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C1 noun ˈælərdʒən

allergen

Substanz, die eine allergische Reaktion hervorruft
Meaning
A substance that causes an allergic reaction.
Example
Pollen is a common allergen that affects many people.
Pollen ist ein häufiger Allergen, das viele Menschen betrifft.
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

Zentralisierung
Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
Exzessive Zentralisierung kann die Entscheidungsfindung verlangsamen.
C1 noun /traɪˈbjuːnəl/

tribunal

Gericht
Meaning
a court of justice or body established to settle disputes
Example
The case was heard in an international tribunal.
Der Fall wurde vor einem internationalen Gericht verhandelt.
C1 verb /ˈskʌt.əl/

scuttle

Glück
Meaning
To run hurriedly with short, quick steps; or to deliberately sink a ship.
Example
The children scuttled back to their seats when the teacher entered.
Sie konnte ihr Glück nicht verbergen, als sie den Preis erhielt.
C1 noun /ˈrəʊ.bɒt əˈsɪs.tɪd prəˈsiː.dʒərz/

robot-assisted procedures

roboter unterstützte Verfahren
Meaning
Medical operations performed with the help of robotic systems to enhance precision and control.
Example
Robot-assisted procedures reduce human error.
Roboter-unterstützte Verfahren reduzieren menschliche Fehler.
C1 verb dɪˈsɜːn

discern

unterscheiden
Meaning
To perceive or recognize something; to distinguish with difficulty by sight or with the other senses.
Example
He could barely discern the distant figure in the fog.
Er konnte die entfernte Figur im Nebel kaum unterscheiden.
C1 noun /təˈnæs.ə.ti/

tenacity

Beharrlichkeit
Meaning
Determination, persistence, and the quality of not giving up
Example
His tenacity in solving problems led to his success.
Seine Beharrlichkeit bei der Lösung von Problemen führte zu seinem Erfolg.
C1 noun /ˈtriːkəl/

treacle

dicker, süßer Sirup
Meaning
A thick, sweet syrup; excessively sentimental speech or writing.
Example
She poured treacle over the pancakes.
Sie goss den Sirup über die Pfannkuchen.
C1 adjective /səˈdɪs.tɪk/

sadistic

sadistisch
Meaning
Deriving pleasure from inflicting pain or suffering on others.
Example
The villain had a sadistic smile while hurting his enemies.
Der Bösewicht hatte ein sadistisches Lächeln, als er seinen Feinden Schaden zufügte.
C1 noun /ˈnɔː.zi.ə/

Nausea

Übelkeit
Meaning
a feeling of sickness with an inclination to vomit
Example
The motion of the boat caused severe nausea.
Die Bewegung des Bootes verursachte schwere Übelkeit.
C1 noun /ˈrɒndɪvuː/

rendezvous

treffen
Meaning
a meeting or appointment at an agreed time and place
Example
They arranged a secret rendezvous at the café.
Sie haben ein geheimes Treffen im Café arrangiert.
C1 noun /ˈwiː.vər bɜːd/

Weaver bird

Webervogel
Meaning
a small bird that builds elaborate woven nests from grass and twigs
Example
The weaver bird skillfully constructs its intricate nest.
Der Webervogel baut geschickt sein komplexes Nest
C1 adjective /ˈprɪvi/

privy

geheimes Wissen
Meaning
having access to secret or private knowledge
Example
She was privy to the confidential discussions.
Sie war eingeweiht in die vertraulichen Diskussionen.
C1 verb /ˈpɛdəl/

peddle

verkaufen
Meaning
To sell goods, often by going from place to place; sometimes used negatively to mean promoting an idea or product in a pushy way.
Example
Street vendors peddle handmade jewelry to tourists.
Straßenverkäufer verkaufen handgemachten Schmuck an Touristen.
C1 adjective /ˈsʌltri/

sultry

heiß und feucht, anziehend
Meaning
Uncomfortably hot and humid; also describes someone attractive in a passionate or sensual way.
Example
The sultry weather made it hard to focus on work.
Das heiße und feuchte Wetter erschwerte es, sich auf die Arbeit zu konzentrieren.
C1 adjective /təˈren.ʃəl/

