benignant
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C2 adjective /bɪˈnɪɡnənt/

benignant

benigno, bondadoso
Meaning
Kindly and benevolent in nature.
Example
The teacher’s benignant attitude made the students feel comfortable.
La actitud benigna del maestro hizo que los estudiantes se sintieran cómodos.
C1 adverb /rɪˈspek.tə.bli/

Respectably

de manera respetable; decente;
Meaning
in a way that is worthy of respect; decently; properly
Example
She was dressed respectably for the interview.
Ella estaba vestida de manera respetable para la entrevista.
C1 noun /ˌɛksɛnˈtrɪsəti/

eccentricity

excentricidad
Meaning
the quality of being unconventional or slightly strange
Example
His eccentricity made him both admired and misunderstood.
Su excentricidad lo hizo ser tanto admirado como incomprendido.
C1 verb /ˈstaɪfəld/

stifled

sofocar
Meaning
to suppress, hold back, or prevent something from happening
Example
He stifled a laugh during the serious meeting.
Él sofocó una risa durante la reunión seria.
C1 verb/adjective /dɪˈdʒɛnəreɪt/

degenerate

degenerar
Meaning
To decline or deteriorate in quality, character, or condition; or someone with low moral standards.
Example
The once thriving empire began to degenerate into chaos.
El imperio que una vez prosperó comenzó a degenerar en el caos.
C1 noun /ˈbʊzəm/

bosom

pecho
Meaning
the human chest, especially a woman’s breast; also used metaphorically to refer to closeness or intimacy
Example
She kept the secret close to her bosom.
Ella guardó el secreto cerca de su pecho.
C2 noun /ˌɡæskəˈneɪd/

gasconade

presunción exagerada, jactancia
Meaning
Extravagant boasting or bragging.
Example
His endless gasconade made him unpopular among his peers.
Su interminable presunción lo hizo impopular entre sus compañeros.
C2 adjective /ˈæfərənt/

afferent

aferente
Meaning
carrying impulses toward a central organ or part, especially toward the brain or spinal cord
Example
Afferent nerves carry signals from the body to the brain.
Los nervios aferentes llevan señales desde el cuerpo al cerebro.
C1 noun /ˈkæpɪˌlɛri/

capillary

capilar
Meaning
a very thin blood vessel that connects arteries and veins
Example
Oxygen passes from the blood into tissues through capillaries.
El oxígeno pasa de la sangre a los tejidos a través de los capilares.
C1 noun /roʊt/

rote

de memoria
Meaning
mechanical or habitual repetition, often without understanding
Example
He learned the poem by rote without understanding its meaning.
Él aprendió el poema de memoria sin entender su significado.
C1 verb /skʌlpt/

sculpt

felicidad
Meaning
to create or shape something by carving or molding
Example
The artist sculpted a beautiful statue from marble.
Ella no pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
B2 noun ˈɡloʊbəl ɪˈnɪʃətɪvz

global initiatives

iniciativas globales
Meaning
Worldwide efforts or programs aimed at addressing global challenges or achieving common goals.
Example
Global initiatives inspire better waste management practices.
Las iniciativas globales inspiran mejores prácticas de gestión de residuos.
C1 noun /ədˈmɪtəns/

admittance

admisión
Meaning
the process or fact of entering or being allowed to enter a place
Example
No admittance without a valid ticket.
No hay admisión sin un boleto válido.
A1 adjective /haɪ/

high

alto
Meaning
At or to a great height; greater than normal in amount, degree, or intensity.
Example
The mountain peak is very high.
El pico de la montaña es muy alto.
A2 noun /ɡəˈrɪl.ə/

Gorilla

gorila
Meaning
a large powerful ape found in the forests of central Africa
Example
The gorilla beat its chest to show dominance.
El gorila golpeó su pecho para mostrar dominio.
A2 adjective /kəˈriːən/

korean

coreano
Meaning
relating to Korea, its people, language, or culture
Example
We went to a Korean restaurant for dinner.
Fuimos a un restaurante coreano para cenar.
B2 adjective /ˈʌt.ɚ/

