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C1 noun /səˈnɑːtə/

sonata

音乐作品 (奏鸣曲)
Meaning
A musical composition for one or more instruments, typically in several movements.
Example
She performed a beautiful Beethoven sonata on the piano.
她在钢琴上演奏了贝多芬的美丽奏鸣曲。
C1 adjective /ˈtɛmpərd/

tempered

调和
Meaning
having a specified temper or disposition; strengthened or moderated.
Example
She gave a tempered response to the criticism.
她对批评做出了调和的回应。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛndɪŋ/

impending

即将来临
Meaning
about to happen soon, usually something unpleasant or threatening
Example
The villagers were worried about the impending flood.
村民们为即将来临的洪水感到担忧。
C1 verb /veks/

vex

烦扰
Meaning
to annoy or frustrate someone; to cause trouble
Example
The constant noise from construction vexes the residents.
来自施工的持续噪音烦扰着居民。
C1 noun /səˈbætɪkəl/

sabbatical

用于学习或旅行的休假期
Meaning
A period of paid leave granted to a teacher or worker for study or travel, traditionally every seventh year.
Example
She took a sabbatical to research her new book.
她为了研究她的新书而休了一个萨巴提卡尔假期。
C1 noun /kəmˈpʌl.ʃən/

Compulsion

强迫; 强制;
Meaning
the action or state of forcing or being forced to do something; an irresistible urge to behave in a certain way
Example
He felt a strong compulsion to check his phone every few minutes.
他感到强烈的冲动，每隔几分钟就检查一次手机。
C1 noun sælˈveɪʃən

salvation

救赎
Meaning
Deliverance from sin and its consequences, believed by Christians to be brought about by faith in Christ.
Example
The story revolves around the theme of salvation.
故事围绕救赎的主题展开。
C1 verb /ˈnuːtər/

neuter

去势
Meaning
To remove the reproductive organs of an animal; or having no gender.
Example
They decided to neuter their cat to prevent more kittens.
他们决定给猫去势，以防止更多小猫的出生。
C1 adjective ˈɪn.lənd

Inland

内陆
Meaning
Situated in the interior of a country; away from the coast.
Example
Inland transport boosts local trade.
内陆交通促进了当地的贸易。
C1 noun /ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

ramification

后果
Meaning
a consequence of an action or event, often complex or unwelcome.
Example
The new law has serious social ramifications.
新法律有严重的社会后果。
C1 verb /ɪnˈdaʊ/

endow

Meaning
To provide with a quality, ability, or gift; to donate funds for a purpose.
Example
The university was endowed with a generous donation.
C1 noun /brɔːl/

brawl

争吵
Meaning
a noisy fight in a public place
Example
A brawl broke out outside the bar late at night.
夜晚在酒吧外发生了争吵。
C1 adjective /əbˈstrʌk.tɪv/

Obstructive

阻碍性的
Meaning
deliberately creating difficulties or preventing progress; hindering or blocking something
Example
The obstructive policies hindered economic growth.
这些阻碍性的政策阻碍了经济增长。
C1 noun /ˈfræk.tʃər/

Fracture

骨折; 骨裂
Meaning
the cracking or breaking of a hard object or material; a break in a bone
Example
The doctor confirmed that he had a hairline fracture in his wrist.
医生确认他在手腕上有一条细小的骨折。
C1 noun /ɡeɪdʒ/

Gauge

量规
Meaning
an instrument for measuring the magnitude, amount, or contents of something
Example
The pressure gauge showed the tank was full.
压力表显示坦克已满。
C1 adjective /ədˈhiːsɪv/

Adhesive

粘性
Meaning
আঠালো; চটচটে;
Example
The adhesive tape stuck firmly to the wall.
粘合带牢牢地粘在墙上。
C1 noun /æmˈniːʒə/

amnesia

健忘症
Meaning
A partial or total loss of memory, usually caused by injury, illness, or psychological trauma.
Example
After the accident, she suffered from amnesia and could not remember her own name.
事故发生后，她患上了健忘症，无法记起自己的名字。
C1 adjective /ˌnɒn ɪɡˈzɪstənt/

non-existent

不存在
Meaning
not real or not present; lacking existence
Example
The supposed evidence turned out to be non-existent.
假定的证据证明是不存在的。
C1 adjective /ˈsaʊnd.pruːf/

