacks.
Los beneficios de la nueva política contrarrestan sus desventajas.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

impersonal
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
La carta fue escrita en un estilo muy impersonal.
B2 adjective /ɪkˈsɛntrɪk/

eccentric

excéntrico
Meaning
unconventional and slightly strange in behavior or appearance
Example
The artist was known for his eccentric style.
El artista era conocido por su estilo excéntrico.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtaɪmli/

Untimely

precipitado
Meaning
happening at an inappropriate or inconvenient time; premature
Example
His untimely death at the age of thirty shocked everyone.
Su muerte precipitada a la edad de treinta años sorprendió a todos.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnɪmˈplɔɪəbəl/

unemployable

desempleable
Meaning
Not able to be employed; lacking the skills or qualities necessary for employment
Example
Due to his criminal record, he was considered unemployable in most companies.
Debido a su historial criminal, fue considerado desempleable en la mayoría de las empresas.
C1 noun /bɒmˈbɑːrdmənt/

bombardment

bombardeo
Meaning
a continuous attack with bombs or other projectiles
Example
The city endured a heavy bombardment during the war.
La ciudad soportó un fuerte bombardeo durante la guerra.