bedrock
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C1 noun /ˈbɛd.rɒk/

bedrock

Fundament
Meaning
the solid rock layer beneath the soil; the fundamental basis of something
Example
Trust is the bedrock of a healthy relationship.
Vertrauen ist das Fundament einer gesunden Beziehung.
C1 adjective /ˌʌnkɒnstɪˈtuːʃənəl/

Unconstitutional

verfassungswidrig
Meaning
not in accordance with a political constitution; violating constitutional principles
Example
The court declared the new law unconstitutional.
Das Gericht erklärte das neue Gesetz für verfassungswidrig.
C1 adjective /ˈrʌs.tɪk/

Rustic

einfach und ungeschliffen; ländlichen Gebieten zugehörig
Meaning
simple and unsophisticated; relating to rural areas
Example
The rustic cottage had wooden beams and a thatched roof.
Das rustikale Ferienhaus hatte Holzbalken und ein Strohdach.
C1 noun /ruːz/

Ruse

List; Trick
Meaning
an action intended to deceive someone; a trick or stratagem
Example
The thief used a clever ruse to distract the guard.
Der Dieb benutzte eine clevere List, um den Wächter abzulenken.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrθi/

earthy

erdig / einfach
Meaning
resembling or suggestive of earth or soil; simple, natural, and sometimes coarse
Example
The dish had a rich, earthy flavor from the mushrooms.
Das Gericht hatte einen reichen, erdigen Geschmack von den Champignons.
C1 adjective /dɪsˈrɛpjətəbl̩/

disreputable

skandalös
Meaning
having a bad reputation; not considered respectable or trustworthy
Example
The journalist avoided staying in the disreputable part of town.
Der Journalist vermied es, im skandalösen Teil der Stadt zu bleiben.
C1 noun /dʌsk/

Dusk

Dämmerung; Abenddämmerung
Meaning
the period of the day when daylight is fading; twilight
Example
They walked along the beach during dusk, watching the sunset.
Sie gingen am Strand während der Dämmerung, sahen den Sonnenuntergang.
C1 noun /ˌlɪbəˈreɪʃən wɔːr/

liberation war

Befreiungskrieg
Meaning
a war fought to gain freedom from foreign rule, occupation, or oppression; an armed struggle for national independence
Example
The liberation war reshaped the nation’s history and identity.
Der Befreiungskrieg veränderte die Geschichte des Landes.
C1 noun /ˈpen.əns/

Penance

Büße; Strafe für etwas Falsches tun
Meaning
punishment that you accept for doing something wrong; an act of showing that you are sorry for sin
Example
The monk performed penance for his past mistakes.
Der Mönch vollzog Buße für seine vergangenen Fehler.
C1 noun /ˈprɛəri/

prairie

Prärie
Meaning
A large open area of grassland, especially in North America.
Example
The bison roamed freely across the prairie.
Die Bisons zogen frei über die Prärie.
C1 verb /ˈæbdɪkeɪt/

abdicate

abdikieren
Meaning
To give up a position of power or responsibility, especially a throne.
Example
The king decided to abdicate the throne.
Der König entschied sich, vom Thron abzudanken.
C1 verb /sɪˈkriːt/

secrete

sekretieren
Meaning
to produce and release a substance from a cell, gland, or organ
Example
The pancreas secretes insulin to regulate blood sugar levels.
Die Bauchspeicheldrüse sekretiert Insulin, um den Blutzuckerspiegel zu regulieren.
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

Indecision

Unentschlossenheit; Zweifel; Zögern
Meaning
the inability to make decisions quickly; uncertainty about what to do
Example
Her indecision about which job offer to accept caused her to miss both opportunities.
Ihre Unentschlossenheit, welches Jobangebot sie annehmen sollte, führte dazu, dass sie beide Gelegenheiten verpasste.
C1 verb /daɪˈvʌldʒ/

divulge

enthüllen
Meaning
to make known something private, secret, or previously unknown
Example
She refused to divulge the source of her information.
Sie weigerte sich, die Quelle ihrer Informationen zu enthüllen.
C1 adjective /ɪˈluː.sɪv/

