congenital
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C1 adjective /kənˈdʒenɪtl/

congenital

congénito
Meaning
existing from birth, usually describing a disease or condition
Example
The child was born with a congenital heart defect.
El niño nació con un defecto congénito en el corazón.
C1 adjective /ˈnɔɪz.ləs/

Noiseless

sin sonido; completamente silencioso
Meaning
making no sound; completely silent
Example
She moved through the house in noiseless steps so as not to wake the baby.
Se movió por la casa con pasos silenciosos para no despertar al bebé.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪ.bəlˈbɒd.id/

able-bodied

físicamente apto
Meaning
physically strong and healthy, not disabled
Example
The company is looking for able-bodied workers for the construction site.
La empresa está buscando trabajadores físicamente aptos para el sitio de construcción.
C1 noun /fɪkˈseɪ.ʃən/

fixation

fijación o interés obsesivo en algo o alguien
Meaning
An obsessive interest in or feeling about someone or something.
Example
His fixation on perfectionism delayed project completion.
Su fijación con el perfeccionismo retrasó la finalización del proyecto.
C1 noun /səˈprɛʃən/

suppression

supresión
Meaning
the act of forcibly stopping something or holding back feelings or actions
Example
The suppression of free speech led to protests.
La supresión de la libertad de expresión llevó a protestas.
C1 noun /frəˈdʒɪl.ɪ.ti/

fragility

fragilidad
Meaning
The quality of being fragile; delicateness.
Example
The cornea's fragility increases with rubbing.
La fragilidad de la córnea aumenta con el frotamiento.
C1 noun /ˈkɔːrdən/

cordon

cordón de seguridad
Meaning
a line or circle of police, soldiers, or guards preventing access
Example
The police set up a cordon around the crime scene.
La policía estableció un cordón alrededor de la escena del crimen.
C1 noun kənˈɡlɒm.ər.ət

conglomerate

conglomerado
Meaning
A large corporation formed by the merging of separate and diverse firms.
Example
The company grew into a multinational conglomerate.
La compañía se convirtió en un conglomerado multinacional.
C1 adjective /səkˈsɪŋkt/

succinct

conciso
Meaning
Briefly and clearly expressed; characterized by clear, precise expression in few words.
Example
His speech was succinct and impactful.
Su discurso fue conciso e impactante.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

glosario
Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
El libro de texto incluye un glosario útil al final para definir términos técnicos.
C1 noun /ˈdɪsɪdənt/

dissident

disidente
Meaning
A person who opposes official policy, especially that of an authoritarian state.
Example
The dissident was arrested for speaking against the government.
El disidente fue arrestado por hablar en contra del gobierno.
C1 adjective /əˈɡrɛəriən/

agrarian

agrícola
Meaning
Related to farming, agriculture, or rural land.
Example
The country’s economy is still largely agrarian.
La economía del país sigue siendo en gran parte agrícola.
C1 adjective /ˈflʌstərd/

flustered

desconcertado
Meaning
in a state of confusion or agitation
Example
She appeared flustered after being asked so many questions.
Ella parecía desconcertada después de tantas preguntas.
C1 noun /ˈsɪn.ɪˌsɪz.əm/

cynicism

cinismo
Meaning
An inclination to believe that people are motivated purely by self-interest; skepticism.
Example
His cynicism made it hard for him to trust anyone.
Su cinismo le dificultaba confiar en alguien.
C1 noun /ˌɑːrbɪˈtreɪʃən/

arbitration

arbitraje
Meaning
the process of resolving a dispute through an impartial third party whose decision is binding; formal judgment outside a court
Example
The contract requires arbitration to settle any disputes.
El contrato exige arbitraje para resolver cualquier disputa.
C1 adjective /əbˈsɛsɪv/

obsessive

obsesivo
Meaning
Relating to or characterized by an obsession; thinking about something too much.
Example
He has an obsessive interest in cleanliness.
Él tiene un interés obsesivo en la limpieza.
C1 verb /skʌf/

scuff

rasguñar
Meaning
to mark or scratch the surface of something by rubbing
Example
He scuffed his shoes on the pavement.
Él rasguñó sus zapatos en la acera.
C1 adjective /ˈreɪdiənt/