Utter

completo; absoluto; total
Meaning
complete; absolute; total
Example
The movie was an utter disaster at the box office.
La película fue un desastre total en la taquilla.
B1 adverb /ˈniːtli/

Neatly

ordenadamente; cuidadosamente
Meaning
in a tidy and orderly way; carefully and precisely
Example
She arranged the books neatly on the shelf.
Ella arregló los libros ordenadamente en la estantería.
C1 verb /ɪkˈstoʊl/

extol

alabar
Meaning
to praise enthusiastically and highly
Example
The teacher extolled the student's dedication and hard work.
El maestro alabó la dedicación y el trabajo duro del estudiante.
C2 verb /dʒaɪb/

jibe

insultar / estar en armonía
Meaning
to make an insulting remark; to be in agreement or harmony with
Example
His actions did not jibe with his words.
Sus acciones no coincidían con sus palabras.
C2 noun /ˌsɪnjuˈɒsɪti/

sinuosity

sinuosidad
Meaning
The quality or state of being winding, curving, or having many turns.
Example
The sinuosity of the river made navigation challenging.
La sinuosidad del río hizo que la navegación fuera desafiante.
B2 verb /dʌmp/

dump

dejar caer o desechar algo descuidadamente
Meaning
to drop or dispose of something carelessly; to end a relationship suddenly
Example
He dumped all the trash into the bin.
Él tiró toda la basura en el bote.
C1 noun /ˈɪnsɪdəns/

incidence

incidencia
Meaning
the occurrence, rate, or frequency of something
Example
The incidence of road accidents has decreased this year.
La incidencia de accidentes de tráfico ha disminuido este año.
B2 noun /ˈhɑːrvɪst/

harvest

cosecha
Meaning
the process or period of gathering crops
Example
Farmers are busy during the rice harvest season.
Los agricultores están ocupados durante la temporada de cosecha de arroz.
C2 noun /ˈpæk.ɪ.dɜːrm/

pachyderm

mamífero grande con piel gruesa
Meaning
a large mammal with thick skin, such as an elephant, rhinoceros, or hippopotamus
Example
The zoo had several pachyderms, including elephants and rhinos.
El zoológico tenía varios pachidermos, incluidos elefantes y rinocerontes.
B1 noun rɪˈdʌk.ʃən

reduction

reducción
Meaning
The action or fact of making a specified thing smaller or less in amount, degree, or size.
Example
Greenhouse gas reduction is a primary global goal.
La reducción de los gases de efecto invernadero es un objetivo global principal.
C1 noun /moʊl/

Mole

topo
Meaning
a small burrowing mammal with tiny eyes and soft fur
Example
The mole dug tunnels under the garden.
El topo excavó túneles bajo el jardín.
B2 adjective /ʌnˈberəbəl/

Unbearable

insostenible
Meaning
too painful, annoying, or unpleasant to tolerate; impossible to endure
Example
The heat in the desert was unbearable.
El calor en el desierto era insoportable.
A2 adverb /ˈklɪrli/

clearly

claramente
Meaning
In a way that is easy to perceive, understand, or see.
Example
She spoke clearly so that everyone could understand.
Ella habló claramente para que todos pudieran entender.
C2 noun /ˈbroʊmaɪd/

bromide

idea trillada
Meaning
A trite or unoriginal idea or remark; also a chemical compound of bromine.
Example
His speech was full of old bromides about hard work.
Su discurso estaba lleno de viejas ideas trilladas sobre el trabajo duro.
A2 adjective /ɪkˈspɛnsɪv/

expensive

caro
Meaning
costing a lot of money
Example
That car is too expensive for me to buy.
Ese coche es demasiado caro para que pueda comprarlo.
B2 adjective /beər/