Illusive

trügerisch; scheinbar existierend, aber nicht real; täuschend
Meaning
deceptive; appearing to exist but not real; misleading
Example
The promise of easy money proved to be illusive and misleading.
Das Versprechen von leichtem Geld erwies sich als trügerisch und täuschend.
C1 adjective /moʊv/

mauve

hellviolett
Meaning
a pale purple color with a grayish or bluish tinge
Example
She wore a beautiful mauve dress to the party.
Sie trug ein schönes hellviolettes Kleid auf der Party.
C1 adjective /ˌeɪ.bəlˈbɒd.id/

able-bodied

körperlich fähig
Meaning
physically strong and healthy, not disabled
Example
The company is looking for able-bodied workers for the construction site.
Das Unternehmen sucht körperlich fähige Arbeiter für die Baustelle.
C1 noun /səˈbætɪkəl/

sabbatical

Urlaubszeit für Studium oder Reise
Meaning
A period of paid leave granted to a teacher or worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
Example
She took a sabbatical to research her new book.
Sie nahm ein Sabbatical, um ihr neues Buch zu erforschen.
C1 noun ɪˌræʃ.ənˈæl.ɪ.ti

irrationality

Irrationalität, Unvernunft, Unlogik
Meaning
The quality of being illogical or unreasonable; lack of rational thought.
Example
His decision was driven by complete irrationality.
Seine Entscheidung war von völliger Irrationalität getrieben.
C1 adjective /ˈaʊt.kɑːst/

Outcast

ausgestoßen
Meaning
rejected by society; excluded person
Example
He felt like an outcast in his new school.
Er fühlte sich wie ein Ausgestoßener in seiner neuen Schule.
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

kodifizieren
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
Das Komitee arbeitete daran, die bestehenden Gesetze zu kodifizieren.
C1 noun /ˈbɪɡətri/

bigotry

Intoleranz
Meaning
Intolerance toward those who hold different opinions or lifestyles.
Example
Her bigotry prevented her from accepting people with different beliefs.
Ihre Intoleranz verhinderte, dass sie Menschen mit anderen Glaubensrichtungen akzeptierte.
C1 noun /ˈseɪɑːns/

seance

Séance
Meaning
A meeting where people attempt to communicate with the spirits of the dead.
Example
They held a seance to contact their late grandmother.
Sie hielten eine Séance ab, um mit ihrer verstorbenen Großmutter Kontakt aufzunehmen.
C1 noun /ˈprɛljuːd/

prelude

Vorspiel
Meaning
An action, event, or statement that serves as an introduction to something more important.
Example
The small fight was only a prelude to a bigger conflict.
Der kleine Kampf war nur ein Vorspiel zu einem größeren Konflikt.
C1 noun /kwɑːm/

qualm

Zweifel
Meaning
a feeling of doubt, worry, or fear about something
Example
She had no qualm about speaking her mind.
Sie hatte keinen Zweifel daran, ihre Meinung zu äußern.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveɪsɪv/

invasive

invasiv
Meaning
Tending to spread harmfully, intruding aggressively, or encroaching beyond proper boundaries.
Example
The doctor explained that the procedure was minimally invasive.
Der Arzt erklärte, dass das Verfahren minimal invasiv war.
C1 noun /prəʊˌkræs.tɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

procrastination

Prokrastination, Aufgaben aufschieben
Meaning
The act of delaying or postponing tasks or activities.
Example
Procrastination is the enemy of success.
Prokrastination ist der Feind des Erfolgs.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsəbəl/

impassable

unpassierbar
Meaning
Impossible to travel along or over.
Example
The road became impassable after the heavy snowfall.
Die Straße wurde nach dem schweren Schneefall unpassierbar.
C1 noun /ˌpɜːrsɪˈkjuːʃn/

persecution

Verfolgung
Meaning
the act of treating someone cruelly or unfairly because of their religion, race, or beliefs
Example
The persecution of minorities has been condemned worldwide.
Die Verfolgung von Minderheiten wurde weltweit verurteilt.
C1 noun /ˈdel.ɪ.kə.si/