radiant

radiante
Meaning
Shining brightly; expressing great happiness.
Example
She looked radiant in her wedding dress.
Ella se veía radiante con su vestido de novia.
C1 verb /dɪsˈɑːrm/

disarm

desarmar
Meaning
to take weapons away from someone; to make someone feel less hostile
Example
The soldiers were ordered to disarm the rebels.
A los soldados se les ordenó desarmar a los rebeldes.
C1 adjective ˈflʌd proʊn

flood-prone

propenso a inundaciones
Meaning
Susceptible to flooding; likely to experience floods frequently.
Example
Bangladesh is a flood-prone deltaic nation.
Bangladesh es una nación deltaica propensa a inundaciones.
C1 adjective /dɪˈstrɔːt/

distraught

desconcertado
Meaning
extremely upset and anxious, often to the point of being unable to think clearly
Example
She was distraught after losing her pet.
Ella estaba desconcertada después de perder su mascota.
C1 noun ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌnjuː.tri.ənts

micronutrients

micronutrientes
Meaning
Essential nutrients required by organisms in small quantities throughout life to orchestrate a range of physiological functions.
Example
Micronutrients are essential for cellular function.
Los micronutrientes son esenciales para la función celular.
C1 verb /ˈkænvəs/

canvass

solicitar votos
Meaning
to solicit votes or opinions; to examine thoroughly; to discuss in detail
Example
They will canvass the neighborhood for votes.
Ellos harán campaña en el vecindario para obtener votos.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstɔːr.ʃən/

extortion

extorsión
Meaning
the practice of obtaining something, especially money, through force or threats
Example
The businessman was arrested for extortion after threatening his partner.
El empresario fue arrestado por extorsión después de amenazar a su socio.
C1 noun ɪˌræʃ.ənˈæl.ɪ.ti

irrationality

irracionalidad, falta de lógica, irrazonabilidad
Meaning
The quality of being illogical or unreasonable; lack of rational thought.
Example
His decision was driven by complete irrationality.
Su decisión fue impulsada por una irracionalidad completa.
C1 adjective /ɪˈluːsɪv/

elusive

difícil de encontrar
Meaning
Difficult to find, catch, or achieve; hard to understand or define.
Example
The solution to the problem proved elusive.
La solución al problema resultó difícil de encontrar.
C1 verb /əˈprɛs/

oppress

oprimir
Meaning
to keep someone down by harsh and unfair use of authority; to suppress
Example
The dictator oppressed the people for decades.
El dictador oprimió a la gente durante décadas.
C1 noun /əˈsɪdɪti/

acidity

acidez
Meaning
the quality or degree of being acidic; the amount of acid present in a substance
Example
The acidity of the soil affects how well crops grow.
La acidez del suelo afecta el crecimiento de los cultivos.
C1 noun ˈfeɪz.aʊt

phase-out

eliminación gradual
Meaning
A gradual reduction and eventual elimination of something.
Example
A phase-out of fossil fuels was agreed upon.
Se acordó la eliminación gradual de los combustibles fósiles.
C1 adjective /ˌpæθəˈlɑːdʒɪkəl/

pathological

patológico, enfermizo
Meaning
Relating to disease; extreme or obsessive in a way that is abnormal.
Example
He has a pathological fear of failure.
Él tiene un miedo patológico al fracaso.
C1 adjective /kɪˈnɛtɪk/

kinetic

cinético
Meaning
Relating to or resulting from motion.
Example
Kinetic energy increases as the object moves faster.
La energía cinética aumenta a medida que el objeto se mueve más rápido.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːls.hʊd/

Falsehood

falsedad; mentira
Meaning
the state of being untrue; a lie
Example
The politician was caught spreading falsehoods about his opponent.
El político fue atrapado difundiendo falsedades sobre su oponente.
C1 verb/adjective /ˈɡræspɪŋ/

grasping

agarrando / codicioso
Meaning
Holding firmly; or (as an adjective) excessively greedy.
Example
The child was grasping her mother’s hand tightly.
El niño estaba agarrando fuertemente la mano de su madre.
C1 adverb /ˈvaɪtəli/

vitally

vitalmente
Meaning
in an extremely important or essential way; in a manner relating to life or vitality
Example
Access to clean water is vitally important for public health.
El acceso al agua limpia es vitalmente importante para la salud pública.
C1 noun /maɪm/

