sovereign
All a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
All CEFR A1 A2 B1 B2 C1 C2
Content locale
EN 英语 BN 孟加拉语 HI 印地语 ES 西班牙语 FR 法语 DE 德语 RU 俄语 ZH 中文 JA 日语
All Vocabulary Cards All Vocabularies
C1 adjective ˈsɒvrɪn

sovereign

主权的, 最高的
Meaning
Possessing supreme or ultimate power; independent.
Example
The sovereign government has control over its currency.
主权政府控制着自己的货币。
C1 verb /ˈmʌmbəl/

mumble

Meaning
To speak quietly and not clearly so that words are difficult to understand.
Example
He mumbled an apology before leaving.
C1 noun /ˈlɛɡɪŋ/

legging

紧身裤
Meaning
tight-fitting stretch pants, typically worn by women for exercise or casual wear
Example
She bought a new pair of black leggings for the gym.
她为健身房买了一条新的黑色紧身裤。
C1 noun /ˈɛksɜːrpt/

excerpt

摘录
Meaning
A short portion taken from a text, film, or piece of music.
Example
The teacher read an excerpt from the novel.
老师读了小说中的一段摘录。
C1 noun /ˈmaɪlɪdʒ/

mileage

油耗
Meaning
The distance traveled in miles, or the fuel efficiency of a vehicle.
Example
This car gives excellent mileage on highways.
这辆车在高速公路上的油耗表现优秀。
C1 noun /ˈsɪmətri/

symmetry

对称
Meaning
the quality of having balanced proportions or identical parts facing each other
Example
The building’s symmetry impressed the visitors.
建筑的对称性给游客留下了深刻的印象。
C1 noun /ˈdʒʊərər/

juror

陪审员
Meaning
a member of a jury who is chosen to hear evidence in a legal case and help make a decision
Example
The juror listened carefully to the witness’s testimony.
陪审员仔细听取了证人的证词。
C1 verb məˈnɒp.ə.laɪz

monopolize

垄断
Meaning
Control exclusively, dominate market.
Example
The company tried to monopolize the market.
该公司试图垄断市场。
C1 adjective /ˈviːəmənt/

Vehement

激烈的; 强烈的; 热情的; 精力充沛的
Meaning
showing strong feeling; forceful; passionate; intense
Example
She gave a vehement denial of the accusations.
她坚决否认了这些指控。
C1 noun /bɑːm/

balm

香膏
Meaning
A soothing ointment or something that provides comfort or relief.
Example
The balm helped relieve the pain from her sunburn.
香膏帮助缓解她的晒伤疼痛。
C1 noun /ɒpˈtɒmətri/

optometry

验光学
Meaning
The practice or profession of examining the eyes and prescribing corrective lenses.
Example
She studied optometry at the university to become an eye specialist.
她在大学学习验光学，成为一名眼科专家。
C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛrəld/

herald

先兆
Meaning
A person or thing that announces or signals the approach of something; to announce or signal.
Example
The blooming flowers herald the arrival of spring.
盛开的花朵预示着春天的到来。
C1 noun /kwɔːrˈtɛt/

quartet

四重奏
Meaning
A group of four people playing music or singing together.
Example
The string quartet performed beautifully at the concert.
弦乐四重奏在音乐会上表现得非常出色。
C1 noun /ˈsed.ɪ.mənt/

Sediment

沉积物
Meaning
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; particles deposited by water or wind
Example
The river carried sediment downstream during the flood.
洪水期间，河水把沉积物冲向下游。
C1 noun ˌsæn.ɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

sanitization

消毒
Meaning
The process of cleaning and disinfecting to eliminate germs and bacteria.
Example
Regular sanitization keeps appliances germ-free.
定期消毒保持设备无菌。
C1 noun /ˈɪn.floʊ/

inflow

流入
Meaning
The movement of things such as money, people, or water into a place.
Example
The inflow of tourists boosted the local economy.
游客的流入促进了当地经济的发展。
C1 noun /ˈmeɪ.triˌɑːrk/

matriarch

Meaning
A woman who is the head of a family or community.
Example
The matriarch of the family made all important decisions.
C1 noun /kənˈtɛnʃən/