Sound-proof

隔音的; 防止声音进出
Meaning
impervious to sound; preventing sound from entering or leaving
Example
The recording studio has sound-proof walls.
录音室有隔音墙。
C1 adjective /kənˈɡrɛʃənl/

congressional

国会的
Meaning
relating to a congress, especially the US Congress
Example
The bill received strong congressional support.
该法案获得了强烈的国会支持。
C1 verb /rɪˈbʌf/

rebuff

拒绝
Meaning
to reject or refuse in a sharp or abrupt way
Example
She rebuffed his invitation to dinner.
她拒绝了他的晚餐邀请。
C1 noun /ˈsɪk.əl/

Sickle

镰刀
Meaning
a tool with a curved metal blade and short handle used for cutting grain crops
Example
The farmer harvested wheat using a traditional sickle.
农民用传统的镰刀收割小麦。
C1 verb /ɪnˈdɪr/

endear

使受喜爱
Meaning
To cause someone to be loved or liked.
Example
Her kindness and generosity endeared her to the community.
她的善良和慷慨使她深受社区喜爱。
C1 adjective /ˈbaʊn.tɪ.fəl/

bountiful

丰盛的 / 慷慨的
Meaning
Large in quantity; abundant; generous in giving.
Example
The farmer was grateful for the bountiful harvest.
农民感激丰收的成果。
C1 verb /əˈpɛnd/

append

附加
Meaning
to add something as an attachment or supplement, usually at the end of a document or list
Example
She decided to append a note to the end of the report.
她决定在报告的末尾添加一条注释。
C1 adjective /steɪd/

staid

严肃，受尊敬的
Meaning
Serious, respectable, and unadventurous.
Example
He came from a staid family background.
他来自一个严肃的家庭。
C1 verb/noun /ɡraʊl/

growl

咆哮
Meaning
To make a low, guttural sound, often in anger (by animals or humans).
Example
The dog growled at the stranger.
狗对陌生人咆哮。
C1 adjective ɪmˈpɛkəbl

impeccable

完美无瑕
Meaning
In accordance with the highest standards; faultless.
Example
His impeccable taste in fashion was admired by all his peers.
他的完美品味在时尚界得到了所有同事的赞赏。
C1 adjective /sliːk/

sleek

光滑且闪亮
Meaning
smooth, shiny, and stylish
Example
She drove a sleek black sports car.
她开着一辆闪亮的黑色跑车。
C1 noun /mɔːrɡ/

morgue

Meaning
a place where dead bodies are kept, especially to be identified or claimed
Example
The police took the body to the morgue for identification.
C1 noun /ˈʌndərdɒɡ/

underdog

逆袭者
Meaning
a competitor thought to have little chance of winning; a weaker party in a contest
Example
The underdog team surprised everyone by winning the championship.
逆袭者队伍通过赢得锦标赛让所有人都惊讶。
C1 adjective /fərˈlɔːrn/

forlorn

孤独的, 绝望的
Meaning
extremely sad, lonely, or abandoned
Example
The abandoned puppy looked so forlorn in the rain.
被遗弃的小狗在雨中看起来如此悲伤。
C1 adjective /dɪsˈdʒɔɪntɪd/

disjointed

支离破碎
Meaning
Lacking order, coherence, or connection; disconnected.
Example
The movie felt disjointed and hard to follow.
这部电影感觉支离破碎，很难跟上。
C1 noun ɪnˌten.sɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən

intensification

强化
Meaning
The process of becoming or making something more intense or extreme.
Example
The intensification of climate change requires urgent action.
气候变化的强化需要紧急行动。
C1 verb /rɪˈtɑːrd/

retard

延迟 / 放慢
Meaning
to delay or slow down the progress of something
Example
Lack of funds may retard the development of the project.
资金不足可能会延缓项目的发展。
C1 noun /ˈlænd.slaɪd/