Mime

mimo; actor de mimo
Meaning
A performer who acts without words, using only gestures and body movements
Example
The street mime entertained the crowd with his invisible box routine.
El mimo callejero entretuvo a la multitud con su rutina de caja invisible.
C1 verb /ˈmæd.ən/

madden

enloquecer
Meaning
To make someone very angry or extremely annoyed.
Example
The constant noise maddened him.
El ruido constante lo enloqueció.
C1 adjective /ˈprɪnsəpəld/

principled

principista
Meaning
acting in accordance with moral or ethical standards
Example
He is a principled leader who always puts honesty first.
Él es un líder principista que siempre pone la honestidad primero.
C1 noun /ˈbæləd/

ballad

canción narrativa
Meaning
a narrative song or poem, often sentimental or romantic
Example
The singer performed a moving ballad about lost love.
El cantante interpretó una balada conmovedora sobre el amor perdido.
C1 noun /slɪt/

Slit

rendija
Meaning
a long narrow opening or cut
Example
There was a small slit in the fabric.
Había una pequeña rendija en la tela.
C1 adjective /ˈsæv.i/

savvy

astuto, sabio
Meaning
Having practical knowledge and the ability to make good judgments.
Example
She is a tech-savvy entrepreneur.
Ella es una emprendedora experta en tecnología.
C1 verb /kəˈluːd/

collude

conspirar
Meaning
To secretly cooperate or conspire with others, often for a deceitful purpose.
Example
The two companies colluded to fix prices in the market.
Las dos empresas conspiraron para fijar los precios en el mercado.
C1 adjective /ˈplaɪəbəl/

pliable

flexible
Meaning
easily bent or flexible; adaptable
Example
The metal is pliable enough to be shaped into jewelry.
El metal es lo suficientemente flexible como para ser moldeado en joyas.
C1 verb /spɔːn/

spawn

generar
Meaning
to produce or generate, often in large numbers
Example
The video game has spawned many sequels.
El videojuego ha generado muchas secuelas.
C1 verb /ˈfʌmbəl/

fumble

torpeza
Meaning
to handle something clumsily or to make mistakes while doing something
Example
He fumbled with the keys and dropped them on the floor.
Él torpedeó con las llaves y las dejó caer al suelo.
C1 verb /ˈtɪpɪfaɪ/

typify

representar
Meaning
to represent or be a typical example of something
Example
His leadership style typifies the new corporate culture.
Su estilo de liderazgo representa la nueva cultura corporativa.
C1 noun /ˈhʌbʌb/

hubbub

alboroto
Meaning
a loud noise caused by a crowd of people talking or shouting
Example
There was a hubbub in the market as the sale began.
Hubo un alboroto en el mercado cuando comenzó la venta.
C1 adjective ʌnˈmætʃt

unmatched

incomparable
Meaning
Not equaled or rivaled by any other; without equal.
Example
The freedom fighters showed unmatched bravery.
Los luchadores por la libertad demostraron valentía incomparable.
C1 noun /ˈsæf.aɪər/

Saphire

zafiro
Meaning
a precious stone that is typically blue in color
Example
The royal crown was adorned with a large sapphire.
La corona real estaba adornada con un gran zafiro.
C1 adjective /aɪˈreɪt/

irate

iracundo
Meaning
Extremely angry.
Example
The customer became irate after waiting for hours.
El cliente se puso iracundo después de esperar durante horas.
C1 noun /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsns/

convalescence

convalecencia
Meaning
the period of time spent recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
His convalescence lasted for almost two months after the accident.
Su convalecencia duró casi dos meses después del accidente.
C1 adjective /ɔːˌθɒr.ɪˈteə.ri.ən/

authoritarian

autoritario
Meaning
Demanding absolute obedience to authority; excessively controlling or strict in governance.
Example
Authoritarian parenting often limits a child's independence.
La crianza autoritaria a menudo limita la independencia de un niño.
C1 adjective/verb /ˈprɒstreɪt/

prostrate

postrado
Meaning
lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward, often as a sign of submission or exhaustion
Example
He lay prostrate on the ground after the long battle.
Él se tiró postrado en el suelo después de la larga batalla.
C1 adjective /ˈlɔː.də.bəl/

laudable

loable
Meaning
Deserving praise and admiration.
Example
Her efforts to help the poor are truly laudable.
Sus esfuerzos para ayudar a los pobres son realmente loables.
C1 adjective /ˈnæk.ərd/