contention

争议, 分歧
Meaning
heated disagreement or argument; a point asserted in debate
Example
The main contention between the two parties was over tax reform.
两党之间的主要争议是关于税务改革。
C1 verb /ˈdʒenərəlaɪz/

generalize

概括
Meaning
To make a broad statement by inferring from specific cases.
Example
It is wrong to generalize based on a few experiences.
根据几次经历做出概括是错误的。
C1 verb /ˈmɜːrmər/

murmur

低语
Meaning
To say something in a low, soft, or indistinct voice.
Example
She murmured a prayer before going to sleep.
她在睡觉前低声念了一句祷告。
C1 noun /ˈɛstjʊəri/

estuary

河口
Meaning
the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream
Example
The city is located near the estuary of the river.
这座城市位于河口附近。
C1 noun /sʌˈmeɪʃən/

summation

总和, 摘要
Meaning
The process of adding things together; a summary of points.
Example
The lawyer gave a powerful summation of the case.
律师对案件进行了有力的总结。
C1 verb /ɪnˈθrɔːl/

enthrall

迷住
Meaning
to captivate or hold someone’s attention completely
Example
The magician’s tricks enthralled the children.
魔术师的技巧让孩子们着迷。
C1 adjective /ˈpɒp.jʊ.ləs/

Populous

人口众多
Meaning
having a large population; densely populated; crowded with people
Example
China is the most populous country in the world.
中国是世界上人口最多的国家。
C1 adjective /kənˈstreɪnd/

constrained

受限的, 强迫的
Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
在尴尬的会议中，他露出了强迫的微笑。
C1 noun /ˈfaɪərɑːm/

firearm

火器
Meaning
a weapon capable of firing a projectile using gunpowder or other propellant
Example
The police found a hidden firearm during the investigation.
警方在调查过程中发现了一支隐藏的火器。
C1 noun /ˈleɪ.mən/

Layman

外行人; 没有专业知识的人
Meaning
a person without professional or specialized knowledge in a particular subject
Example
The doctor explained the procedure in layman's terms.
医生用通俗的语言解释了这个程序。
C1 noun /ˈfjuː.dʒə.tɪv/

Fugitive

逃犯
Meaning
a person who has escaped from a place or is in hiding, especially to avoid arrest
Example
The police launched a manhunt to capture the fugitive who escaped from prison.
警方展开了追捕行动，试图抓捕从监狱逃跑的逃犯。
C1 noun /ˈkærət/

karat

克拉
Meaning
A unit for measuring the purity of gold, with 24 karats being pure gold.
Example
The ring was made of 18-karat gold.
戒指是由18克拉黄金制成的。
C1 adjective /ˈtrænziənt/

Transient

短暂的; 临时的
Meaning
lasting for only a short time; temporary
Example
The beauty of spring flowers is transient.
春天花朵的美丽是短暂的。
C1 verb, noun /læɡ/

lag

滞后或延迟
Meaning
To fall behind in movement, progress, or development; a delay or period of falling behind.
Example
The old computer tends to lag when running new software.
旧电脑在运行新软件时常常滞后。
C1 adjective /ˈtɛn.ju.əs/

tenuous

薄弱 / 稀薄
Meaning
Very weak, thin, or slight; lacking a strong basis.
Example
The evidence against him is quite tenuous.
对他不利的证据相当薄弱。
C1 adjective ɪˈneɪt

Innate

与生俱来的或自然的
Meaning
Existing from birth or natural
Example
She has an innate talent for music.
她有天生的音乐才华。
C1 noun /ɪnˈsek.tɪ.saɪd/