Landslide

山体滑坡
Meaning
a collapse of a mass of earth or rock from a mountain or cliff; an overwhelming victory in an election
Example
Heavy rains triggered a massive landslide that blocked the mountain highway.
暴雨引发了一场巨大的山体滑坡，堵塞了山路。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnˈɪntɪmeɪtɪŋ/

unintimating

没有暗示
Meaning
Not giving a hint or suggestion; not indicating.
Example
His unintimating tone gave no clue of his true feelings.
他的没有暗示的语气没有透露他真正的感受。
C1 adjective /ˌfɪl.ænˈθrɒp.ɪk/

philanthropic

慈善的
Meaning
showing concern for the welfare of others; generous and charitable
Example
She is known for her philanthropic activities in the city.
她因在城市中的慈善活动而闻名。
C1 verb /sɪˈdjuːs/

seduce

Meaning
to attract someone into doing something, especially something they might not normally do
Example
The advertisement was designed to seduce customers into buying luxury products.
C1 noun /ˌdɛtəˈneɪʃən/

detonation

爆炸
Meaning
The act of exploding or causing something to explode.
Example
The sudden detonation shook the entire building.
突如其来的爆炸震动了整个大楼。
C1 noun /əˈpɒsəl/

apostle

使徒, 擁護者
Meaning
A vigorous and pioneering advocate or supporter of a particular cause, often used for the early Christian disciples.
Example
He became an apostle of environmental protection.
他成為了環保的使徒。
C1 adjective /ˈpəʊ.tənt/

Potent

强效; 强大的; 有效的
Meaning
having great strength, power, or effect; influential
Example
The medicine is very potent and should be taken carefully.
这药效强，应该小心服用。
C1 adjective /ˌsuːɪˈsaɪdəl/

Suicidal

自杀的
Meaning
relating to or having thoughts of killing oneself; extremely dangerous or harmful
Example
The reckless driving was suicidal behavior.
鲁莽的驾驶是一种自杀行为。
C1 noun /ˈhaɪ.drəʊˌpaʊər ˌdʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən/

hydropower generation

水力发电
Meaning
The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
Example
Hydropower generation promotes green energy.
水力发电促进绿色能源。
C1 noun /ˈæmfɪˌθiətər/

amphitheater

圆形剧场
Meaning
A large open circular or oval building with rising tiers of seats, used for public events.
Example
The concert was held in an ancient amphitheater.
音乐会在一个古老的圆形剧场举行。
C1 adjective ˈflʌd proʊn

flood-prone

易受洪水影响
Meaning
Susceptible to flooding; likely to experience floods frequently.
Example
Bangladesh is a flood-prone deltaic nation.
孟加拉国是一个容易发生洪水的三角洲国家。
C1 adjective /ˈɡæst.li/

ghastly

可怕的
Meaning
Causing great horror or fear; very unpleasant.
Example
The crime scene was a ghastly sight.
犯罪现场是一个可怕的景象。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈspɛktɪv/

Irrespective

无论如何; 不考虑
Meaning
without taking something into account; regardless of
Example
All students will be treated equally, irrespective of their background.
所有学生都会平等对待，无论他们的背景如何。
C1 noun /ˌstætɪˈstɪʃən/

statistician

统计学家
Meaning
A person who specializes in collecting, analyzing, and interpreting numerical data.
Example
The statistician presented the survey results with great clarity.
统计学家以极大的清晰度展示了调查结果。
C1 noun/adjective /dɪˈtɜː.rənt/

deterrent

威慑因素
Meaning
A thing that discourages or is intended to discourage someone from doing something.
Example
A strict law serves as a deterrent to crime.
严格的法律作为犯罪的威慑因素。
C1 adjective /ˈraɪtfəl/