Knackered

extremadamente cansado; agotado
Meaning
extremely tired; exhausted
Example
I'm absolutely knackered after working all day.
Estoy completamente agotado después de trabajar todo el día.
C1 verb /iːk/

eke

hacer durar
Meaning
to make a small amount of something last longer by using it sparingly
Example
The family tried to eke out their savings during the tough months.
La familia intentó hacer durar sus ahorros durante los meses difíciles.
C1 noun /ˈprɒvənəns/

provenance

origen
Meaning
The origin or source of something.
Example
The museum verified the provenance of the ancient manuscript.
El museo verificó el origen del antiguo manuscrito.
C1 verb /ɪˈkweɪt/

equate

equiparar
Meaning
To consider as equal or equivalent.
Example
Many people equate wealth with success.
Muchas personas equiparan la riqueza con el éxito.
C1 noun /ˈmɛləˌdrɑːmə/

melodrama

melodrama exagerado
Meaning
A dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the emotions.
Example
The movie was criticized for its excessive melodrama.
La película fue criticada por su melodrama excesivo.
C1 adjective lɪŋˈɡwɪs.tɪk

linguistic

lingüístico
Meaning
Related to language or linguistics; concerning the scientific study of language.
Example
The AI model learns from linguistic patterns.
El modelo de IA aprende de los patrones lingüísticos.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈkæl.ɪ.breɪt/

recalibrate

recalibrar, ajustar nuevamente
Meaning
To calibrate again or differently; to adjust or correct something based on new information or changed circumstances.
Example
The company had to recalibrate its strategies to adapt to the market.
La empresa tuvo que recalibrar sus estrategias para adaptarse al mercado.
C1 adverb /ˈɒp.tɪ.məl.i/

optimally

de manera óptima
Meaning
In the most effective or efficient way possible.
Example
Tasks should be allocated optimally for maximum output.
Las tareas deben asignarse de manera óptima para obtener el máximo rendimiento.
C1 noun /ˌsɛlfsəˈfɪʃənsi/

Self-sufficiency

autosuficiencia
Meaning
the ability to supply one's own needs without external assistance; independence
Example
The farm achieved complete self-sufficiency in food production.
La granja logró la autosuficiencia completa en la producción de alimentos.
C1 noun /ˈreɪ.biːz/

rabies

rabia
Meaning
A viral disease that causes inflammation of the brain in humans and other mammals, usually transmitted through animal bites.
Example
The dog was vaccinated against rabies.
El perro fue vacunado contra la rabia.
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

cremar
Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
Según sus deseos, cremaron su cuerpo después del funeral.
C1 noun /ˈrɒstrəm/

rostrum

estrado
Meaning
A raised platform for speakers, performers, or leaders.
Example
The politician delivered a speech from the rostrum.
El político dio un discurso desde el estrado.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʒʊəriəs/

injurious

perjudicial
Meaning
Causing or likely to cause harm or damage.
Example
Smoking is injurious to health.
Fumar es perjudicial para la salud.
C1 adverb /əˈbrɛst/

abreast

lado a lado
Meaning
side by side and facing the same direction; informed about something
Example
The soldiers marched two abreast down the street.
Los soldados marcharon dos lado a lado por la calle.
C1 verb /ˈsmoʊldər/

smolder

ardecer lentamente
Meaning
to burn slowly with smoke but no flame; to show suppressed anger or emotion
Example
The fire smoldered for hours before it went out.
El fuego ardió lentamente durante horas antes de apagarse.
C1 verb, noun /ˈmʌstər/

muster

reunir / juntar coraje
Meaning
to gather people, especially soldiers; to summon courage or strength
Example
He mustered enough courage to face the challenge.
Él reunió suficiente coraje para enfrentar el desafío.
C1 verb /ɪnˈskraɪb/

inscribe

grabar
Meaning
to write or carve words or symbols on a surface
Example
They inscribed her name on the trophy.
Ellos grabaron su nombre en el trofeo.
C1 noun /ˈhiːdənɪst/

hedonist

hedonista
Meaning
A person who believes that the pursuit of pleasure is the most important thing in life.
Example
She was called a hedonist because she always prioritized enjoyment over duty.
La llamaron hedonista porque siempre priorizaba el disfrute sobre el deber.
C1 adverb /ˈwɪmzɪkli/