Delicacy

Zartheit; eine ausgesuchte oder teure Speise;
Meaning
fineness of texture or structure; a choice or expensive food; sensitivity in handling
Example
The chef prepared a local delicacy that was famous throughout the region.
Der Koch bereitete eine lokale Delikatesse zu, die in der gesamten Region berühmt war.
C1 verb /ˈflɪk.ər/

flicker

flackern
Meaning
to shine unsteadily or waver between light and dark
Example
The candle flickered in the wind.
Die Kerze flackerte im Wind.
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzuːbərəns/

exuberance

Übermut
Meaning
the quality of being full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
Her exuberance made the whole team feel motivated.
Ihre Übermut motivierte das gesamte Team.
C1 noun /beɪn/

bane

Fluch
Meaning
A cause of great distress, harm, or annoyance.
Example
Traffic jams are the bane of city life.
Staus sind der Fluch des Stadtlebens.
C1 adjective /ˈfɜːrtɪv/

furtive

heimlich
Meaning
Attempting to avoid notice or attention, typically because of guilt or a belief that discovery would lead to trouble.
Example
He cast a furtive glance at the door before leaving.
Er warf einen heimlichen Blick zur Tür, bevor er ging.
C1 verb /bruːd/

brood

grübeln
Meaning
to think deeply about something that makes one unhappy; also, a group of young birds hatched at the same time
Example
He sat alone, brooding over his failures.
Er saß allein und grübelte über seine Misserfolge.
C1 noun /ˈɒfʃuːt/

offshoot

Abspaltung
Meaning
A branch or result that develops from something larger or more important.
Example
The startup was an offshoot of a major tech company.
Das Startup war eine Abspaltung eines großen Tech-Unternehmens.
C1 verb /ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

replicate

replizieren
Meaning
to copy, reproduce, or duplicate something exactly
Example
The scientist tried to replicate the experiment for accuracy.
Der Wissenschaftler versuchte, das Experiment zur Genauigkeit zu replizieren.
C1 adjective /ˈseɪ.li.ənt/

salient

wichtig, herausragend oder auffällig
Meaning
Most important, prominent, or noticeable
Example
The report highlighted the salient points of the discussion.
Der Bericht hob die wichtigsten Punkte der Diskussion hervor.
C1 noun /mɑːrˈsuːpiəl/

marsupial

Säugetier, das seine Jungen in einer Tasche trägt und ernährt
Meaning
A type of mammal that carries and nourishes its young in a pouch, like kangaroos and koalas.
Example
The kangaroo is a well-known marsupial.
Das Känguru ist ein bekanntes Marsupial.
C1 noun /braɪn/

brine

Salzwasser
Meaning
Water saturated with salt, often used for preserving food.
Example
The olives were stored in brine to keep them fresh.
Die Oliven wurden in Salzwasser aufbewahrt, um sie frisch zu halten.
C1 noun /ɪˈnɜː.ʃə/

Inertia

Inertie; Bewegungsmangel
Meaning
a tendency to do nothing or remain unchanged; lack of activity or movement
Example
The team's inertia prevented them from adapting to the rapidly changing market conditions.
Die Inertie des Teams verhinderte, dass es sich an die sich schnell ändernden Marktbedingungen anpasste.
C1 verb /ˈrʌm.ɪdʒ/

rummage

störend durchsuchen
Meaning
to search through something in a disorderly way
Example
He rummaged through the drawer for his keys.
Er hat in der Schublade nach seinen Schlüsseln gewühlt.
C1 noun /ˈdʒækˌfruːt/

Jackfruit

Jackfrucht
Meaning
a large tropical fruit with a spiky exterior and sweet flesh inside
Example
The jackfruit is the largest tree fruit in the world.
Die Jackfruit ist die größte Baumfrucht der Welt.
C1 verb /mɔːl/

maul

verletzt
Meaning
To wound or injure someone by scratching or tearing; to handle roughly.
Example
The bear mauled the camper in the forest.
Der Bär hat den Camper im Wald verletzt.
C1 noun ˈnuːkliəs

nucleus

Kern
Meaning
The central core of an atom containing protons and neutrons.
Example
The nucleus consists of protons.
Der Kern besteht aus Protonen.
C1 noun /sɪlt/

silt

Schlamm
Meaning
Fine sand, clay, or other material carried by running water and deposited as a sediment.
Example
The river deposited layers of silt along its banks.
Der Fluss hat Schichten von Schlamm entlang seiner Ufer abgelagert.
C1 noun /ˈiːɡoʊɪst/

egoist

Egoist
Meaning
A person who is excessively concerned with themselves; someone who believes in or practices egoism.
Example
She avoided him because he was a selfish egoist.
Sie mied ihn, weil er ein selbstsüchtiger Egoist war.
C1 noun /ˈheɪl.stɔːrm/