Torrential

torrential; starker Regen
Meaning
falling rapidly in copious streams; extremely heavy rainfall
Example
The torrential rain flooded the streets within hours.
Der heftige Regen überschwemmte die Straßen innerhalb weniger Stunden.
C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/

physiology

Physiologie
Meaning
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
Example
She is majoring in human physiology at the university.
Sie studiert Humanphysiologie an der Universität.
C1 noun /mɑːrʃ/

Marsh

Sumpf
Meaning
An area of low-lying land that is flooded in wet seasons or at high tide
Example
The endangered birds built their nests in the protected marsh.
Die gefährdeten Vögel bauten ihre Nester im geschützten Sumpf.
C1 verb /ˈfæbrɪkeɪt/

fabricate

erfinden
Meaning
to invent or concoct something, often with the intent to deceive; or to construct or manufacture
Example
The witness fabricated his testimony to protect himself.
Der Zeuge fabrizierte seine Aussage, um sich zu schützen.
C1 noun /ˈhɜːrniə/

hernia

hernia
Meaning
A medical condition where an organ pushes through the muscle or tissue holding it in place.
Example
The doctor diagnosed him with an inguinal hernia.
Der Arzt diagnostizierte ihm eine Leistenhernie.
C1 noun ˌdɪs.æmˌbɪɡ.juˈeɪ.ʃən

disambiguation

Disambiguierung
Meaning
The removal of ambiguity by making something clear and unambiguous.
Example
The AI system applies disambiguation to refine text understanding.
Das KI-System wendet Disambiguierung an, um das Textverständnis zu verfeinern.
C1 verb, noun /dɪsˈkrɛdɪt/

discredit

diskreditieren
Meaning
To harm the reputation of someone or something; loss of respect or credibility.
Example
The scandal discredited the politician in the eyes of the public.
Der Skandal diskreditierte den Politiker in den Augen der Öffentlichkeit.
C1 adjective /səˈsɛp.tə.bəl/

susceptible

anfällig oder verletzlich, von etwas Bestimmtem beeinflusst oder geschädigt zu werden
Meaning
Likely or liable to be influenced or harmed by a particular thing.
Example
Children are more susceptible to infections.
Kinder sind anfälliger für Infektionen.
C1 noun ˌsʌb.sɪ.dɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

subsidization

Subvention
Meaning
Financial assistance provided by government to make certain goods or services more affordable.
Example
Subsidization of agriculture helps farmers maintain crop production.
Die Subvention der Landwirtschaft hilft den Landwirten, die Ernteproduktion aufrechtzuerhalten.
C1 noun /ˈprɒvɪdəns/

providence

göttliche Vorsehung
Meaning
the protective care of God or nature as a spiritual power; foresight or prudence
Example
They believed their survival was due to divine providence.
Sie glaubten, dass ihr Überleben der göttlichen Vorsehung zu verdanken war.
C1 noun /ˈoʊ.mən/

Omen

Vorzeichen für zukünftiges Glück oder Unglück
Meaning
an event regarded as a sign of future good or bad luck
Example
Many people consider a black cat crossing your path a bad omen.
Viele Menschen betrachten eine schwarze Katze, die ihren Weg kreuzt, als schlechtes Vorzeichen.
C1 noun /ˌɛks.həˈleɪ.ʃən/

exhalation

Ausatmung
Meaning
The action of breathing out.
Example
Slow exhalation calms the nervous system.
Langsame Ausatmung beruhigt das Nervensystem.
C1 noun /ˈded.lɑk/

Dead-lock

totpunkt; blockierung
Meaning
a situation in which no progress is possible; complete standstill
Example
The negotiations reached a deadlock when neither side would compromise.
Die Verhandlungen erreichten einen toten Punkt, als keine Seite Kompromisse eingehen wollte.
C1 noun /ˈkælɪbər/

caliber

Kaliber
Meaning
The quality of someone's ability or character; the internal diameter of a gun barrel.
Example
The university attracts students of high caliber.
Die Universität zieht Studenten von hohem Kaliber an.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊn.tə.nəns/

countenance

Gesicht, Ausdruck; Unterstützung
Meaning
a person's face or expression; support or approval
Example
Her cheerful countenance brightened the room.
Ihr fröhliches Gesicht erhellte den Raum.
C1 noun /məˈtɜːrnəti/

