incognito
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C1 adverb, adjective /ˌɪnkɑːɡˈniːtoʊ/

incognito

匿名
Meaning
In disguise or with one's identity concealed.
Example
The celebrity traveled incognito to avoid the paparazzi.
名人为了避免狗仔队，匿名旅行。
C1 noun /ˌɪn.səˌbɔːr.dɪˈneɪ.ʃən/

insubordination

不服从
Meaning
Defiance of authority; refusal to obey orders.
Example
The soldier was punished for insubordination during the mission.
士兵因在任务中不服从命令而受到惩罚。
C1 noun /ˈɪŋ.krə.mənt/

Increment

增加
Meaning
an increase or addition, especially one of a series on a fixed scale; a regular increase in salary
Example
He received an annual increment of five percent in his salary this year.
他今年获得了五个百分点的年终增加。
C1 adjective /ɪˈmoʊbəl/

immobile

无法移动
Meaning
unable to move or be moved
Example
After the accident, he was immobile for weeks.
事故发生后，他几周都无法移动。
C1 adjective /ˈaɪərnˌklæd/

ironclad

铁定的
Meaning
impossible to change, break, or dispute; very strong and firm
Example
The company had an ironclad contract with its suppliers.
公司与其供应商签订了铁定合同。
C1 verb /ɪnˈsaɪt/

incite

煽动
Meaning
to provoke; to stir up
Example
His speech incited the crowd to violence.
他的演讲激起了人群的暴力。
C1 adjective ˌɪn.krəˈmen.təl

incremental

增量
Meaning
Relating to or denoting an increase or addition, especially one of a series on a fixed scale; proceeding in small stages.
Example
Incremental changes ensure sustainability.
增量变化确保可持续性。
C1 adverb /ˌɪn.dɪˈskrɪm.ɪ.nət.li/

Indiscriminately

无差别地
Meaning
without making careful distinctions; randomly; without discrimination
Example
The company fired employees indiscriminately without considering their performance.
公司无差别地解雇了员工，没考虑他们的表现。
C1 noun /aɪl/

isle

小岛
Meaning
A small island or peninsula, often poetic or literary.
Example
They spent their honeymoon on a beautiful tropical isle.
他们在一个美丽的热带小岛上度过了他们的蜜月。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsɪstənt/

insistent

坚持的
Meaning
demanding something firmly and refusing to accept no
Example
The child was insistent on getting a new toy.
孩子坚持要得到一个新玩具。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt/

indulgent

宽容的
Meaning
Having a tendency to be overly generous or lenient with someone.
Example
The indulgent mother allowed her child to stay up late.
宽容的母亲让孩子晚点才睡。
C1 verb /ɪnˈterəˌɡeɪt/

interrogate

审问
Meaning
to ask someone questions in a thorough and formal way; to question intensively
Example
The police interrogated the suspect for hours.
警察审问嫌疑人几个小时。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdefɪnət/

Indefinite

不确定的
Meaning
not clearly defined; uncertain; vague; unlimited in time
Example
The meeting has been postponed for an indefinite period.
会议被推迟到一个不确定的时期。
C1 noun /ˈɪntərˌluːd/

interlude

插曲
Meaning
A short period of time that comes between two events; an interval.
Example
There was a brief musical interlude between the two acts of the play.
在剧本的两个场景之间有一个简短的音乐插曲。
C1 adjective /ˈɪrɪtəbl/

irritable

Meaning
easily annoyed or made angry
Example
She became irritable after working long hours without rest.
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɒs.tər/

Impostor

冒充者; 欺诈者
Meaning
a person who pretends to be someone else in order to deceive others; a fraud
Example
The impostor convinced everyone he was a doctor until his fake credentials were discovered.
冒充者说服了每个人，直到他的假证书被发现。
C1 adjective /ɪˈrɛfjʊtəbəl/

Irrefutable

不可反驳的
Meaning
impossible to deny or disprove; undeniable
Example
The evidence against him was irrefutable.
对他的证据是不可反驳的。
C1 noun ˌɪntədɪˈpɛndənsi

interdependency

相互依存
Meaning
The dependence of two or more people or things on each other.
Example
The interdependency of the countries led to greater cooperation.
各国之间的相互依存促进了更大的合作。
C1 verb /ɪnˈskraɪb/

inscribe

铭刻
Meaning
to write or carve words or symbols on a surface
Example
They inscribed her name on the trophy.
他们把她的名字刻在奖杯上。
C1 noun ˈɪn.fər.əns

inference

推论
Meaning
A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning; logical deduction.
Example
Scientists make inferences based on experimental data.
科学家根据实验数据做出推论。
C1 adverb /ˈɪnwərdli/

inwardly

内心
Meaning
In the mind or spirit; not outwardly visible.
Example
She smiled outwardly but inwardly she was worried.
她外表微笑，但内心却感到担忧。
C1 noun /ˌɪnkjʊˈbeɪʃən/

incubation

将蛋、细胞或生物置于适宜的环境条件中以促进其发展的过程
Meaning
the process of keeping eggs, cells, or organisms in the right conditions for development
Example
The incubation of the eggs lasted for three weeks.
蛋的孵化持续了三周。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsiːvəbl̩/