Hailstorm

Hagelsturm
Meaning
a violent storm with hail falling from the sky
Example
The hailstorm damaged many cars in the parking lot.
Der Hagelsturm beschädigte viele Autos im Parkhaus.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛnəˌreɪtɪd/

venerated

verehrt
Meaning
respected and admired deeply
Example
The venerated professor was honored with an award.
Der verehrte Professor wurde mit einem Preis ausgezeichnet.
C1 verb /ˈhaɪtən/

heighten

steigern
Meaning
to make or become greater in intensity or degree
Example
The announcement served to heighten the excitement in the room.
Die Ankündigung diente dazu, die Aufregung im Raum zu steigern.
C1 adjective /ˈpent ʌp/

Pent-up

unterdrückt; eingeschränkt; eingesperrt
Meaning
suppressed; restrained; confined
Example
He had pent-up anger that finally exploded.
Er hatte unterdrückte Wut, die schließlich explodierte.
C1 noun /ˈfɔː.nə/

fauna

die Tierwelt einer bestimmten Region
Meaning
The animal life of a particular region, habitat, or geological period.
Example
The fauna of the African savannah includes lions and elephants.
Die Fauna der afrikanischen Savanne umfasst Löwen und Elefanten.
C1 adjective /ˈliː.ni.ənt/

Lenient

nachsichtig; nachgiebig; barmherzig; nicht streng bei Strafe oder Urteil
Meaning
tolerant; forgiving; merciful; not strict in punishment or judgment
Example
The teacher was lenient with students who submitted their homework late.
Der Lehrer war nachsichtig mit den Schülern, die ihre Hausaufgaben zu spät abgegeben haben.
C1 noun /ˈhɔːrtɪˌkʌltʃər/

horticulture

Gartenbau
Meaning
The art or practice of garden cultivation and management.
Example
Horticulture plays a vital role in producing fruits, vegetables, and ornamental plants.
Der Gartenbau spielt eine wichtige Rolle bei der Produktion von Obst, Gemüse und Zierpflanzen.
C1 adjective /bræʃ/

brash

dreist
Meaning
self-assertive in a rude, noisy, or overconfident way
Example
His brash comments offended many people at the meeting.
Seine dreisten Kommentare haben viele Leute bei dem Treffen beleidigt.
C1 adjective /səbˈdʒɛktɪv/

subjective

subjektiv
Meaning
based on personal feelings, tastes, or opinions rather than facts
Example
Beauty is often considered a subjective concept.
Schönheit wird oft als ein subjektives Konzept betrachtet.
C1 noun /mɪˈsɑːdʒəni/

misogyny

Misogynie
Meaning
Hatred of, contempt for, or prejudice against women.
Example
The novel has been criticized for promoting misogyny.
Der Roman wurde dafür kritisiert, die Misogynie zu fördern.
C1 noun /ˈsuːtər/

suitor

Verehrer
Meaning
a man who pursues a relationship with a woman, often with the intent to marry
Example
She had many suitors vying for her attention.
Sie hatte viele Verehrer, die um ihre Aufmerksamkeit konkurrierten.
C1 noun /fɪˈlæn.θrə.pɪst/

philanthropist

Philanthrop
Meaning
a person who seeks to promote the welfare of others, especially by donating money to good causes
Example
The philanthropist donated millions to build schools in rural areas.
Der Philanthrop spendete Millionen, um Schulen in ländlichen Gebieten zu bauen.
C1 adjective /ˌɛɡzɪˈstɛnʃəl/

existential

existentziell
Meaning
Relating to human existence, often concerning meaning or purpose of life.
Example
She went through an existential crisis during her midlife.
Sie durchlebte eine existentielle Krise in der Mitte ihres Lebens.
C1 adjective /ˈɛərˌtaɪt/

airtight

luftdicht
Meaning
Completely sealed so that no air can get in or out.
Example
Store the cookies in an airtight container to keep them fresh.
Bewahren Sie die Kekse in einem luftdichten Behälter auf, um sie frisch zu halten.
C1 adjective /ˈsæk.rəˌsæŋkt/

sacrosanct

unantastbar
Meaning
Regarded as too important or valuable to be interfered with; sacred.
Example
Freedom of speech is considered sacrosanct in democratic societies.
Die Redefreiheit gilt in demokratischen Gesellschaften als unantastbar.
C1 adjective /ˈmɔːtəl/