Maternity

maternität
Meaning
The state of being a mother; motherhood
Example
The hospital has an excellent maternity ward for new mothers.
Das Krankenhaus verfügt über eine ausgezeichnete Entbindungsstation für neue Mütter.
C1 noun /dɪˈluːʒən/

delusion

Täuschung
Meaning
A false belief or impression maintained despite being contradicted by reality.
Example
He lived under the delusion that he was invincible.
Er lebte unter der Täuschung, dass er unbesiegbar war.
C1 adjective deft

deft

geschickt
Meaning
Neatly skillful and quick in one's movements; dexterous and adroit.
Example
The artist's deft hands created a masterpiece.
Die geschickten Hände des Künstlers schufen ein Meisterwerk.
C1 noun kəˈmɑːnd ɪˈkɒn.ə.mi

command economy

Kommandowirtschaft
Meaning
An economic system where economic activities are controlled by the government.
Example
In a command economy, the government controls production and prices.
In einer Kommandowirtschaft kontrolliert der Staat Produktion und Preise.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌfɑːðər/

forefather

Ahne
Meaning
an ancestor, especially one who was part of an earlier generation of a family or nation
Example
Our forefathers fought for independence.
Unsere Ahnen kämpften für die Unabhängigkeit.
C1 adjective /ˈstoʊɪk/

stoic

stoisch, unbeweglich
Meaning
Showing little or no emotion, even in difficult situations.
Example
She remained stoic during the crisis, never showing fear or panic.
Sie blieb stoisch während der Krise, ohne Angst oder Panik zu zeigen.
C1 adverb/adjective /vɜːˈbeɪ.tɪm/

verbatim

wortwörtlich oder buchstäblich
Meaning
In exactly the same words as were used originally; word for word repetition.
Example
She repeated his instructions verbatim to avoid errors.
Sie wiederholte seine Anweisungen wortwörtlich, um Fehler zu vermeiden.
C1 noun /fəˈnætɪsɪzəm/

fanaticism

Fanatismus
Meaning
the quality of being fanatical; extreme zeal or obsession
Example
Religious fanaticism can lead to intolerance and conflict.
Religiöser Fanatismus kann zu Intoleranz und Konflikten führen.
C1 noun /kənˈveɪəns/

conveyance

Transport
Meaning
The action or process of transporting or carrying someone or something from one place to another.
Example
The conveyance of goods was delayed due to bad weather.
Der Transport von Waren wurde aufgrund schlechten Wetters verzögert.
C1 verb /ˈmæsəkər/

massacre

Massaker
Meaning
to kill a large number of people brutally; to defeat decisively
Example
The army massacred the innocent civilians.
Die Armee massakrierte die unschuldigen Zivilisten.
C1 adjective /tɔːt/

taut

gespannt
Meaning
stretched or pulled tight; tense
Example
The rope was pulled taut between the two poles.
Das Seil war zwischen den beiden Pfosten gespannt.
C1 noun /ˈænərkɪst/

anarchist

Anarchist
Meaning
a person who believes in or promotes the absence of government or authority
Example
The anarchist group protested against state control.
Die anarchistische Gruppe protestierte gegen die staatliche Kontrolle.
C1 verb dɪˈsaɪ.fɚ

decipher

entschlüsseln, dekodieren, übersetzen
Meaning
To convert something written in code into normal language; to succeed in understanding the meaning of something.
Example
It took hours to decipher the ancient script.
Es dauerte Stunden, um die alte Schrift zu entschlüsseln.
C1 verb /aʊst/

oust

verdrängen
Meaning
To remove someone from a position or place of power or authority.
Example
The rebels ousted the dictator from power.
Die Rebellen verdrängten den Diktator von der Macht.
C1 adjective /ˈkɔː.stɪk/

caustic

ätzend, scharf
Meaning
able to burn or corrode by chemical action; severely sarcastic
Example
Her caustic remarks hurt his feelings.
Ihre ätzenden Bemerkungen verletzten seine Gefühle.
C1 noun /ˈaɪsətəʊp/

isotope

Isotop
Meaning
Atoms of the same element with equal number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
Example
Carbon-14 is a radioactive isotope used in dating fossils.
Kohlenstoff-14 ist ein radioaktives Isotop, das in der Fossilien-Datierung verwendet wird.
C1 noun /kəˈlæm.ɪ.ti/