Insecticide

杀虫剂
Meaning
a substance used for killing insects; a chemical pesticide that targets insects
Example
The farmer sprayed insecticide on his crops to protect them from harmful bugs.
农民在作物上喷洒杀虫剂，以保护它们免受有害昆虫的侵害。
C1 noun /pəˈpaɪrəs/

papyrus

纸莎草
Meaning
An ancient writing material made from the pith of the papyrus plant; also refers to the plant itself.
Example
The ancient scroll was written on papyrus.
古老的卷轴是用纸莎草写的。
C1 noun /ˌpɜːsəˈnælɪzeɪʃən/

personalization

个性化, 定制化
Meaning
The action of making something personal or individual; customization.
Example
Personalization in marketing improves customer engagement.
营销中的个性化提升了客户的参与度。
C1 noun /ˈpriːˌkɜrsər/

precursor

前身
Meaning
Something or someone that comes before another and indicates the approach of something else.
Example
The steam engine was a precursor to modern trains.
蒸汽机是现代火车的前身。
C1 verb; noun /beltʃ/

belch

打嗝
Meaning
to expel air noisily from the stomach through the mouth; to emit or pour out suddenly and forcefully
Example
After drinking the soda, he belched loudly.
喝了汽水后，他大声打嗝。
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈpriːv/

reprieve

Meaning
A temporary relief or delay from something unpleasant; to postpone or cancel punishment.
Example
The prisoner was granted a last-minute reprieve from execution.
C1 noun /ˌfɪziˈɑːlədʒi/

physiology

生理学
Meaning
the scientific study of the functions and mechanisms in a living system
Example
She is majoring in human physiology at the university.
她在大学主修人体生理学。
C1 noun /ˈbaɪ.laɪn/

byline

作者姓名行
Meaning
A line in a newspaper or magazine article that names the writer.
Example
Her byline appeared on the front page of the newspaper.
她的名字出现在报纸的头版。
C1 adjective /əˈblɪɡ.ə.tɔː.ri/

obligatory

强制的
Meaning
Required by a legal, moral, or other rule; compulsory.
Example
Wearing a seatbelt is obligatory in most countries.
在大多数国家，系安全带是强制的。
C1 adjective /kɪˈnɛtɪk/

kinetic

动能
Meaning
Relating to or resulting from motion.
Example
Kinetic energy increases as the object moves faster.
随着物体移动得更快，动能增加。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnɪkˈsplɪkəbl/

inexplicable

无法解释
Meaning
Impossible to explain or understand.
Example
The sudden disappearance of the file was inexplicable.
文件的突然消失是无法解释的。
C1 noun /weɪl/

Wail

哀号; 叫喊
Meaning
a prolonged cry of pain, grief, or anger; to cry loudly
Example
The child's wail could be heard throughout the house.
孩子的哭声在整座房子里都能听到。
C1 noun ˈmɪl.ɪ.tər.i ɪnˈkɜː.ʃən

military incursion

军事入侵
Meaning
A sudden armed attack or invasion by military forces into a territory.
Example
The military incursion caused widespread devastation.
军事入侵造成了广泛的破坏。
C1 noun /ˈdʒɔːn.dɪs/

jaundice

黄疸
Meaning
A medical condition in which the skin and eyes become yellow due to liver problems.
Example
The doctor diagnosed the baby with jaundice.
医生诊断出婴儿患有黄疸。
C1 noun ˈdʒen.ə.saɪd

genocide

种族灭绝
Meaning
The deliberate killing of a large group of people, especially those of a particular ethnic group or nation.
Example
The allegations of genocide raised global concerns.
种族灭绝的指控引起了全球关注。
C1 noun /ˌsɛrənˈdɪpɪti/

serendipity

意外的好运
Meaning
The occurrence of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way.
Example
Finding that old photo album was pure serendipity.
找到那本旧照片集是纯粹的意外的好运。
C1 noun /ˈtrɪviə/

trivia

琐事
Meaning
Details or information that are considered unimportant or of little value.
Example
The quiz was filled with fun trivia about movies and music.
测验中充满了关于电影和音乐的有趣琐事。
C1 noun /əˌtɜːni ˈdʒɛnərəl/

attorney-general

总检察长
Meaning
The chief legal officer of a state or country.
Example
The attorney-general announced new reforms to strengthen justice.
总检察长宣布了加强司法的新的改革。
C1 verb /ˈdʒʌmbəl/

jumble

混合
Meaning
to mix things together in a confused or untidy way
Example
Don't jumble all the papers together in one pile.
不要把所有的文件混在一起。
C1 noun ˈmæŋɡroʊv ˈfɒrɪst