Mortal

sterblich; vergänglich; menschlich
Meaning
subject to death; having a limited lifespan; human
Example
All human beings are mortal and will eventually die.
Alle Menschen sind sterblich und werden schließlich sterben.
C1 verb, noun /kweɪl/

quail

Angst haben; ein kleiner, kurzschwänziger Vogel
Meaning
verb: to feel or show fear; noun: a small, short-tailed bird
Example
She quailed at the sight of the approaching storm.
Sie zitterte bei dem Anblick des herannahenden Sturms.
C1 verb /dəˈmɛstɪkeɪt/

domesticate

domestizieren
Meaning
to tame an animal for use by humans; to adapt something for domestic use
Example
Humans domesticated dogs thousands of years ago.
Menschen domestizierten Hunde vor Tausenden von Jahren.
C1 noun /ˈmeɪ.trɪks/

matrix

Matrix, Struktur
Meaning
An environment or structure in which something develops; also a mathematical array of numbers.
Example
The cultural matrix shaped his worldview.
Die kulturelle Matrix prägte seine Weltsicht.
C1 verb /ɪnˈtɪmɪdeɪt/

intimidate

einschüchtern
Meaning
To frighten or overawe someone, especially to make them do what one wants.
Example
The bully tried to intimidate the smaller kids.
Der Tyrann versuchte, die kleineren Kinder einzuschüchtern.
C1 adjective /ˌæpəˈθɛtɪk/

apathetic

apathetisch
Meaning
showing or feeling little or no interest, enthusiasm, or concern
Example
He was apathetic about the outcome of the match.
Er war gleichgueltig gegenüber dem Ausgang des Spiels.
C1 adjective /ˌɛm.briˈɒn.ɪk/

embryonic

embryonal
Meaning
in an early or undeveloped stage; relating to an embryo
Example
The project is still in its embryonic stage.
Das Projekt ist noch in seiner embryonalen Phase.
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈmɪʃən/

intermission

Pause
Meaning
A pause or break, especially during a performance or event.
Example
The play had a twenty-minute intermission.
Das Stück hatte eine zwanzigminütige Pause.
C1 noun /kɑːɡ/

cog

Zahn an einem Rad oder Zahnrad
Meaning
A tooth on the rim of a wheel or gear; metaphorically, a minor but necessary part of a larger system.
Example
He felt like just a small cog in a big machine.
Er fühlte sich wie ein kleines Zahnrad in einer großen Maschine.
C1 adjective /juːˈfɔːrɪk/

euphoric

euphorisch
Meaning
Characterized by or feeling intense excitement and happiness.
Example
The fans were euphoric after their team's victory.
Die Fans waren euphorisch nach dem Sieg ihrer Mannschaft.
C1 noun /ˈɪŋklɪŋ/

inkling

Ahnung
Meaning
A slight idea, hint, or suspicion about something.
Example
She had an inkling that he was planning a surprise.
Sie hatte einen leichten Verdacht, dass er eine Überraschung plante.
C1 noun /ˈkɪləˌwɒt/

kilowatt

Kilowatt
Meaning
a unit of power equal to 1,000 watts
Example
The generator produces ten kilowatts of electricity.
Der Generator erzeugt zehn Kilowatt Strom.
C1 noun /ˈwɪndfɔːl/

windfall

ungewöhnlicher Gewinn
Meaning
an unexpected piece of good fortune, typically a large amount of money
Example
The startup received a windfall when a major client paid for a full year in advance.
Das Start-up erhielt einen ungewöhnlichen Gewinn, als ein wichtiger Kunde ein ganzes Jahr im Voraus bezahlte.
C1 noun /ˈpraɪ.meɪt/

primate

Primat, Affenartige Tiere
Meaning
A member of the group of animals including humans, apes, and monkeys.
Example
Humans are classified as primates.
Menschen werden als Primaten klassifiziert.
C1 adjective /həˈred.ɪ.ter.i/