Bare

desnudo; descubierto; vacío; mínimo
Meaning
naked; uncovered; empty; minimal
Example
The bare walls of the room needed some decoration.
Las paredes desnudas de la habitación necesitaban algo de decoración.
A2 noun /ɪkˈspɪə.ri.əns/

Experience

experiencia
Meaning
practical contact with and observation of facts or events; knowledge gained through involvement
Example
Her years of teaching experience made her an excellent mentor for new teachers.
Su experiencia en la enseñanza la convirtió en una excelente mentora para los nuevos maestros.
C1 noun /ˈlɛɡɪŋ/

legging

pantalones ajustados
Meaning
tight-fitting stretch pants, typically worn by women for exercise or casual wear
Example
She bought a new pair of black leggings for the gym.
Ella compró un nuevo par de leggings negros para el gimnasio.
C1 noun /ˈɡlɒs.ər.i/

Glossary

glosario
Meaning
an alphabetical list of terms in a particular domain of knowledge with explanations; a brief dictionary
Example
The textbook includes a helpful glossary at the end to define technical terms.
El libro de texto incluye un glosario útil al final para definir términos técnicos.
C1 noun /ˈɡraʊnd kruː/

ground crew

personal de tierra
Meaning
a team of people who maintain and service aircraft on the ground
Example
The ground crew prepared the plane for takeoff.
El personal de tierra preparó el avión para el despegue.
C1 adjective /ˈlɛdʒəbl/

legible

legible
Meaning
clear enough to read
Example
Her handwriting was barely legible.
Su letra apenas era legible.
C2 noun /lɒx/

loch

laguna
Meaning
a lake or sea inlet, especially in Scotland
Example
Tourists visit Loch Ness to search for the legendary monster.
Los turistas visitan Loch Ness para buscar al monstruo legendario.
C1 adjective /flæmˈbɔɪənt/

flamboyant

llamativo, colorido o confiado
Meaning
showy, strikingly bold or colorful; confident and lively
Example
His flamboyant style drew everyone's attention at the party.
Su estilo llamativo atrajo la atención de todos en la fiesta.
B1 noun/verb /ˈdɒkjʊmənt/

document

documento
Meaning
Noun: A written, printed, or electronic record that provides information or evidence. Verb: To record information in written or electronic form.
Example
She carefully documented all the expenses of the trip.
Ella documentó cuidadosamente todos los gastos del viaje.
C1 verb /reɪz/

raze

demoler
Meaning
To completely destroy or demolish something, especially a building.
Example
The old factory was razed to make way for new apartments.
La vieja fábrica fue demolida para dar paso a nuevos apartamentos.
C2 adjective /ˌnjuːmɪzˈmætɪk/

numismatic

numismático
Meaning
relating to the study or collection of coins, currency, and medals
Example
He has a numismatic collection of rare coins from around the world.
Él tiene una colección numismática de monedas raras de todo el mundo.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnstənˈteɪniəs/

instantaneous

instantáneo
Meaning
Happening immediately, without any delay.
Example
The change in temperature was almost instantaneous.
El cambio de temperatura fue casi instantáneo.
C1 noun /ˈlæb.ə.rɪnθ/

labyrinth

laberinto, red de pasajes complicados
Meaning
A complicated network of paths or passages; an intricate and confusing arrangement.
Example
The city's streets were like a labyrinth.
Las calles de la ciudad eran como un laberinto.
C1 adjective /bəˈroʊk/

baroque

estilo barroco
Meaning
relating to a highly ornate and extravagant style of art, architecture, or music from the 17th and early 18th centuries; excessively elaborate or complex
Example
The church was decorated in a baroque style with intricate details.
La iglesia estaba decorada con un estilo barroco con detalles intrincados.
B2 verb /ˈreɪn.dʒɪŋ/

ranging

oscilar
Meaning
Extending or varying between limits.
Example
The temperatures are ranging from 15 to 30 degrees this week.
Las temperaturas están oscilando de 15 a 30 grados esta semana.
B2 verb /ɪmˈprɪzən/

imprison

encarcelar
Meaning
to put someone in prison; to confine or restrict someone's freedom
Example
The judge imprisoned the criminal for five years.
El juez encarceló al criminal por cinco años.
C1 noun /fɪˈnɑːleɪ/

finale

final
Meaning
the last part or conclusion of a performance, event, or series
Example
The concert ended with a spectacular finale.
El concierto terminó con un espectacular final.
C1 adjective /əbˈzɜːrvənt/