Calamity

Kalamität; Katastrophe
Meaning
an event causing great and often sudden damage or distress; a disaster
Example
The earthquake was a terrible calamity that affected thousands of families.
Das Erdbeben war eine schreckliche Kalamität, die Tausende von Familien betroffen hat.
C1 noun /ˈwɔːkɪŋ fɪʃ/

Walking-fish

Gehfisch
Meaning
a fish that can move on land using its fins and breathe air for extended periods
Example
The walking-fish can travel across dry land to find new water sources.
Der Gehfish kann auf trockenem Land reisen, um neue Wasserquellen zu finden.
C1 adjective /prɪˈtɛnʃəs/

pretentious

pompös
Meaning
Attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed.
Example
The restaurant was stylish but far too pretentious for my taste.
Das Restaurant war stilvoll, aber viel zu pompös für meinen Geschmack.
C1 noun /mɑːrˈsuːpiəl/

marsupial

Säugetier, das seine Jungen in einer Tasche trägt und ernährt
Meaning
A type of mammal that carries and nourishes its young in a pouch, like kangaroos and koalas.
Example
The kangaroo is a well-known marsupial.
Das Känguru ist ein bekanntes Marsupial.
C1 noun /ˈɑːdəsi/

odyssey

lange Reise
Meaning
a long, adventurous journey; a series of experiences
Example
Her career has been an odyssey of challenges and achievements.
Ihre Karriere war eine Odyssee aus Herausforderungen und Erfolgen.
C1 adjective /riˈækʃəˌneri/

reactionary

reaktionär
Meaning
Opposing political or social progress or reform; extremely conservative.
Example
The group took a reactionary stance against the new policies.
Die Gruppe nahm eine reaktionäre Haltung gegenüber den neuen Politiken ein.
C1 noun /ˌsɛlfsəˈfɪʃənsi/

Self-sufficiency

Selbstgenügsamkeit
Meaning
the ability to supply one's own needs without external assistance; independence
Example
The farm achieved complete self-sufficiency in food production.
Der Bauernhof erreichte vollständige Selbstgenügsamkeit in der Lebensmittelproduktion.
C1 adjective + noun এক্সেসিভ স্ট্রেইন

excessive strain

übermäßige Belastung
Meaning
An amount of physical pressure or stress that is more than what is normal or acceptable.
Example
Excessive strain on fingers can cause musculoskeletal issues.
Übermäßiger Druck auf die Finger kann muskuloskelettale Probleme verursachen.
C1 verb /eɪl/

ail

krank sein
Meaning
to be ill or suffer from a physical or mental problem; to trouble or afflict
Example
She has been ailing since last winter.
Sie ist seit dem letzten Winter krank.
C1 adjective /ˌkɒnvəˈlɛsnt/

convalescent

in der Erholung, sich von einer Krankheit oder medizinischen Behandlung erholend
Meaning
recovering from an illness or medical treatment
Example
The hospital has a special ward for convalescent patients.
Das Krankenhaus hat einen speziellen Bereich für erholende Patienten.
C1 noun /pəˈθɒlədʒi/

pathology

Pathologie
Meaning
the scientific study of diseases, their causes, processes, and effects on the body
Example
Advances in pathology helped the doctors identify the rare infection quickly.
Fortschritte in der Pathologie halfen den Ärzten, die seltene Infektion schnell zu identifizieren.
C1 adverb /ˈɒp.tɪ.məl.i/

optimally

optimal
Meaning
In the most effective or efficient way possible.
Example
Tasks should be allocated optimally for maximum output.
Aufgaben sollten optimal für maximale Ergebnisse verteilt werden.
C1 noun /ɪɡˌzæm.ɪˈniː/