Whimsically

caprichosamente
Meaning
In a playful, fanciful, or capricious manner; with sudden changes of mind
Example
She decorated her room whimsically with colorful balloons.
Ella decoró su habitación de forma caprichosa con globos coloridos.
C1 adjective /ˈɡæl.ənt/

gallant

valiente, héroe
Meaning
Brave, heroic, or chivalrous.
Example
The gallant firefighter saved the child from the burning building.
El valiente bombero salvó al niño del edificio en llamas.
C1 noun ˈhʌz.bən.dri

husbandry

agricultura y ganadería
Meaning
The care, cultivation, and breeding of crops and animals; farming and agriculture.
Example
Proper husbandry techniques improve livestock health.
Las técnicas adecuadas de ganadería mejoran la salud del ganado.
C1 noun /ˈkwɒn.dər.i/

Quandary

dilema; incertidumbre
Meaning
a difficult situation where you cannot decide what to do; dilemma
Example
She was in a quandary about which job offer to accept.
Ella estaba en un dilema sobre qué oferta de trabajo aceptar.
C1 adjective /riˈækʃəˌneri/

reactionary

reaccionario
Meaning
Opposing political or social progress or reform; extremely conservative.
Example
The group took a reactionary stance against the new policies.
El grupo adoptó una postura reaccionaria contra las nuevas políticas.
C1 adjective /ˈɪntrɪkət/

intricate

intrincado
Meaning
very detailed, complex, and difficult to understand
Example
The artist created an intricate pattern on the wall.
El artista creó un patrón intrincado en la pared.
C1 adjective /prəˈfɛtɪk/

prophetic

profético
Meaning
accurately predicting or describing what will happen in the future
Example
His prophetic words came true after many years.
Sus palabras proféticas se hicieron realidad después de muchos años.
C1 adjective /trænsˈluːsənt/

translucent

semi-transparente
Meaning
allowing light to pass through, but not clearly enough to see detailed images
Example
She placed the flower in a translucent vase.
Colocó la flor en un jarrón semi-transparente.
C1 verb /ˈbəʊl.stər/

bolster

fortalecer
Meaning
To support or strengthen; to prop up.
Example
The new policy aims to bolster economic growth.
La nueva política tiene como objetivo reforzar el crecimiento económico.
C1 adverb /ˈkrɒswaɪz/

Crosswise

en forma de cruz
Meaning
in the form of a cross; diagonally across
Example
Place the logs crosswise to build a stable fire.
Coloca los troncos en forma de cruz para hacer un fuego estable.
C1 adjective /moʊv/

mauve

morado claro
Meaning
a pale purple color with a grayish or bluish tinge
Example
She wore a beautiful mauve dress to the party.
Ella llevaba un hermoso vestido morado claro en la fiesta.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrtɪnənt/

impertinent

impertinente
Meaning
rude and showing a lack of respect
Example
It was impertinent of him to question the manager's decision.
Fue impertinente de su parte cuestionar la decisión del gerente.
C1 adjective /ˈθɪŋ.kə.bəl/

thinkable

pensable
Meaning
Capable of being imagined or conceived; possible to consider or believe
Example
It is hard to believe that such an outcome is even thinkable.
Es difícil creer que tal resultado sea siquiera imaginable.
C1 adjective /ɪˈvɒkətɪv/

evocative

evocador
Meaning
bringing strong images, memories, or feelings to mind
Example
The music was evocative of her childhood memories.
La música evocó sus recuerdos de la infancia.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

unforeseen

inesperado
Meaning
Not anticipated or predicted; unexpected.
Example
The project faced unforeseen challenges that delayed its completion.
El proyecto enfrentó desafíos imprevistos que retrasaron su finalización.
C1 adverb /ˈɪnwərdli/

inwardly

por dentro
Meaning
In the mind or spirit; not outwardly visible.
Example
She smiled outwardly but inwardly she was worried.
Ella sonrió por fuera, pero por dentro estaba preocupada.
C1 adjective /ˌniːoʊˈlɪθɪk/

neolithic

neolítico
Meaning
Relating to the later part of the Stone Age, when ground or polished stone weapons and tools prevailed.
Example
Neolithic communities began practicing agriculture and domesticating animals.
Las comunidades neolíticas comenzaron a practicar la agricultura y a domesticar animales.
C1 adjective, noun /ˈkeɪnaɪn/

canine

relacionado con los perros / dientes caninos
Meaning
Relating to dogs; also refers to the pointed teeth in humans and animals
Example
The police trained a canine unit for search operations.
La policía entrenó una unidad canina para las operaciones de búsqueda.
C1 noun /wedʒ/