Mangrove Forest

红树林
Meaning
A coastal forest ecosystem characterized by salt-tolerant trees and shrubs that grow in intertidal zones.
Example
Sundarbans is the world's largest mangrove forest.
孙达班是世界上最大的红树林。
C1 verb /wɪlt/

wilt

枯萎
Meaning
To become limp, weak, or drooping, often due to lack of water or energy.
Example
The flowers wilted in the heat of the sun.
花朵在太阳的炙热下枯萎。
C1 adjective /ˈtækt.ləs/

tactless

失礼
Meaning
showing a lack of sensitivity in dealing with others
Example
His tactless remark embarrassed everyone at the meeting.
他的失礼评论让会议中的每个人都感到尴尬。
C1 noun /dɪˈvaɪzər/

divisor

除数
Meaning
A number by which another number is divided.
Example
In the equation 12 ÷ 3, the number 3 is the divisor.
在方程式12 ÷ 3中，数字3是除数。
C1 noun /pəˈnæʃ/

panache

与众不同的风格
Meaning
Flamboyant confidence of style or manner; distinctive and stylish elegance.
Example
He delivered his speech with great panache.
他以极大的自信发表了演讲。
C1 noun /ˈdiːvə/

diva

著名女歌手
Meaning
a famous female singer; a woman who is admired or behaves like a star
Example
The pop diva performed her latest hit to a cheering crowd.
这位流行歌后在欢呼的人群前演唱了她的最新热曲。
C1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərd/

tempered

调和
Meaning
having a specified temper or disposition; strengthened or moderated.
Example
She gave a tempered response to the criticism.
她对批评做出了调和的回应。
C1 noun ˌmɛməraɪˈzeɪʃən

memorization

记忆
Meaning
The process of learning or committing something to memory
Example
Memorization of important information is crucial for exams.
重要信息的记忆对于考试至关重要。
C1 noun /ˈpɒlɪɡɒn/

polygon

多边形
Meaning
a flat shape with three or more straight sides
Example
The artist drew a colorful polygon on the canvas.
艺术家在画布上画了一个五彩的多边形。
C1 noun /ɪˈvæp.ər.ə.tɪv ˈkuː.lər/

Evaporative cooler

蒸发冷却器
Meaning
a cooling device that uses water evaporation to reduce air temperature
Example
The evaporative cooler works best in dry climates.
蒸发冷却器在干燥的气候中效果最好。
C1 noun /əˈsɪdɪti/

acidity

酸度
Meaning
the quality or degree of being acidic; the amount of acid present in a substance
Example
The acidity of the soil affects how well crops grow.
土壤的酸度会影响作物的生长。
C1 noun /ˌprəʊˈæk.tɪv ˈliː.də.ʃɪp/

proactive leadership

积极领导
Meaning
Leadership that takes initiative and anticipates problems before they occur, rather than reacting to events.
Example
Proactive leadership ensures timely decisions.
积极领导确保及时的决策。
C1 adjective /ˈɔː.də.bəl/

Audible

可听见的
Meaning
able to be heard; loud enough to hear
Example
The speaker's voice was barely audible from the back of the large hall.
演讲者的声音从大礼堂的后面几乎听不见。
C1 noun /dɪˈprɛsənt/

depressant

抑制剂
Meaning
A drug that reduces functional or nervous activity in the body.
Example
Alcohol acts as a depressant on the central nervous system.
酒精在中枢神经系统中作为抑制剂发挥作用。
C1 noun /ˈvɪdʒ.ɪ.ləns/

vigilance

警觉
Meaning
The action or state of keeping careful watch for possible danger or difficulties.
Example
Constant vigilance is required in cybersecurity.
在网络安全中，持续的警觉是必需的。
C1 noun səˈsteɪ.nə.bəl tekˈnɒl.ə.dʒi

sustainable technology

可持续技术
Meaning
Technology designed to meet present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their needs.
Example
Sustainable technology ensures a cleaner future.
可持续技术确保更清洁的未来。
C1 adjective /ˈkwɪzɪkəl/

quizzical

困惑的, 疑问的
Meaning
Expressing mild or amused puzzlement.
Example
She gave him a quizzical look when he made the strange comment.
当他说出奇怪的评论时，她投给了他一个困惑的眼神。
C1 adjective pərˈnɪʃəs