Observant

observador
Meaning
quick to notice things; watchful; attentive
Example
The observant detective noticed every small detail at the crime scene.
El detective observador notó cada pequeño detalle en la escena del crimen.
B2 adjective /dɪˈprɛst/

depressed

deprimido
Meaning
Feeling very sad and without hope; in a state of unhappiness.
Example
She felt depressed after losing her job.
Ella se sintió deprimida después de perder su trabajo.
C2 noun /ˈreɪmənt/

raiment

atuendo
Meaning
clothing, especially fine or formal wear
Example
The king wore royal raiment during the ceremony.
El rey usó atuendo real durante la ceremonia.
C2 verb ˈɪn.kʌl.keɪt

inculcate

inculcar
Meaning
Instill an attitude, idea, or habit by persistent instruction; to teach and impress by frequent repetitions.
Example
Parents should inculcate good values in their children.
Los padres deberían inculcar buenos valores en sus hijos.
C2 verb /ɪˈfɛktʃueɪt/

effectuate

efectuar
Meaning
to put into force or cause to happen; to bring about
Example
The manager effectuated the changes to improve efficiency.
El gerente efectuó los cambios para mejorar la eficiencia.
B2 noun ˈæn.ɪk.doʊt

anecdote

una historia corta e interesante utilizada en discursos o escritos
Meaning
A short interesting story used in speeches or writing.
Example
A well-placed anecdote makes a speech more relatable.
Una anécdota bien colocada hace que un discurso sea más relatable.
B2 verb /ɪˈlɪmɪneɪt/

eliminate

eliminar
Meaning
To completely remove or get rid of something.
Example
Eliminate time-wasting habits.
Elimina los hábitos que desperdician tiempo.
A1 verb /tɔːk/

talk

hablar
Meaning
to speak; to communicate by speaking; to discuss
Example
Let's talk about your future plans.
Hablemos sobre tus planes futuros.
C2 noun /ˈnɪk.næk/

knickknack

felicidad
Meaning
A small decorative object, especially in a house.
Example
The shelf was full of little knickknacks collected from their travels.
No pudo ocultar su felicidad cuando recibió el premio.
C1 noun /ˈpær.ə.di/

Parody

parodia
Meaning
an imitation of a particular style for comic effect; a humorous exaggerated copy
Example
The comedy show featured a parody of famous politicians.
El programa de comedia presentó una parodia de políticos famosos.
A1 adverb /ðɛn/

then

entonces
Meaning
at that time; next in order of time or place
Example
We went to the park, and then we had lunch.
Fuimos al parque, y luego comimos.
C2 adjective /ˌkɒn.tjʊˈmeɪ.ʃəs/

contumacious

rebelde, desobediente
Meaning
stubbornly disobedient or rebellious
Example
The contumacious student refused to follow the school rules.
El estudiante rebelde se negó a seguir las reglas de la escuela.
B2 noun /ˈsɛnət/

senate

senado
Meaning
a legislative or governing body, typically the upper chamber in a bicameral legislature
Example
The senate voted in favor of the new healthcare bill.
El senado votó a favor del nuevo proyecto de ley de salud.
A2 adjective /ɪˈlɛktrɪk/

electric

eléctrico
Meaning
Relating to or operated by electricity.
Example
The room was lit by an electric lamp.
La habitación estaba iluminada por una lámpara eléctrica.
C2 verb /dɔːb/