rightful

合法的
Meaning
having a legitimate or just claim; proper or lawful
Example
She is the rightful owner of the property.
她是该财产的合法所有者。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnfɔːrˈsiːn/

unforeseen

Meaning
Not anticipated or predicted; unexpected.
Example
The project faced unforeseen challenges that delayed its completion.
C1 adjective ɔːɡˈmen.tɪd

augmented

增强的, 改进的, 扩展的
Meaning
having been made greater in size or value.
Example
The new software provided augmented reality features.
新软件提供了增强现实功能。
C1 verb /prɪˈkluːd/

preclude

阻止
Meaning
To prevent something from happening; to make impossible.
Example
Heavy rain precluded the possibility of a picnic.
大雨阻止了野餐的可能性。
C1 adjective fæsˈtɪd.i.əs

fastidious

挑剔的，讲究细节的
Meaning
Very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail.
Example
She is fastidious about maintaining cleanliness.
她在保持清洁方面非常讲究。
C1 adjective /ˈɪəri/

eerie

怪异
Meaning
Strange and frightening in a mysterious way.
Example
The abandoned house had an eerie silence.
那座废弃的房子里有一种怪异的沉默。
C1 noun ˈsɪnədʒi

synergy

协同作用, 合作
Meaning
The interaction or cooperation of two or more organizations, substances, or other agents to produce a combined effect greater than the sum of their separate effects.
Example
The synergy between the two companies led to a successful partnership.
这两家公司之间的协同作用促成了成功的合作关系。
C1 noun /ˈtɛnər/

tenor

男高音 / 一般基调
Meaning
the general meaning, drift, or character of something; a male singing voice between baritone and alto
Example
The overall tenor of his speech was hopeful and reassuring.
他演讲的总体基调是充满希望和安慰的。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

不频繁
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
他在搬到国外后，偶尔才回家乡。
C1 verb /rɪˈsɪprəˌkeɪt/

reciprocate

回应
Meaning
To respond to an action or gesture by making a corresponding one.
Example
She smiled at him, and he reciprocated with a warm hug.
她对他微笑，他以温暖的拥抱回应。
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrˌfɑːðər/

forefather

祖先
Meaning
an ancestor, especially one who was part of an earlier generation of a family or nation
Example
Our forefathers fought for independence.
我们的祖先为独立而战斗。
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

不可反驳的
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
对他的证据是不可反驳的。
C1 noun /ˌdiːpɔːrˈteɪʃən/

deportation

Meaning
The act of expelling a foreigner from a country.
Example
The deportation of hundreds of workers sparked international criticism.
C1 noun, adjective, verb /ʃæm/

sham

虚假
Meaning
something that is not what it appears to be; a false or fake thing; to pretend
Example
The deal turned out to be a sham.
这笔交易被证明是虚假的。
C1 adjective /bəˈnɑːl/ or /ˈbeɪnəl/

banal

平庸
Meaning
Lacking originality; boringly obvious and commonplace.
Example
His speech was full of banal clichés.
他的演讲充满了平庸的陈词滥调。
C1 verb /ˈtrɛspəs/

trespass

Meaning
to enter someone's land or property without permission
Example
He was fined for trespassing on private land.
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdiːsənt/

indecent

不雅的
Meaning
not conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality; improper or offensive
Example
He was warned for making an indecent remark during the meeting.
他因为说了不雅的话而受到警告。
C1 noun /ˈbɑn.dɪdʒ/

Bondage

奴役; 囚禁
Meaning
the state of being a slave; the state of being under the control of a force or influence
Example
The people fought to escape from the bondage of oppression.
人们为了摆脱压迫的束缚而斗争。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkleɪmd/

Unclaimed

未认领的; 未要求的; 被遗弃或无主的
Meaning
not claimed by anyone; not demanded or requested; abandoned or ownerless
Example
The unclaimed luggage was stored in the airport's lost property department.
未认领的行李被存放在机场的失物招领处。
C1 adjective /ˈpen.ɪ.ləs/