Wedge

cuña; cuñar; partir
Meaning
a triangular piece of wood or metal used for splitting or securing; a piece of cheese or cake
Example
He used a wooden wedge to split the log into smaller pieces.
Usó una cuña de madera para dividir el tronco en pedazos más pequeños.
C1 adjective ˈmær.ɪ.taɪm

Maritime

marítimo
Meaning
Connected with the sea, especially in relation to seafaring commercial or military activity.
Example
Maritime trade enhances the economy.
El comercio marítimo mejora la economía.
C1 verb /rɪˈkɔɪl/

recoil

retroceder
Meaning
To suddenly spring back in fear, horror, or from force such as a gun's kickback.
Example
She recoiled at the sight of the snake.
Ella se encogió al ver la serpiente.
C1 adjective /ˈpærəmaʊnt/

paramount

de suma importancia
Meaning
more important than anything else; supreme
Example
Safety is of paramount importance in this factory.
La seguridad es de suma importancia en esta fábrica.
C1 adjective /ˈpɪθ.i/

pithy

conciso y significativo
Meaning
concise and meaningful; full of substance
Example
She gave a pithy comment that summarized the issue perfectly.
Ella dio un comentario conciso que resumió perfectamente el asunto.
C1 noun /ˌdev.əˈtiː/

Devotee

devoto; seguidor
Meaning
a person who is very interested in and enthusiastic about someone or something
Example
As a devotee of classical music, she attended every concert in the city.
Como devota de la música clásica, asistió a cada concierto en la ciudad.
C1 noun /ˈrep.lɪ.kə/

Replica

réplica
Meaning
an exact copy or model of something, especially one on a smaller scale
Example
The museum displayed a perfect replica of the ancient statue.
El museo exhibió una réplica perfecta de la estatua antigua.
C1 adjective /ˈɪrɪtəbl/

irritable

irritable
Meaning
easily annoyed or made angry
Example
She became irritable after working long hours without rest.
Ella se volvió irritable después de trabajar muchas horas sin descanso.
C1 noun /ˈsʌtlti/

subtlety

sutileza
Meaning
The quality or state of being subtle.
Example
She understood the subtlety of the situation.
Ella entendió la sutileza de la situación.
C1 adjective /ˈwɪl.fəl/

Wilful

terco; intencional
Meaning
deliberately stubborn; done on purpose; intentional
Example
His wilful disobedience led to punishment.
Su desobediencia deliberada lo llevó a un castigo.
C1 noun /ɪnˈtɛstɪn/

intestine

intestino
Meaning
The part of the digestive system where food is digested and absorbed, extending from the stomach to the anus.
Example
The doctor explained how nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine.
El doctor explicó cómo los nutrientes se absorben en el intestino delgado.
C1 noun /ɡæsˈtrɒnəmi/

gastronomy

gastronomía
Meaning
The art or science of good eating and fine cuisine.
Example
Paris is famous for its rich tradition of gastronomy.
París es famoso por su rica tradición en gastronomía.
C1 noun /ˈtɒpˌsɔɪl/

topsoil

capa superficial del suelo
Meaning
the top layer of soil, which is rich in organic matter and nutrients
Example
Farmers rely on healthy topsoil for good crop yields.
Los agricultores dependen de un suelo superficial saludable para obtener buenos rendimientos de cosecha.
C1 noun /hɑːrp/

Harp

arpa
Meaning
a large triangular musical instrument with strings that are plucked
Example
The angel played a beautiful melody on the harp.
El ángel tocó una hermosa melodía en el arpa.
C1 noun əˌsɪm.ɪˈleɪ.ʃən