Examinee

Prüfling
Meaning
a person who is being tested in an examination
Example
Each examinee was given two hours to complete the test.
Jeder Prüfling hatte zwei Stunden Zeit, um den Test abzuschließen.
C1 adjective /ˈlɪvɪd/

livid

wütend
Meaning
Extremely angry; furious.
Example
She was livid when she found out about the betrayal.
Sie war wütend, als sie von dem Verrat erfuhr.
C1 noun /ˈkroʊniˌɪzəm/

cronyism

Freunderlwirtschaft
Meaning
The practice of favoring friends or associates, especially in political appointments or business deals.
Example
The company was accused of cronyism in hiring practices.
Das Unternehmen wurde des Klientelismus in den Einstellungsverfahren beschuldigt.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɪbɪtɪd/

inhibited

gehemmt
Meaning
Unable to act in a relaxed and natural way, especially due to self-consciousness or restraint.
Example
He was too inhibited to express his true feelings.
Er war zu gehemmt, um seine wahren Gefühle auszudrücken.
C1 adjective /ˈtraɪflɪŋ/

Trifling

unbedeutend; trivial; belanglos
Meaning
of little importance; trivial; insignificant
Example
Don't worry about such trifling matters.
Kümmer dich nicht um solche belanglosen Angelegenheiten.
C1 verb /ˌriːɪnˈsteɪt/

reinstate

wieder einstellen
Meaning
To restore someone or something to their former position or condition.
Example
The company decided to reinstate the suspended employee.
Das Unternehmen entschied sich, den suspendierten Mitarbeiter wieder einzustellen.
C1 noun /ˌdɜːrməˈtɑːlədʒi/

dermatology

dermatologie
Meaning
The branch of medicine concerned with the skin and its diseases.
Example
He studied dermatology at medical school.
Er hat Dermatologie an der medizinischen Fakultät studiert.
C1 noun /krɪpt/

crypt

krypta
Meaning
an underground chamber, especially one beneath a church, used as a burial place
Example
The tourists explored the ancient crypt beneath the cathedral.
Die Touristen erkundeten die alte Krypta unter der Kathedrale.
C1 adjective /ˈfruː.ɡəl/

Frugal

sparsam; wirtschaftlich
Meaning
economical; thrifty;
Example
She is very frugal and saves money by buying only necessary items.
Sie ist sehr sparsam und spart Geld, indem sie nur notwendige Artikel kauft.
C1 noun /ˌæn.ɪˈmɒs.ə.ti/

Animosity

Feindseligkeit; Antipathie
Meaning
strong hostility or dislike; active hatred or ill will
Example
There was clear animosity between the two rival teams.
Es gab eine klare Feindseligkeit zwischen den beiden rivalisierenden Teams.
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.vəˌnɪz.əm/

chauvinism

Chauvinismus
Meaning
Excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause, group, or gender, often with contempt for others.
Example
The company's culture was criticized for promoting male chauvinism.
Die Unternehmenskultur wurde dafuer kritisiert, maennlichen Chauvinismus zu foerdern.
C1 noun /sleɪ/

sleigh

Schlitten
Meaning
A vehicle pulled by horses or reindeer over snow or ice.
Example
Children were excited to ride in the sleigh through the snowy village.
Kinder waren aufgeregt, im Schlitten durch das verschneite Dorf zu fahren.
C1 adjective/adverb /əˈmɪs/

amiss

falsch
Meaning
Not quite right; inappropriate or out of place.
Example
Something seems amiss with the car's engine.
Es scheint etwas falsch mit dem Motor des Autos zu sein.
C1 noun /ˈtæntrəm/

tantrum

wutanfall
Meaning
An uncontrolled outburst of anger and frustration, typically in a young child.
Example
The child threw a tantrum when he didn’t get the toy.
Das Kind hatte einen Wutanfall, als es das Spielzeug nicht bekam.
C1 adjective ɪnˈdel.ə.bəl

indelible

unvergesslich
Meaning
Making marks that cannot be removed; impossible to forget or remove.
Example
Her speech left an indelible mark on the audience.
Ihre Rede hinterließ einen unvergesslichen Eindruck beim Publikum.
C1 adjective /kənˈsɪliətɔːri/

conciliatory

versöhnlich
Meaning
intended to make someone less angry or more agreeable; soothing
Example
She spoke in a conciliatory tone to ease the tension.
Sie sprach in einem versöhnlichen Ton, um die Spannung abzubauen.
C1 noun /ˌnoʊtəˈraɪəti/