daub

untar
Meaning
to spread a thick or sticky substance carelessly on a surface
Example
The children daubed paint all over the walls.
Los niños untaron pintura por todas las paredes.
B2 verb /rɪˈvɜːs/

reverse

invertir
Meaning
to change something to the opposite direction, position, or result
Example
She quickly reversed the car out of the driveway.
Ella rápidamente invirtió el coche fuera de la entrada.
C2 noun /ˌɪrɪˈdɛsəns/

iridescence

brillo iridiscente
Meaning
a play of lustrous, changing colors like those of a rainbow
Example
The butterfly's wings shimmered with iridescence.
Las alas de la mariposa brillaban con brillo iridiscente.
C1 adjective /dɪˈfʌŋkt/

defunct

fuera de servicio, desaparecido
Meaning
No longer existing, operating, or functioning.
Example
The company became defunct after the financial crisis.
La empresa se volvió defunta después de la crisis financiera.
C1 noun /ˈænti ˈeəkræft ɡʌn/

Anti-aircraft-gun

cañón antiaéreo
Meaning
a weapon designed to attack aircraft from the ground
Example
The anti-aircraft gun was positioned to defend the military base.
El cañón antiaéreo estaba posicionado para defender la base militar.
B2 noun /ˈsloʊɡən/

slogan

eslogan
Meaning
a short and memorable phrase used to promote a cause or product
Example
The campaign used a powerful slogan to inspire people.
La campaña utilizó un eslogan poderoso para inspirar a la gente.
C2 adverb, adjective /ˈɡrætɪs/ or /ˈɡreɪtɪs/

gratis

gratis
Meaning
Without charge; free of cost.
Example
The drinks at the event were provided gratis.
Las bebidas en el evento fueron proporcionadas gratis.
C2 verb /ɪˈvɪns/

evince

demostrar
Meaning
to show or demonstrate clearly
Example
She evinced her interest in the project through active participation.
Ella evidenció su interés en el proyecto mediante una participación activa.
C1 adjective /əbˈstrʌk.tɪv/

Obstructive

obstructivo
Meaning
deliberately creating difficulties or preventing progress; hindering or blocking something
Example
The obstructive policies hindered economic growth.
Las políticas obstructivas obstaculizaron el crecimiento económico.
B1 adjective /ɪkˈspɪəriənst/

experienced

experimentado
Meaning
having knowledge or skill in a particular field gained through experience
Example
She is an experienced teacher who knows how to handle difficult students.
Ella es una profesora experimentada que sabe cómo manejar a estudiantes difíciles.
A1 noun /faɪər/

Fire

fuego
Meaning
combustion or burning, in which substances combine chemically with oxygen from the air
Example
The fire in the fireplace provided warmth and a cozy atmosphere.
El fuego en la chimenea proporcionó calor y un ambiente acogedor.
C1 noun /ˌpɜː.mɪˈæbɪlɪti/

permeability

permeabilidad, la calidad o estado de ser permeable, permitiendo que los líquidos o gases pasen a través
Meaning
The quality or state of being permeable; allowing liquids or gases to pass through.
Example
The permeability of the soil affects water retention.
La permeabilidad del suelo afecta la retención de agua.
C1 noun /ˈliːdʒən/

legion

un gran grupo de personas, especialmente soldados; un gran número
Meaning
a large group of people, especially soldiers; a great number
Example
The Roman army was divided into legions.
El ejército romano se dividió en legiones.
C2 verb /əˈreɪn/

arraign

procesar
Meaning
to formally accuse someone in a court of law and ask them to respond to the charges
Example
The suspect was arraigned before the judge this morning.
El sospechoso fue procesado ante el juez esta mañana.
B2 noun /hʊd/