Assimilation

asimilación
Meaning
Connecting new information with existing knowledge
Example
Proper assimilation of knowledge leads to effective learning.
La correcta asimilación del conocimiento conduce a un aprendizaje efectivo.
C1 preposition /ˈbɑːrɪŋ/

barring

excepto por, salvo
Meaning
except for; if not for
Example
Barring a miracle, the team will not win the championship.
Salvo un milagro, el equipo no ganará el campeonato.
C1 noun /ˈmeɪniə/

Mania

manía; entusiasmo extremo
Meaning
Mental illness marked by periods of great excitement; extreme enthusiasm
Example
She had a mania for collecting vintage postcards from around the world.
Ella tenía una manía por coleccionar tarjetas postales antiguas de todo el mundo.
C1 adjective /ˌæl.truˈɪs.tɪk/

altruistic

altruista
Meaning
Showing a disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.
Example
Her altruistic nature led her to volunteer for charities.
Su naturaleza altruista la llevó a ser voluntaria para organizaciones benéficas.
C1 adverb /ˌðɛrəˈbaʊt/

thereabout

aproximadamente
Meaning
Approximately or around that place, amount, or time.
Example
The repairs will cost five hundred dollars or thereabout.
Las reparaciones costarán quinientos dólares o alrededor de eso.
C1 verb /dɪsˈsætɪsfaɪ/

dissatisfy

desacontentar
Meaning
to fail to please or meet expectations; to make someone unhappy
Example
The poor service dissatisfies many customers.
El mal servicio disatisface a muchos clientes.
C1 noun /ˈpɔɪ.nən.si/

poignancy

tristeza, congoja
Meaning
the quality of evoking a keen sense of sadness or regret; emotionally touching
Example
The poignancy of the farewell brought tears to everyone's eyes.
La tristeza de la despedida trajo lágrimas a los ojos de todos.
C1 adverb /əˈlɜːrtli/

alertly

atentamente
Meaning
in a watchful, attentive, and quick-to-notice manner
Example
She listened alertly to every sound in the dark forest.
Ella escuchó atentamente cada sonido en el bosque oscuro.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

unthinking

irreflexivo
Meaning
done without careful thought; automatic or thoughtless
Example
His unthinking remark hurt her feelings.
Su comentario irreflexivo hirió sus sentimientos.
C1 noun /ˈædʒʌŋkt/

adjunct

auxiliar
Meaning
a thing added to something else as a supplementary part
Example
The professor worked as an adjunct at the university.
El profesor trabajaba como auxiliar en la universidad.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈsiːt/

reseat

reubicar
Meaning
to seat someone again or to fit something back into its place
Example
The usher had to reseat the guests after the interruption.
El acomodador tuvo que reubicar a los invitados después de la interrupción.
C1 noun /ˈzɛnəˌfoʊb/

xenophobe

xenófobo
Meaning
a person who dislikes or fears people from other countries or cultures
Example
The politician was criticized as a xenophobe due to his anti-immigrant policies.
El político fue criticado como xenófobo debido a sus políticas anti-inmigrantes.
C1 adjective /ˌaʊt ən ˈaʊt/

out-and-out

completo
Meaning
complete; absolute; used to emphasize something extreme
Example
The speech was an out-and-out lie.
El discurso fue una mentira completa.
C1 verb /trænˈzækt/

transact

realizar
Meaning
to conduct or carry out business, a deal, or activity
Example
Customers can transact their banking online.
Los clientes pueden realizar sus transacciones bancarias en línea.
C1 noun /ˈɛləkwəns/

eloquence

elocuencia
Meaning
Fluent or persuasive speaking or writing.
Example
His eloquence in speech won him great respect.
Su elocuencia en el discurso le ganó mucho respeto.
C1 noun dɪˌlɪb.əˈreɪ.ʃən

deliberation

deliberación
Meaning
Long and careful consideration or discussion.
Example
The agreement was finalized after much deliberation.
El acuerdo se finalizó después de mucha deliberación.
C1 adjective /pərˈpɔːrtɪd/

purported

presunto
Meaning
alleged or claimed to be true, often without proof
Example
The purported evidence was later proven false.
La evidencia presunta fue más tarde probada como falsa.
C1 noun /səbˈvɜːrʒən/

subversion

subversión
Meaning
the act of trying to destroy or undermine an established system or authority
Example
The government accused the rebels of planning subversion.
El gobierno acusó a los rebeldes de planear una subversión.