notoriety

berüchtigung
Meaning
The state of being famous or well-known for something bad.
Example
The criminal gained notoriety for his daring escapes.
Der Kriminelle erlangte Berüchtigung für seine gewagten Fluchten.
C1 adjective /ˈkɑːr.di.æk/

cardiac

kardiologisch
Meaning
Relating to the heart.
Example
The patient was admitted with a cardiac condition.
Der Patient wurde mit einer kardialen Erkrankung aufgenommen.
C1 adjective /ˈwɔːrˌlaɪk/

warlike

kriegerisch
Meaning
Having an aggressive or militant nature; inclined to fight or engage in war.
Example
The tribe was known for its warlike traditions.
Der Stamm war bekannt für seine kriegerischen Traditionen.
C1 adjective /ˈædʒ.aɪl/

agile

schnell und anpassungsfähig
Meaning
able to move quickly and easily; quick and adaptable in thinking or action
Example
The startup team was agile in responding to market changes.
Das Startup-Team war agil, als es auf Marktveränderungen reagierte.
C1 noun/verb /ˈslʌmbər/

slumber

Schlaf
Meaning
A state of sleep; to sleep lightly or rest.
Example
The child slumbered peacefully through the night.
Das Kind schlief die ganze Nacht friedlich.
C1 noun ˌræʃ.ən.əl.ɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

rationalization

Rationalisierung
Meaning
The practice of finding reasons for behavior or actions that are not the real reasons.
Example
His rationalization of the mistake was not convincing.
Seine Rationalisierung des Fehlers war nicht überzeugend.
C1 noun /ˈzeɪni/

Zany

verrückt, komische Person; verspielt
Meaning
amusingly unconventional and idiosyncratic; a comical person; foolishly playful
Example
He has a zany sense of humor that makes everyone laugh.
Er hat einen verrückten Sinn für Humor, der alle zum Lachen bringt.
C1 verb /ˈdʒʌɡəl/

juggle

jonglieren
Meaning
To continuously toss and catch objects in the air; to manage many tasks at the same time.
Example
He tried to juggle work, studies, and family responsibilities.
Er versuchte, Arbeit, Studium und familiäre Verantwortung gleichzeitig zu jonglieren.
C1 noun /ˈsækrɪlɪdʒ/

sacrilege

Entweihung
Meaning
Violation or misuse of what is regarded as sacred.
Example
Stealing from the temple was considered an act of sacrilege.
Diebstahl aus dem Tempel wurde als Akt der Entweihung betrachtet.
C1 noun /ˈmɑːrtərdəm/

Martyrdom

Märtyrertum
Meaning
The suffering of death on account of adherence to a cause or principle
Example
His martyrdom inspired countless others to join the freedom movement.
Sein Märtyrertum inspirierte unzählige andere, sich der Freiheitsbewegung anzuschließen.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈses.ənt/

incessant

unaufhörlich
Meaning
Continuing without pause or interruption; constant.
Example
The incessant noise from the construction site made it hard to concentrate.
Der unaufhörliche Lärm von der Baustelle erschwerte es, sich zu konzentrieren.
C1 verb /ˈkɒnsɪkreɪt/

consecrate

weihen
Meaning
to make something sacred, usually through a religious ceremony
Example
The church was consecrated by the bishop.
Die Kirche wurde vom Bischof geweiht.
C1 noun /səˈvænə/

savanna

Savanne (mit verstreuten Bäumen)
Meaning
a grassy plain with scattered trees, typical of tropical and subtropical regions
Example
Giraffes browsed on acacia trees across the wide savanna.
Giraffen grasten an Akazienbäumen über die weite Savanne.
C1 adjective prɪˈkeə.ri.əs

precarious

prekär
Meaning
Not securely held or in position; dependent on chance; uncertain.
Example
His financial situation is precarious.
Seine finanzielle Situation ist prekär.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈsəʊʃəbl/

unsociable

ungesellig
Meaning
not enjoying the company of others; avoiding social interaction
Example
He became unsociable after moving to a new city.
Nach dem Umzug in eine neue Stadt wurde er ungesellig.
C1 adjective /ˌɔːtəˈkrætɪk/