Hereditary

erblich; von den Vorfahren vererbt
Meaning
passed down through family genes; inherited from ancestors
Example
The hereditary disease was passed down through generations.
Die erbliche Krankheit wurde über Generationen hinweg weitergegeben.
C1 verb /weɪv/

waive

Glück
Meaning
to refrain from insisting on or enforcing something, especially a right or claim
Example
She decided to waive her right to a lawyer.
Sie konnte ihr Glück nicht verbergen, als sie den Preis erhielt.
C1 adjective /ˈhɛdˌstrɔŋ/

headstrong

eigensinnig
Meaning
Determined to do what one wants, even if it is not sensible.
Example
The headstrong child refused to listen to anyone.
Das eigensinnige Kind weigerte sich, auf jemanden zu hören.
C1 noun /ˈpʌndɪt/

pundit

Experte
Meaning
An expert in a particular subject or field who is frequently called upon to give opinions to the public.
Example
Political pundits debated the election results on television.
Politische Experten debattierten die Wahlergebnisse im Fernsehen.
C1 adjective /ˈtɒrɪd/

torrid

sehr heiß und trocken; voller starker Emotionen oder Leidenschaft
Meaning
Very hot and dry; full of strong emotions or passion.
Example
The desert heat was torrid during the day.
Die Wüstenglut war tagsüber sehr heiß.
C1 noun /ˈprɒfəsi/

prophecy

Prophezeiung
Meaning
a prediction or message about the future, often believed to be divinely inspired
Example
The prophecy foretold the rise of a great leader.
Die Prophezeiung sagte den Aufstieg eines großen Anführers voraus.
C1 noun esˈθet.ɪks

aesthetics

Ästhetik
Meaning
A set of principles concerned with the nature and appreciation of beauty, especially in art and design.
Example
Interior design focuses on aesthetics and functionality.
Innenarchitektur konzentriert sich auf Ästhetik und Funktionalität.
C1 noun /ˈkæptər/

captor

Fänger
Meaning
a person or group who has captured someone or something
Example
The hostage managed to escape from his captors.
Der Geisel konnte seinen Fängern entkommen.
C1 noun /ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡəns/

Extravagance

übermäßige Ausgabe; Verschwendung
Meaning
lack of restraint in spending money; excessive expense
Example
The wedding celebration was criticized for its unnecessary extravagance.
Die Hochzeitsfeier wurde für ihre unnötige Extravaganz kritisiert.
C1 verb /ˌɪnstɪˈtjuːʃənəlaɪz/

institutionalize

institutionalisieren
Meaning
to establish something as a formal institution, custom, or practice
Example
The government seeks to institutionalize environmental protection.
Die Regierung strebt danach, den Umweltschutz zu institutionalisieren.
C1 adjective /ˌfɑːrˈfetʃt/

farfetched

unwahrscheinlich oder kaum wahrscheinlich
Meaning
unlikely to happen or be true; improbable
Example
His explanation for being late sounded farfetched.
Seine Erklärung, warum er zu spät kam, klang unvorstellbar.
C1 noun əˈtrɒs.ɪ.tiz

atrocities

Gräueltaten
Meaning
Extremely wicked or cruel acts, typically involving physical violence or injury.
Example
The atrocities shocked the international community.
Die Gräueltaten erschütterten die internationale Gemeinschaft.
C1 verb /bɪˈlɪtl/

belittle

herabsetzen
Meaning
To make someone or something seem less important or less valuable.
Example
He often belittled his coworkers to feel superior.
Er machte oft seine Kollegen klein, um sich überlegen zu fühlen.
C1 verb /ˈfɔːrfɪt/

forfeit

verzichten, verlieren als Strafe
Meaning
to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty for wrongdoing
Example
He had to forfeit the match after breaking the rules.
Er musste das Spiel aufgeben, nachdem er die Regeln gebrochen hatte.
C1 noun ˌmɑːr.dʒɪ.nəl.aɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