Hood

capucha
Meaning
the expandable neck region of certain snakes like cobras; a covering for the head
Example
The cobra spread its hood when it felt threatened.
La cobra extendió su capucho cuando sintió amenaza.
C2 noun ˌɒbfəsˈkeɪʃən

obfuscation

ofuscación, confusión
Meaning
The action of making something obscure, unclear, or unintelligible.
Example
The obfuscation of the data made it difficult to interpret.
La ofuscación de los datos dificultó su interpretación.
B2 noun /ˈriːzənɪŋ/

reasoning

razonamiento
Meaning
the process of thinking about something in a logical way in order to form a conclusion or judgment
Example
Her reasoning for leaving was clear and logical.
Su razonamiento para irse fue claro y lógico.
B2 noun /ˈrɪdəl/

Riddle

acertijo
Meaning
a question or statement intentionally phrased so as to require ingenuity in ascertaining its answer or meaning; a puzzle
Example
The ancient riddle stumped all the scholars for years.
El antiguo acertijo desconcertó a todos los eruditos durante años.
C2 noun /ˌfɪzɪˈɑːkrəsi/

physiocracy

fisiocracia
Meaning
an economic theory that land and its natural products are the source of wealth
Example
Physiocracy emphasized the importance of agriculture in national wealth.
La fisiocracia enfatizó la importancia de la agricultura en la riqueza nacional.
B2 noun ˈfjuː.tʃɚ ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃənz

future generations

futuras generaciones
Meaning
People who have not yet been born, considered in terms of the environment or society they will inherit.
Example
Sustainable development ensures a better life for future generations.
El desarrollo sostenible asegura una mejor vida para las futuras generaciones.
B2 noun /ˌkɔr.əˈspɑn.dəns/

Correspondence

correspondencia; similitud o equivalencia; comunicación mediante el intercambio de cartas
Meaning
letters sent or received; similarity or equivalence; communication by exchange of letters
Example
The historical correspondence between the two famous writers was recently published.
La correspondencia histórica entre los dos escritores famosos fue publicada recientemente.
C1 noun rɪˈfaɪnmənt

refinement

refinamiento
Meaning
The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a substance.
Example
His manners showed a refinement that made him stand out in any crowd.
Sus modales mostraron un refinamiento que lo hizo destacar en cualquier multitud.
B1 adjective /faɪˈnænʃəl/

financial

financiero
Meaning
relating to money, banking, or finance
Example
He made a sound financial decision by investing wisely.
Tomó una decisión financiera sólida al invertir sabiamente.
C1 verb, noun /træmp/

tramp

vagabundo / caminar pesadamente
Meaning
to walk heavily or noisily; a person who travels from place to place on foot, often homeless
Example
They tramped through the forest in heavy boots.
Ellos caminaron a través del bosque con botas gruesas.
B2 verb ɪnˈvɛst.ɪŋ

investing

invertir
Meaning
The act of putting money into financial schemes, shares, property, or a commercial venture with the expectation of achieving a profit.
Example
Investing in stocks can generate long-term wealth.
Invertir en acciones puede generar riqueza a largo plazo.
B1 verb /dæm/

damn

maldecir / maldición
Meaning
to condemn or criticize strongly; used as an expletive to express anger or emphasis
Example
He damned the unfair system in his speech.
Él maldijo el sistema injusto en su discurso.
B2 noun /ɪnˈfɪnɪti/

infinity

infinito
Meaning
A concept describing something without any limit or end.
Example
The universe seems to stretch into infinity.
El universo parece extenderse hacia el infinito.
C1 noun /ˌsæl.ɪ.naɪˈzeɪ.ʃən/

salinization

aumento de salinidad
Meaning
The process of increasing salt content in soil.
Example
Excessive irrigation can cause salinization of farmland.
El riego excesivo puede causar aumento de salinidad en los campos.
A2 noun, verb /pəʊst/

post

publicar
Meaning
a job or position, or to send something by mail
Example
She posted a letter to her friend yesterday.
Ella publicó una carta a su amiga ayer.
C2 noun /ˈhæk.ni ˈkær.ɪdʒ/