pernicious

有害的, 毁灭性的
Meaning
Having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.
Example
The pernicious effects of smoking are well-documented.
吸烟的有害影响被充分记录。
C1 verb /ˈkriːmeɪt/

cremate

火化
Meaning
to burn a dead body to ashes as a funeral rite
Example
According to his wishes, they cremated his body after the funeral.
按照他的意愿，他们在葬礼后火化了他的遗体。
C1 noun /prəˈspɛktəs/

prospectus

招生简章
Meaning
a printed document that advertises or describes a school, business, or investment offering
Example
The university sent out a prospectus to attract new students.
大学发送了招生简章以吸引新生。
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskriːt/

indiscreet

不谨慎
Meaning
Not careful in what one says or does, likely to reveal secrets or offend.
Example
It was indiscreet of him to mention the plan in public.
他在公众场合提到计划是不谨慎的。
C1 verb /ˈduːdəl/

doodle

Meaning
To draw or scribble absentmindedly, often while thinking about something else.
Example
She doodled flowers in the corner of her notebook during class.
C1 adjective /ɪˈfɛm.ər.əl/

ephemeral

短暂
Meaning
Lasting for a very short time; temporary or transitory.
Example
The beauty of cherry blossoms is ephemeral.
樱花的美丽是短暂的。
C1 adjective /dæft/

daft

愚蠢
Meaning
Silly or foolish.
Example
It was a daft idea to go hiking without water.
没有水去远足是一个愚蠢的想法。
C1 adjective /ˈskwiːmɪʃ/

squeamish

容易感到恶心、头晕或反感
Meaning
easily made to feel sick, faint, or disgusted
Example
She felt squeamish at the sight of blood.
她看到血时感到恶心。
C1 noun /ˌpiːdiˈætrɪks/

pediatrics

儿科学
Meaning
the branch of medicine dealing with the health and medical care of children
Example
She decided to specialize in pediatrics after medical school.
她决定在医学学校后专攻儿科学。
C1 noun /niːʃ/

Niche

市场细分, 专门领域, 目标市场
Meaning
A specialized segment of the market for a particular kind of product or service.
Example
Finding the right niche is key to a successful business.
找到正确的细分市场是成功经营的关键。
C1 noun /ˈtrævɪsti/

travesty

Meaning
A false, absurd, or distorted representation of something.
Example
The trial was a travesty of justice.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəʊˈhɪərənt/

incoherent

不连贯
Meaning
Not clear or easy to understand; lacking logical connection.
Example
His explanation was so incoherent that nobody could follow it.
他的解释如此不连贯，以至于没有人能理解。
C1 noun /dʒɛˈsteɪʃən/

gestation

妊娠
Meaning
the process of carrying or being carried in the womb between conception and birth; the development of an idea or plan
Example
The gestation period of an elephant is nearly two years.
大象的怀孕期将近两年。
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtroʊˌɡreɪd/

retrograde

逆行的
Meaning
moving backward or returning to a worse condition
Example
The policy was seen as a retrograde step for human rights.
该政策被视为人权的倒退步骤。
C1 noun, adjective /ˌproʊlɪˈtɛəriən/

proletarian

无产阶级
Meaning
Relating to the working class, especially those who do not own property.
Example
The movement was rooted in proletarian struggles.
这场运动根植于无产阶级的斗争中。
C1 noun /stɛntʃ/

stench

臭味
Meaning
A very strong and unpleasant smell.
Example
The stench of garbage filled the alley.
垃圾的臭味充满了小巷。
C1 noun məˈnɒp.əl.i

monopoly

垄断
Meaning
The exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service.
Example
The company has a monopoly on electric car production.
该公司在电动汽车生产方面拥有垄断地位。
C1 adjective /ˈnɔɪz.ləs/

Noiseless

无声的; 完全安静的
Meaning
making no sound; completely silent
Example
She moved through the house in noiseless steps so as not to wake the baby.
她走过房子，步伐无声，以免吵醒宝宝。
C1 adjective /vɪnˈdɪk.tɪv/