Penniless

一贫如洗；极度贫穷；完全没有资金
Meaning
having no money; extremely poor; completely without funds
Example
After losing his job, he became penniless.
失业后，他变得一贫如洗。
C1 noun /ˈplez.ən.tri/

Pleasantry

客套话
Meaning
a remark made in order to be polite or friendly; light conversation or jokes
Example
They exchanged pleasantries before the meeting began.
他们在会议开始前交换了客套话。
C1 adjective /ˈneɪzl/

nasal

鼻音的
Meaning
Relating to the nose; a sound produced through the nose.
Example
He spoke with a nasal voice due to his cold.
他因感冒说话带有鼻音。
C1 noun, adjective /ˈrɛvərənd/

reverend

牧师，尊敬的
Meaning
A title of respect used for members of the clergy; deserving deep respect.
Example
The Reverend gave an inspiring sermon at the church.
牧师在教堂发表了鼓舞人心的讲道。
C1 noun ˈrez.ɪ.djuːz

residues

残留物
Meaning
A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used.
Example
The burning process leaves no harmful residues.
燃烧过程不会留下有害的残留物。
C1 noun ˈtær.ɪf

tariff

关税或进出口税
Meaning
A tax or duty to be paid on a particular class of imports or exports.
Example
The government imposed high tariffs on luxury goods.
政府对奢侈品征收了高额关税。
C1 noun /kliːk/

clique

小圈子
Meaning
a small, exclusive group of people
Example
The students formed a clique that excluded others.
学生们组成了一个排外的小圈子。
C1 noun ˈvɜːmɪn

vermin

小型有害的动物或昆虫，难以控制且传播疾病
Meaning
Small harmful animals or insects that are difficult to control and carry disease.
Example
The house was infested with vermin, requiring immediate action.
房子被害虫侵扰，需要立即采取行动。
C1 noun ˈsɛlfləsnɪs

selflessness

无私
Meaning
The quality of being concerned more with the needs of others than with one's own.
Example
Selflessness is a key value for community building.
无私是社区建设中的关键价值。
C1 noun /ˈɪnkjʊˌbeɪtər/

incubator

恒温箱
Meaning
a device or environment that provides suitable conditions for eggs, cells, or infants to develop
Example
The premature baby was placed in an incubator for care.
早产儿被放入恒温箱接受护理。
C1 noun /ˈweɪ.stɪdʒ/

Wastage

浪费
Meaning
the action of using or expending something carelessly or without purpose
Example
The company reduced food wastage by implementing better inventory management.
公司通过实施更好的库存管理减少了食品浪费。
C1 adjective /kənˈteɪ.dʒəs/

Contagious

传染性; 有感染力
Meaning
likely to spread to and affect others; infectious
Example
Her laughter is contagious and makes everyone smile.
她的笑声具有传染性，让每个人都微笑。
C1 adjective /əˈniːmɪk/

anemic

贫血
Meaning
Suffering from anemia; lacking in vitality, strength, or color.
Example
The doctor prescribed iron supplements for her anemic condition.
医生为她的贫血状态开了铁补充剂。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛrɪl/

imperil

使处于危险中
Meaning
To put in danger or at risk.
Example
Reckless driving can imperil the lives of others.
鲁莽驾驶可能会危及他人的生命。
C1 noun /ˈprɒksi/

proxy

代理人
Meaning
A person authorized to act on behalf of another; a substitute.
Example
She voted by proxy at the meeting.
她在会议上通过代理投票。
C1 noun /əˈflɪkʃən/

affliction

痛苦
Meaning
a state of pain, suffering, or distress
Example
Poverty is a common affliction in many parts of the world.
贫困是世界许多地方的常见痛苦。
C1 noun /ˈʃær.ən fruːt/