Hackney carriage

coche de alquiler
Meaning
A taxi; a car licensed to carry passengers for hire
Example
I called a hackney carriage to get to the airport.
Llamé a un coche de alquiler para llegar al aeropuerto.
B2 noun /ɡreɪv/

Grave

tumba
Meaning
a hole dug in the ground to receive a coffin; a place of burial; serious or solemn
Example
The family visited the grave of their beloved grandfather every Sunday.
La familia visitaba la tumba de su querido abuelo cada domingo.
C2 noun /ˌlɪt.əˈrɑː.ti/

literati

literatos
Meaning
well-educated, literary, or scholarly people
Example
The event was attended by poets, critics, and other members of the literati.
El evento fue asistido por poetas, críticos y otros miembros de los literatos.
C2 adjective /ˈfraʊzi/

frowsy

desordenado
Meaning
Scruffy and neglected in appearance; musty or stale in smell.
Example
He wore a frowsy old jacket that smelled of damp.
Él llevaba una chaqueta desordenada y vieja que olía a humedad.
B2 adjective /kənˈdʒɛstɪd/

congested

congestionado
Meaning
Blocked up with too much traffic or crowding.
Example
The road was congested during rush hour.
La carretera estaba congestionada durante la hora punta.
B1 adverb /ˌnesəˈserəli/

Necessarily

necesariamente; de manera inevitable;
Meaning
as a necessary result; inevitably; by logical consequence
Example
Rich people are not necessarily happy.
Las personas ricas no son necesariamente felices.
C1 verb /ɪkˈspaʊnd/

expound

exponer
Meaning
to present and explain in detail
Example
The professor expounded the theory in simple terms.
El profesor expuso la teoría en términos simples.
C1 verb /ˌpoʊstˈdeɪt/

postdate

poner una fecha posterior
Meaning
To assign a date later than the actual date to a document or event.
Example
She postdated the check to next month.
Ella postdató el cheque para el próximo mes.
C1 noun /rɪˈnaʊn/

Renown

renombre; fama
Meaning
the condition of being known or talked about by many people; fame
Example
The scientist achieved international renown for her discoveries.
La científica alcanzó renombre internacional por sus descubrimientos.
B2 adjective ˈkʌtɪŋ ˌɛdʒ

cutting-edge

de vanguardia, innovador, tecnología de última generación
Meaning
The most advanced or innovative; at the forefront of development.
Example
This company develops cutting-edge technology.
Esta empresa desarrolla tecnología de vanguardia.
C1 noun /ˈmɛləˌdrɑːmə/

melodrama

melodrama exagerado
Meaning
A dramatic piece with exaggerated characters and exciting events intended to appeal to the emotions.
Example
The movie was criticized for its excessive melodrama.
La película fue criticada por su melodrama excesivo.
B2 noun /ˈeɪkər/

acre

acre
Meaning
a unit of land area equal to 4,840 square yards (about 4,047 square meters)
Example
The farmer owns five acres of fertile land.
El granjero posee cinco acres de tierra fértil.
C1 adjective /ˌkaʊntərɪnˈtuːɪtɪv/

counterintuitive

contradictorio
Meaning
contrary to what one would intuitively expect
Example
His approach seems counterintuitive but it actually works.
Su enfoque parece contradictorio, pero en realidad funciona.
B2 noun /ˌklærɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

clarification

aclaración
Meaning
The action of making a statement or situation less confused and more clearly comprehensible.
Example
The manager requested clarification on the project details.
El gerente solicitó aclaraciones sobre los detalles del proyecto.
B2 noun səˈsteɪnəbl dɪˈvɛləpmənt