Vindictive

复仇心强的
Meaning
having or showing a strong or unreasoning desire for revenge
Example
His vindictive behavior towards his former colleagues was unprofessional.
他对前同事的复仇心态非常不专业。
C1 noun /ˈɛskəpeɪd/

escapade

冒险
Meaning
an adventurous, exciting, or reckless act
Example
Their summer escapade included camping and mountain climbing.
他们的夏季冒险包括露营和登山。
C1 verb /ˈstaɪfəld/

stifled

压制
Meaning
to suppress, hold back, or prevent something from happening
Example
He stifled a laugh during the serious meeting.
他在严肃的会议中压制了笑声。
C1 noun /ɪkˈstræv.ə.ɡəns/

Extravagance

过度开支; 浪费
Meaning
lack of restraint in spending money; excessive expense
Example
The wedding celebration was criticized for its unnecessary extravagance.
婚礼庆典因不必要的奢华而受到批评。
C1 noun /ɪmˈbæl.əns/

Imbalance

不平衡
Meaning
lack of proportion or relation between corresponding things; unequal distribution
Example
The doctor said the patient's dizziness was caused by an inner ear imbalance.
医生说病人的头晕是由内耳不平衡引起的。
C1 noun /baʊt/

Bout

比赛; 回合; 时期;
Meaning
a short period of intense activity of a specified kind; a wrestling or boxing match
Example
After a bout of illness, she finally recovered and returned to work.
经过一段病痛后，她终于恢复并重返工作。
C1 verb trænˈsɛnd

transcend

超越
Meaning
To go beyond the limits of something; to surpass or exceed
Example
His effort to transcend traditional methods was commendable.
他超越传统方法的努力值得赞扬。
C1 noun ˈmaɪ.krəʊˌnjuː.tri.ənt

micronutrient

微量营养素
Meaning
Essential nutrients required by the body in small amounts, including vitamins and minerals.
Example
Iron and zinc are essential micronutrients for growth.
铁和锌是促进生长所需的微量营养素。
C1 verb /ˈrɛplɪkeɪt/

replicate

复制
Meaning
to copy, reproduce, or duplicate something exactly
Example
The scientist tried to replicate the experiment for accuracy.
科学家尝试复制实验以确保准确性。
C1 noun /hɪpˈnoʊsɪs/

hypnosis

催眠
Meaning
A trance-like state of consciousness usually induced by suggestion.
Example
She underwent hypnosis to overcome her fear of flying.
她进行了催眠，以克服她对飞行的恐惧。
C1 noun /ˈɒntreɪ/ (UK), /ˈɑːntreɪ/ (US)

entree

主菜
Meaning
The main course of a meal (US); the right to enter or access (formal).
Example
The restaurant’s signature steak was served as the main entree.
餐厅的招牌牛排作为主菜上桌。
C1 noun /roʊt/

rote

死记硬背
Meaning
mechanical or habitual repetition, often without understanding
Example
He learned the poem by rote without understanding its meaning.
他通过死记硬背学会了这首诗，但没有理解其含义。
C1 verb /ˈhæɡəl/

haggle

讨价还价
Meaning
to argue about the price; to bargain persistently
Example
They haggled over the price for an hour.
他们为价格讨价还价了一个小时。
C1 verb /flaʊt/

flout

蔑视
Meaning
To openly disregard or show contempt for a rule or law.
Example
The company was fined for flouting environmental regulations.
该公司因违反环保规定而被罚款。
C1 noun /ˈpæs.ɪ.fɪst/

pacifist

和平主义者
Meaning
a person who believes in peace and opposes war or violence
Example
She is a committed pacifist who campaigns against armed conflict.
她是一个坚定的和平主义者，致力于反对武装冲突。
C1 verb /ˌdɪsˈmaʊnt/

dismount

下马
Meaning
to get off or down from something, especially a horse, bicycle, or motorcycle
Example
The rider dismounted from the horse after a long journey.
骑手在长途旅行后下马。
C1 adjective /ˈaʊt.kɑːst/