marginalization

Marginalisierung
Meaning
The treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral.
Example
Economic policies should address the marginalization of the poor.
Wirtschaftspolitiken sollten die Marginalisierung der Armen angehen.
C1 adjective /kəmˈpensətɔːri/

compensatory

entschädigend
Meaning
serving to make up for a loss, damage, or injury
Example
The court awarded him compensatory damages.
Das Gericht sprach ihm Entschädigungszahlungen zu.
C1 verb /ɪˈnɔːɡjʊreɪt/

inaugurate

einweihen
Meaning
To formally begin or introduce something, especially with a ceremony.
Example
The mayor will inaugurate the new bridge tomorrow.
Der Bürgermeister wird morgen die neue Brücke einweihen.
C1 noun əˈɡrɛriən səˈsaɪətiz

agrarian societies

agrarische Gesellschaften
Meaning
Societies based on agriculture and farming as the primary economic activity.
Example
Agrarian societies emerged from a need for stable food sources.
Agrarische Gesellschaften entstanden aus dem Bedürfnis nach stabilen Nahrungsquellen.
C1 adjective ɪnˈkʌm.bənt

incumbent

verpflichtend
Meaning
necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility.
Example
It is incumbent upon all citizens to obey the law.
Es ist für alle Bürger verpflichtend, das Gesetz zu befolgen.
C1 noun /ˈtriːkəl/

treacle

dicker, süßer Sirup
Meaning
A thick, sweet syrup; excessively sentimental speech or writing.
Example
She poured treacle over the pancakes.
Sie goss den Sirup über die Pfannkuchen.
C1 verb /ˈkætəˌlaɪz/

catalyze

katalysieren
Meaning
To cause or accelerate a reaction or change.
Example
The new law catalyzed reforms across the sector.
Das neue Gesetz katalysierte Reformen im gesamten Sektor.
C1 noun /ˈæptɪˌtjuːd/

aptitude

Fähigkeit
Meaning
a natural ability or talent to do something well
Example
She has a strong aptitude for learning new languages.
Sie hat eine starke Fähigkeit, neue Sprachen zu lernen.
C1 noun /ˈroʊdənt/

rodent

Nagetier
Meaning
a small mammal such as a mouse, rat, or squirrel, characterized by constantly growing incisors
Example
The farmer set traps to catch the rodents in his barn.
Der Bauer stellte Fallen auf, um die Nagetiere in seiner Scheune zu fangen.
C1 noun ˌdʒɛriˈætrɪk səˈsaɪəti

geriatric society

geriatrische Gesellschaft
Meaning
A society or community where elderly people make up a large proportion of the population
Example
A geriatric society demands specialized healthcare systems.
Eine geriatrische Gesellschaft erfordert spezialisierte Gesundheitssysteme.
C1 noun /ˈpɛs.tɪ.saɪd ˈrɛz.ɪ.djuː/

pesticide-residue

Pestizidrückstände
Meaning
Chemical remnants left over from pesticides used on crops or in soil.
Example
Excess pesticide-residue in food can be harmful to health.
Übermäßige Pestizidrückstände in Lebensmitteln können schädlich für die Gesundheit sein.
C1 verb /kəˈrəʊd/

corrode

korrodieren
Meaning
to gradually destroy or wear away metal or other materials through chemical action
Example
The iron pipes corroded over time due to exposure to water.
Die Eisenrohre korodierten im Laufe der Zeit durch die Wasserexposition.
C1 adjective /prəˈfjuːs/

profuse

üppig
Meaning
existing or given in large amounts; abundant
Example
He offered profuse thanks for their timely help.
Er bot reichlich Dank für ihre rechtzeitige Hilfe an.
C1 noun /ɪnˈɛk.wɪ.ti/

inequity

Ungerechtigkeit
Meaning
Lack of fairness or justice; unequal distribution or treatment.
Example
Social inequity continues to be a global issue.
Soziale Ungerechtigkeit bleibt ein globales Problem.
C1 adjective /ˈnɪmbəl/

nimble

flink
Meaning
Quick and light in movement or thought.
Example
The dancer’s nimble steps impressed the audience.
Die flinken Schritte der Tänzerin beeindruckten das Publikum.
C1 adjective /ˈfɒnɪk/

phonic

phonisch
Meaning
relating to speech sounds or their production; connected to phonics
Example
Children learn phonic rules to read new words accurately.
Kinder lernen phonetische Regeln, um neue Wörter genau zu lesen.
C1 verb /dɪsˈfɪɡjər/

disfigure

entstellen
Meaning
to spoil or damage the appearance of something
Example
The fire disfigured the old building.
Das Feuer hat das alte Gebäude entstellt.
C1 adjective /ˈnær.oʊ ˈmaɪn.dɪd/