Sustainable Development

desarrollo sostenible
Meaning
Development that meets present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
Example
Eco-tourism contributes to sustainable development in local communities.
El ecoturismo contribuye al desarrollo sostenible en las comunidades locales.
C2 adjective /ˌɛkstrəˌdʒuːˈdɪʃəl/

extrajudicial

extrajudicial
Meaning
done outside the authority of the legal system or judicial process
Example
The activists condemned the extrajudicial killings.
Los activistas condenaron los asesinatos extrajudiciales.
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɔːrs ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/

resource-efficient

eficiente en el uso de recursos
Meaning
Using resources in a way that minimizes waste and maximizes productivity.
Example
Resource-efficient farming conserves water and energy.
La agricultura eficiente en el uso de recursos conserva agua y energía.
C1 noun /kwɑːm/

qualm

duda
Meaning
a feeling of doubt, worry, or fear about something
Example
She had no qualm about speaking her mind.
Ella no tuvo duda en decir lo que pensaba.
B1 noun /ˈdʒuː.ni.ər/

Junior

junior; novato; inferior
Meaning
a person who is younger or lower in rank than someone else; relating to young people
Example
The junior employee was eager to learn from senior colleagues.
El empleado junior estaba ansioso por aprender de los colegas senior.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnsɔːrt/

consort

compañero, consorte real
Meaning
To associate with someone, typically with disapproval; also, a spouse of a reigning monarch.
Example
He was criticized for consorting with criminals.
Fue criticado por asociarse con criminales.
B2 noun /ˈɡeɪt.weɪ/

Gateway

puerta de entrada; umbral
Meaning
an entrance or opening that provides access to a place; a means of achieving a particular state or condition
Example
The ancient stone gateway served as the entrance to the magnificent palace.
La antigua puerta de piedra sirvió como la entrada al magnífico palacio.
C2 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsɒljʊbl/

indissoluble

Indisoluble
Meaning
Unable to be destroyed, broken, or dissolved.
Example
Marriage was once considered an indissoluble bond.
El matrimonio alguna vez fue considerado un vínculo indisoluble.
C1 adjective /ˈʌndərhænd/

underhand

engañoso
Meaning
done secretly and dishonestly; deceitful
Example
The politician was accused of using underhand tactics to win the election.
El político fue acusado de usar tácticas engañosas para ganar las elecciones.
A2 noun/verb/adjective /ˈsʌbdʒɪkt/ (noun), /səbˈdʒɛkt/ (verb)

subject

tema
Meaning
noun: a topic or theme; verb: to cause to undergo; adjective: dependent or under authority
Example
The teacher introduced a new subject in class.
El maestro presentó una nueva asignatura en la clase.
A2 adjective /ˈtaɪ.ni/

Tiny

muy pequeño; diminuto
Meaning
extremely small in size or amount
Example
The baby bird was tiny and helpless.
El pajarito bebé era muy pequeño y desamparado.
C1 verb /ɪnˈdʒen.dər/

engender

provocar
Meaning
To cause or give rise to a feeling, situation, or condition.
Example
The speech engendered hope among the people.
El discurso provocó esperanza entre la gente.
A2 noun /ˈaɪtəm/

item

artículo
Meaning
A single thing, object, or unit, often part of a list or collection.
Example
Each item on the list must be checked carefully.
Cada artículo en la lista debe ser revisado cuidadosamente.
B2 noun /ˈtes.tɪ.moʊ.ni/

Testimony

testimonio; evidencia
Meaning
a formal written or spoken statement given in a court of law; evidence or proof
Example
The witness gave compelling testimony during the trial.
El testigo dio un testimonio convincente durante el juicio.
C2 noun /ˈmoʊlər/

molar

molar
Meaning
A large tooth at the back of the mouth used for grinding food.
Example
The dentist had to extract his wisdom molar.
El dentista tuvo que extraer su muela de la sabiduría.
C2 noun /ˈslæt.ən/

slattern

mujer descuidada
Meaning
a woman who is untidy or slovenly in appearance or habits
Example
The house looked as if a slattern lived there.
La casa parecía como si una mujer descuidada viviera allí.