autocratic

autokratisch
Meaning
Relating to a ruler who has absolute power and does not consult others.
Example
The manager’s autocratic style discouraged employees from sharing their ideas.
Der autokratische Führungsstil des Managers ermutigte die Mitarbeiter nicht, ihre Ideen zu teilen.
C1 noun /ədˈhɪərənt/

adherent

Anhänger
Meaning
a person who supports or follows a particular belief, cause, or leader
Example
He is a strong adherent of democratic values.
Er ist ein starker Anhänger der demokratischen Werte.
C1 verb ɔːɡˈmɛntɪŋ

augmenting

vergrößern
Meaning
Increasing; making something greater in size, number, or degree
Example
Life expectancy is augmenting with advancements in healthcare.
Die Lebenserwartung steigt mit den Fortschritten im Gesundheitswesen.
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpʌlsɪv/

impulsive

impulsiv, spontan
Meaning
acting suddenly without careful thought
Example
She made an impulsive decision to buy the car.
Sie traf eine impulsive Entscheidung, das Auto zu kaufen.
C1 adjective ʌnˈwɔːr.rən.tɪd

unwarranted

unbegründet
Meaning
Not justified or necessary; without good reason.
Example
His anger toward the staff was completely unwarranted.
Seine Wut gegenüber dem Personal war völlig unbegründet.
C1 noun /fəˈrɒs.ə.ti/

ferocity

Ferocity, Gewalt, Intensität
Meaning
The state or quality of being ferocious; extreme fierceness or violence.
Example
The storm's ferocity was devastating.
Die Ferocity des Sturms war verheerend.
C1 noun/verb /pɔːr/

pore

Poren / sorgfältig studieren
Meaning
As a noun: a tiny opening in the skin or surface. As a verb: to study something carefully.
Example
She pored over the documents for hours before making a decision.
Sie studierte die Dokumente stundenlang, bevor sie eine Entscheidung traf.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

unfreiwillig
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
Er bekam einen unwillkürlichen Schauer, als er das laute Geräusch hörte.
C1 adjective /ˈdʒeɪ.dɪd/

jaded

müde, gleichgültig
Meaning
Tired, bored, or lacking enthusiasm, typically after having had too much of something.
Example
After years of traveling, she felt jaded by the constant movement.
Nach Jahren des Reisens fühlte sie sich müde durch die ständige Bewegung.
C1 adjective /ˈsɛm.ɪ.nəl/

seminal

Glück
Meaning
Strongly influencing later developments; highly original and influential.
Example
His seminal book changed the course of modern philosophy.
Sie konnte ihr Glück nicht verbergen, als sie den Preis erhielt.
C1 verb /ˈɪtəreɪt/

iterate

iterieren
Meaning
To repeat a process or statement, often to improve or refine.
Example
The software team will iterate the design until it meets user needs.
Das Softwareteam wird das Design iterieren, bis es den Benutzeranforderungen entspricht.
C1 noun /fæd/

fad

vorübergehende Mode, Trend
Meaning
a temporary fashion or trend; a short-lived craze
Example
The new diet became a popular fad among teenagers.
Die neue Diät wurde ein vorübergehender Trend unter Teenagern.
C1 adjective /ˈdeɪnti/

dainty

zart und hübsch
Meaning
Delicately small, pretty, and often considered elegant.
Example
She wore a dainty necklace made of pearls.
Sie trug eine zarte Halskette aus Perlen.
C1 verb /ʃraʊd/

shroud

einhüllen
Meaning
to cover or hide; to wrap in cloth
Example
The mountain peak was shrouded in mist.
Der Gipfel des Berges war in Nebel gehüllt.
C1 noun /ˈfɔːr.teɪ/ or /fɔːrt/

forte

Stärke
Meaning
a strong ability or talent; something one does particularly well
Example
Cooking is definitely her forte.
Kochen ist definitiv ihre Stärke.
C1 adjective /ˈed.jʊ.keɪ.tɪv/