Narrow-minded

engstirnig
Meaning
unwilling to consider new ideas; prejudiced; intolerant; having a limited perspective
Example
His narrow-minded attitude prevented him from accepting new ideas.
Seine engstirnige Haltung verhinderte, dass er neue Ideen akzeptierte.
C1 noun /ˈzɛnəˌfoʊb/

xenophobe

Xenophob
Meaning
a person who dislikes or fears people from other countries or cultures
Example
The politician was criticized as a xenophobe due to his anti-immigrant policies.
Der Politiker wurde als Xenophob kritisiert, aufgrund seiner anti-einwanderungspolitik.
C1 noun /ˈtraɪæd/

triad

Triade
Meaning
a group of three closely related people or things
Example
The project was managed by a triad of experts.
Das Projekt wurde von einer Triade von Experten geleitet.
C1 verb /ˈrɪdɪkjuːl/

ridicule

verspotten
Meaning
To make fun of someone or something in a cruel or dismissive way.
Example
He was ridiculed for his strange ideas.
Er wurde für seine seltsamen Ideen verspottet.
C1 adjective /ˈplʌk.i/

plucky

mutig
Meaning
having or showing courage and determination
Example
The plucky child rescued the kitten from the tree.
Das mutige Kind rettete das Kätzchen vom Baum.
C1 adjective /ˈɜːr.nɪst/

Earnest

ernst; aufrichtig; mit tiefer und ernsthafter Überzeugung
Meaning
sincere; genuine; showing deep and serious conviction
Example
He made an earnest attempt to solve the problem.
Er unternahm einen ernsthaften Versuch, das Problem zu lösen.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈɡɑː.dɪd/

Unguarded

unbewacht, nachlässig
Meaning
not protected or defended; careless about revealing private thoughts or information
Example
In an unguarded moment, she revealed her true feelings about the project.
In einem ungeschützten Moment, enthüllte sie ihre wahren Gefühle über das Projekt.
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

Juckreiz
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
Augenjuckreiz führt oft zum Reiben.
C1 adjective /ˈvɛlvəti/

velvety

Glück
Meaning
having a smooth, soft texture like velvet
Example
She spoke in a low, velvety voice.
Sie konnte ihr Glück nicht verbergen, als sie den Preis erhielt.
C1 noun /kəmˈpəʊ.ʒər/

composure

Zustand der Ruhe und Selbstbeherrschung
Meaning
The state or feeling of being calm and in control of oneself.
Example
She maintained her composure during the interview.
Sie bewahrte ihre Ruhe während des Interviews.
C1 noun /eb/

Ebb

Ebbe; abfließende Gezeiten
Meaning
the receding tide; a gradual decline or reduction
Example
The fishermen waited for the ebb before returning to shore.
Die Fischer warteten auf die Ebbe, bevor sie zum Ufer zurückkehrten.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌktɪv/

inductive

induktiv
Meaning
characterized by the inference of general laws from particular instances; reasoning from specific cases to general principles
Example
The scientist used inductive reasoning to form a hypothesis.
Der Wissenschaftler verwendete induktives Denken, um eine Hypothese zu formulieren.
C1 adjective ʌnˈpær.ə.leld

Unparalleled

unvergleichlich
Meaning
Having no equal; unmatched, peerless, and supreme in quality or achievement.
Example
The unparalleled beauty of the Taj Mahal amazes visitors.
Die unvergleichliche Schönheit des Taj Mahal beeindruckt die Besucher.
C1 noun /zest/

Zest

Begeisterung; Energie und Aufregung; die äußere Schale einer Zitrusfrucht
Meaning
great enthusiasm and energy; excitement and vigor; the outer peel of a citrus fruit
Example
She approached the new job with tremendous zest.
Sie ging mit großer Begeisterung an den neuen Job.