Sharon fruit

沙龙水果
Meaning
a sweet orange persimmon fruit that can be eaten when firm
Example
The Sharon fruit is sweet and can be eaten like an apple.
沙龙水果很甜，可以像苹果一样食用。
C1 verb /ˌoʊvərˈpaʊər/

overpower

征服
Meaning
To defeat or gain control over someone or something by using greater strength or force.
Example
The soldiers managed to overpower the enemy forces.
士兵们成功压倒了敌军。
C1 noun /ˈlɪməˌziːn/

limousine

由司机驾驶的豪华大轿车
Meaning
a large, luxurious car driven by a chauffeur.
Example
The bride arrived in a white limousine.
新娘乘坐一辆白色的豪华轿车到达。
C1 verb /əˈtɛst/

attest

证实
Meaning
To provide or serve as clear evidence of; to confirm or certify the truth of something.
Example
The witness attested to the accuracy of the report.
证人证明报告的准确性。
C1 adjective məˈθɒd.ɪ.kəl

methodical

有条理的
Meaning
Done according to a systematic or established procedure; orderly and systematic.
Example
His methodical research produced reliable results.
他的有条理的研究产生了可靠的结果。
C1 adjective ˈtæs.ɪt

tacit

默示
Meaning
Understood or implied without being openly expressed or stated
Example
Their mutual understanding was based on tacit agreement.
他们的相互理解建立在默示的协议基础上。
C1 adjective /tænˈdʒɛnʃəl/

tangential

切线的
Meaning
relating to or along a tangent; slightly or indirectly related to something
Example
His remarks were tangential to the main topic of discussion.
他的评论与讨论的主题有点关系。
C1 adjective /ɪˈstiːmd/

Esteemed

尊敬的
Meaning
respected and admired; held in high regard
Example
He is an esteemed professor at the university.
他是大学里一位受人尊敬的教授。
C1 adjective ˈkɒn.və.luː.tɪd

convoluted

复杂
Meaning
Extremely complex and difficult to follow; twisted or intricate.
Example
His argument was so convoluted that no one understood it.
他的论点如此复杂，以至于没有人理解它。
C1 noun /ˈpruːdəns/

prudence

谨慎
Meaning
The quality of being cautious, wise, and exercising good judgment.
Example
She invested her money with great prudence.
她非常谨慎地投资了她的钱。
C1 adjective ˌkwɪn.tɪˈsen.ʃəl

quintessential

典型的完美或典型的例子
Meaning
representing the most perfect or typical example of a quality or class.
Example
The artist's work is the quintessential example of modernism.
艺术家的作品是现代主义的典型示例。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈtʌtʃəbəl/

Untouchable

不可触碰的; 无法批评或攻击
Meaning
not able to be touched or affected; beyond criticism or attack
Example
The CEO seemed untouchable despite the scandal.
即使有丑闻，首席执行官似乎仍然是不可触碰的。
C1 verb /ˈrevəl/

revel

陶醉
Meaning
to enjoy oneself in a lively and noisy way; to take great pleasure in
Example
They revel in their success.
他们沉浸在成功中。
C1 adjective /ˌkætəˈklɪzmɪk/

cataclysmic

灾难性的
Meaning
Relating to or denoting a violent natural event or upheaval.
Example
The war had cataclysmic effects on the nation's economy.
战争对该国经济产生了灾难性的影响。
C1 verb /ˌpoʊstˈdeɪt/

postdate

后置日期
Meaning
To assign a date later than the actual date to a document or event.
Example
She postdated the check to next month.
她把支票的日期改为下个月。
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
C1 verb /əˈbriːvieɪt/

abbreviate

缩写
Meaning
To shorten a word, phrase, or text by leaving out letters or parts.
Example
We often abbreviate 'Doctor' to 'Dr'.
我们常常把 'Doctor' 缩写成 'Dr.'。
C1 noun /ˈmɒn.ɑːk/

Monarch

君主
Meaning
a sovereign ruler, especially a king or queen
Example
The monarch addressed the nation on television.
君主在电视上向全国致辞。
C1 noun ˌmʌn.ɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

monetization

将资产或服务转化为赚取金钱的方式
Meaning
Converting an asset or service into a way of earning money.
Example
YouTube allows content creators to earn money through monetization.
YouTube 允许内容创作者通过货币化赚取收入。
C1 noun /ˈek.stə.si/