Educative

erzieherisch; lehrreich; informativ
Meaning
providing education; instructive; informative
Example
The documentary was highly educative and informative.
Die Dokumentation war sehr lehrreich und informativ.
C1 noun /əˈstuːt.nəs/

astuteness

Schläue
Meaning
The ability to accurately assess situations or people and turn this to one's advantage.
Example
His astuteness helped in negotiations.
Seine Schläue half bei den Verhandlungen.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtræk.tə.bəl/

intractable

unlösbar
Meaning
Difficult or impossible to manage, control, or solve.
Example
The conflict has become an intractable problem.
Der Konflikt ist zu einem unlösbaren Problem geworden.
C1 verb /aʊtˈlɪv/

outlive

überleben
Meaning
to live longer than someone or something else
Example
She outlived all her siblings.
Sie hat alle ihre Geschwister überlebt.
C1 noun /ˈbɑn.dɪdʒ/

Bondage

Knechtschaft; Gefangenschaft
Meaning
the state of being a slave; the state of being under the control of a force or influence
Example
The people fought to escape from the bondage of oppression.
Die Menschen kämpften, um der Knechtschaft der Unterdrückung zu entkommen.
C1 verb /ˈhaɪbərˌneɪt/

hibernate

winterschlafen
Meaning
To spend the winter in a dormant state, as some animals do.
Example
Bears hibernate in caves during the winter.
Bären halten im Winter Winterschlaf in Höhlen.
C1 noun /ˈɪntrɪkəsi/

intricacy

Komplexität
Meaning
the quality of being very detailed or complicated
Example
The intricacy of the design impressed everyone.
Die Komplexität des Designs beeindruckte alle.
C1 preposition /əˈtɒp/

atop

oben
Meaning
on the top of something
Example
A flag was placed atop the tower.
Eine Flagge wurde oben auf den Turm gesetzt.
C1 noun, verb /ˈliːvər/ or /ˈlɛvər/

lever

Hebel, stange
Meaning
a rigid bar used to move or lift heavy objects; to move something using leverage.
Example
He used a lever to lift the heavy stone.
Er benutzte einen Hebel, um den schweren Stein zu heben.
C1 verb /ˈɑːrbɪtreɪt/

arbitrate

schlichten
Meaning
to settle a dispute between two parties by acting as an impartial judge
Example
The committee agreed to arbitrate the contract dispute.
Das Komitee stimmte zu, den Vertragsstreit zu schlichten.
C1 adjective /ʌnˈwɪtɪŋ/

unwitting

unwissend
Meaning
Not aware of what is happening; done without realizing.
Example
She became an unwitting participant in the scam.
Sie wurde eine unwissende Teilnehmerin an dem Betrug.
C1 noun ˈstræt.ə.sfɪər

stratosphere

Stratosphäre
Meaning
The layer of the earth's atmosphere above the troposphere, extending to about 50 km above the earth's surface.
Example
The stratosphere provides a unique environment.
Die Stratosphäre bietet eine einzigartige Umgebung.
C1 noun /əˈrɪəz/

arrears

Rückstände
Meaning
Money that is owed and should have been paid earlier.
Example
She was months in arrears with her electricity bill.
Sie war mehrere Monate im Rückstand mit ihrer Stromrechnung.
C1 adjective /ˌɛpɪˈsɒdɪk/

episodic

episodisch
Meaning
Happening occasionally or in separate parts; related to episodes.
Example
Her interest in art was episodic, coming and going over the years.
Ihr Interesse an Kunst war episodisch, es kam und ging über die Jahre.
C1 verb /əˈskraɪb/

ascribe

zuschreiben, zuordnen
Meaning
To attribute something to a cause, source, or person.
Example
Many scholars ascribe the poem to an unknown author.
Viele Gelehrte schreiben das Gedicht einem unbekannten Autor zu.
C1 adjective /ˌnjʊə.rəˈlɒdʒ.ɪ.kəl/

neurological

neurologisch
Meaning
Relating to the anatomy, functions, and organic disorders of nerves and the nervous system.
Example
Meditation has positive neurological effects on mental health.
Meditation hat positive neurologische Auswirkungen auf die geistige Gesundheit.
C1 noun /prəˌlɪf.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

proliferation

Proliferation
Meaning
Rapid increase in the number or amount of something; rapid multiplication or growth.
Example
The proliferation of malware is a growing concern.
Die Proliferation von Malware ist eine wachsende Sorge.