Outcast

被排斥的人
Meaning
rejected by society; excluded person
Example
He felt like an outcast in his new school.
他在新学校里感觉自己像一个被排斥的人。
C1 verb, noun /spraʊt/

sprout

发芽
Meaning
to begin to grow; to produce new leaves or shoots
Example
The seeds began to sprout after a few days of rain.
种子在几天的雨后开始发芽。
C1 adjective /ˈnɔːrmətɪv/

normative

规范的
Meaning
relating to rules, standards, or norms that govern behavior or beliefs
Example
The study focused on the normative aspects of cultural behavior.
这项研究集中于文化行为的规范性方面。
C1 verb /səbˈvɜːrt/

subvert

Meaning
to undermine or overthrow an established system, authority, or institution
Example
The rebels tried to subvert the government.
C1 verb /weɪv/

waive

幸福
Meaning
to refrain from insisting on or enforcing something, especially a right or claim
Example
She decided to waive her right to a lawyer.
她在收到奖项时无法掩饰她的幸福感。
C1 adjective tɪˈneɪ.ʃəs

tenacious

顽强
Meaning
Not readily letting go of, giving up, or separated from an object that one holds, a position, or a principle; persistent.
Example
Her tenacious spirit helped her overcome hardships.
她顽强的精神帮助她克服了困难。
C1 noun ˌdɪs.æmˌbɪɡ.juˈeɪ.ʃən

disambiguation

消歧义
Meaning
The removal of ambiguity by making something clear and unambiguous.
Example
The AI system applies disambiguation to refine text understanding.
AI系统应用歧义消除来完善文本理解。
C1 verb /prəˈkræs.tɪ.neɪt/

procrastinate

拖延, 延迟, 推迟
Meaning
To delay or postpone action; to put off doing something, especially out of habitual carelessness or laziness.
Example
He tends to procrastinate when facing difficult tasks.
他在面对困难任务时倾向于拖延。
C1 noun /rɪˈsaɪtər/

reciter

朗诵者
Meaning
a person who recites or repeats something aloud from memory, especially poetry, prayers, or formal texts
Example
The reciter delivered the poem with clarity and emotion.
朗诵者清晰而富有感情地朗诵了这首诗。
C1 noun /liˈeɪzɒn/

liaison

联络人
Meaning
communication or cooperation between people or groups for a smooth working relationship
Example
She works as a liaison between the company and its clients.
她在公司与客户之间担任联络人。
C1 adjective /ˈbuːzi/

boozy

酒气的
Meaning
containing or involving a lot of alcohol; slightly drunk from alcohol
Example
The party became boozy as the night went on.
随着夜晚的进行，派对变得很有酒气。
C1 adjective /ˈræɡ.ɪd/

Ragged

破旧的; 破损的; 破烂的
Meaning
torn; tattered; frayed; shabby
Example
The homeless man wore ragged clothes.
无家可归的人穿着破旧的衣服。
C1 adjective /ˈbɛndi/

bendy

柔韧的
Meaning
Easily curved or flexible.
Example
The bendy straw made it easier to drink from the cup.
弯曲的吸管使得从杯子里喝水更加容易。
C1 adjective /ˌʌn.əˈdʌl.tə.reɪ.tɪd/

Unadulterated

纯净的
Meaning
not mixed or diluted with any different or extra elements; pure
Example
She felt unadulterated joy when she heard the news.
当她听到这个消息时，她感到纯净的快乐。
C1 noun ˌsɛn.trə.laɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

centralization

集中化
Meaning
The concentration of control and decision-making power in a central authority.
Example
Excessive centralization can slow down decision-making.
过度的集中化可能会减慢决策的速度。
C1 adjective /ˈmeɪkˌʃɪft/

makeshift

临时
Meaning
used as a temporary substitute; improvised
Example
They used boxes as a makeshift table.
他们用箱子作为临时桌子。
C1 noun /ˈheɪvən/

haven

避风港
Meaning
a safe place or shelter
Example
The library became a haven for students during exams.
图书馆在考试期间成为了学生们的避风港。
C1 noun koʊˈhisɪv ˈjunɪts

cohesive units

凝聚的单元
Meaning
Groups or organizations that work together as unified wholes, with members closely bound together.
Example
Early humans formed cohesive units for survival.
早期人类为了生存，形成了凝聚的单元。