Ecstasy

极乐
Meaning
an overwhelming feeling of great happiness or joyful excitement
Example
She was in complete ecstasy when she heard the good news.
她听到好消息时完全陷入了极乐。
C1 noun/verb /ˈhɛmərɪdʒ/

hemorrhage

出血
Meaning
A significant loss of blood from a ruptured blood vessel, or to lose blood heavily.
Example
The patient suffered a severe brain hemorrhage.
患者遭受了严重的脑出血。
C1 noun /kɑst/

Caste

种姓; 种姓制度
Meaning
a social class system; a hereditary class of Hindu society
Example
The ancient caste system divided society into different social groups.
古老的种姓制度将社会划分为不同的社会群体。
C1 adjective /əˈbaɪdɪŋ/

abiding

持久的
Meaning
lasting for a long time; enduring
Example
She had an abiding love for her hometown.
她对故乡有着持久的爱。
C1 adjective /ˈrez.ə.luːt/

Resolute

坚决的；坚定的；不可动摇的
Meaning
determined; having a firm decision; unwavering
Example
She remained resolute in her decision to pursue her dreams.
她在追求梦想的决定中保持坚决。
C1 adjective /ˈviːəmənt/

Vehement

激烈的; 强烈的; 热情的; 精力充沛的
Meaning
showing strong feeling; forceful; passionate; intense
Example
She gave a vehement denial of the accusations.
她坚决否认了这些指控。
C1 noun /dɪsˈsɜːrvɪs/

disservice

损害
Meaning
A harmful action; something that does damage rather than help.
Example
Spreading false information is a disservice to the community.
传播虚假信息对社区是一种损害。
C1 verb /ˈdʒepərdaɪz/

jeopardize

危及
Meaning
to put something at risk of being damaged or destroyed
Example
His reckless behavior could jeopardize his career.
他鲁莽的行为可能会危及他的职业生涯。
C1 verb /dɪˈraɪd/

deride

嘲笑
Meaning
to mock or ridicule someone or something
Example
The critics derided the new movie for its poor script.
评论家嘲笑了这部新电影，因其糟糕的剧本。
C1 noun /ˈʃrɪŋkɪdʒ/

shrinkage

收缩
Meaning
The process of becoming smaller in size, amount, or value.
Example
The company reported a shrinkage in profits this quarter.
公司报告了本季度利润的收缩。
C1 adjective /ˈstɪltɪd/

stilted

做作的, 不自然的
Meaning
Speech or writing that is stiff, unnatural, or overly formal.
Example
His speech sounded stilted and rehearsed.
他的演讲听起来做作且预先排练过。
C1 noun /raɪt/

rite

仪式
Meaning
a religious or ceremonial act
Example
The wedding rite was performed with great solemnity.
婚礼仪式庄严举行。
C1 adjective /ˈplæsɪd/

placid

平静的，安宁的
Meaning
calm and peaceful, not easily disturbed
Example
She had a placid expression despite the chaos around her.
尽管周围一片混乱，她的表情依然平静。
C1 verb /bɪˈlɪtl/

belittle

贬低
Meaning
To make someone or something seem less important or less valuable.
Example
He often belittled his coworkers to feel superior.
他经常贬低同事以感到优越。
C1 adjective /rɪˈtɔːrɪkəl/

rhetorical

修辞的
Meaning
relating to the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; often a question asked to make a point rather than get an answer
Example
He asked a rhetorical question during the debate.
他在辩论中提出了一个修辞性问题。
C1 adjective ˌʌn.pəˈtɜːbd

unperturbed

不为某事烦恼或困扰；冷静且镇定
Meaning
Not worried or disturbed by something; calm and composed.
Example
She remained unperturbed despite the challenges.
尽管有挑战，她依然保持冷静。
C1 verb /ˈfɔːrfɪt/

forfeit

Meaning
to lose or give up something, usually as a penalty for wrongdoing
Example
He had to forfeit the match after breaking the rules.