inconceivable

难以想象
Meaning
Impossible to imagine or believe; beyond comprehension.
Example
It seemed inconceivable that she could finish the marathon after such little training.
在如此少的训练之后，她能够完成马拉松，这简直难以想象。
C1 verb /ɪnˈkrɪmɪˌneɪt/

incriminate

使犯罪
Meaning
to make someone appear guilty of a crime or wrongdoing
Example
The new evidence could incriminate the suspect in the robbery case.
新证据可能会让嫌疑犯在抢劫案件中使犯罪。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdiːsənt/

indecent

不雅的
Meaning
not conforming to accepted standards of behavior or morality; improper or offensive
Example
He was warned for making an indecent remark during the meeting.
他因为说了不雅的话而受到警告。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈkluːsɪv/

inconclusive

不确定的
Meaning
Not leading to a definite result or decision.
Example
The investigation remained inconclusive due to a lack of evidence.
由于缺乏证据，调查仍然是没有结果的。
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskriːt/

indiscreet

不谨慎
Meaning
Not careful in what one says or does, likely to reveal secrets or offend.
Example
It was indiscreet of him to mention the plan in public.
他在公众场合提到计划是不谨慎的。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpiːd/

impede

阻碍
Meaning
To obstruct or hinder the progress or development of something.
Example
Lack of funds can impede business growth.
资金短缺可能阻碍商业增长。
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈstɪŋkt/

indistinct

模糊的
Meaning
Not clear or sharply defined; vague or blurred.
Example
The sound of voices was indistinct in the distance.
远处的声音是模糊的。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpoʊzɪŋ/

imposing

壮观的
Meaning
having an appearance that is grand, impressive, or commanding
Example
The castle is an imposing structure overlooking the valley.
这座城堡是一座壮观的建筑，俯瞰着山谷。
C1 adjective /ɪˈnuːmərəbəl/

Innumerable

无数; 无尽; 无限
Meaning
too many to be counted; countless; infinite in number
Example
There are innumerable stars in the night sky that we cannot see with our naked eyes.
夜空中有无数的星星，我们无法用肉眼看到。
C1 adverb /ɪnˈvɜːrs.li/

Inversely

反向地; 相反地
Meaning
in a way that is opposite or contrary; in reverse order or manner
Example
The price of goods is inversely related to their availability in the market.
商品的价格与其在市场上的可得性成反比。
C1 noun /ˌɪnkoʊˈhɪrəns/

incoherence

不一致
Meaning
The quality of being unclear, confused, or lacking logical connection.
Example
His speech was full of incoherence and difficult to follow.
他的演讲充满了不一致，难以跟随。
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɜːrtɪnəns/

impertinence

无礼
Meaning
lack of respect; rudeness
Example
The teacher was shocked by the student's impertinence.
老师对学生的无礼感到震惊。
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɒkjuəs/

innocuous

无害的
Meaning
Not harmful or offensive.
Example
His remark was completely innocuous and not meant to offend anyone.
他的评论完全无害，并且没有冒犯任何人的意思。
C1 noun /ˌɪnækˈtɪvɪti/

inactivity

不活动
Meaning
the state of not being active physically or mentally; lack of action
Example
Prolonged inactivity can negatively affect both physical and mental health.
长期不活动会对身体和心理健康产生负面影响。
C1 adjective, noun /ɪnˈdɪkətɪv/

indicative

指示性
Meaning
Serving as a sign or expression of something; in grammar, a mood used to make factual statements.
Example
His tone was indicative of his frustration.
他的语气表明了他的沮丧。
C1 adjective /ˈɪɡ.ni.əs/

igneous

火成
Meaning
Formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava.
Example
Granite is an igneous rock commonly used in construction.
花岗岩是一种常用于建筑的火成岩。
C1 noun /ɪnˈɛk.wɪ.ti/

inequity

不公平
Meaning
Lack of fairness or justice; unequal distribution or treatment.
Example
Social inequity continues to be a global issue.
社会不公平仍然是一个全球性问题。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrsənl/

impersonal

非个人化
Meaning
not influenced by, showing, or involving personal feelings; lacking human warmth or emotion
Example
The letter was written in a very impersonal style.
信件是以非常非个人化的风格写的。
C1 noun /ˈɪmɪnəns/

imminence

即将发生，临近状态
Meaning
the state of being about to happen
Example
The imminence of the storm forced people to take shelter.
风暴的临近使人们不得不寻找庇护所。
C1 adjective /ɪˈneɪn/

inane

无意义的, 傻的
Meaning
lacking sense, meaning, or significance; silly or pointless
Example
The movie was criticized for its inane dialogue.
这部电影因其无意义的对话而受到批评。
C1 noun /ˈɪnˌmeɪt/

inmate

囚犯
Meaning
a person confined to an institution such as a prison or hospital
Example
The prison has over a thousand inmates.
监狱里有超过一千名囚犯。
C1 verb /ɪnˈvɪɡ.ər.eɪt/

invigorate

振奋
Meaning
To give strength or energy to someone or something.
Example
A morning walk can invigorate both body and mind.
晨跑可以振奋身心。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpæsɪv/

impassive

冷漠
Meaning
Not showing or feeling emotion; expressionless.
Example
Despite the shocking news, she remained impassive.
尽管有令人震惊的消息，她依然无动于衷。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈspɛktɪv/

Irrespective

无论如何; 不考虑
Meaning
without taking something into account; regardless of
Example
All students will be treated equally, irrespective of their background.
所有学生都会平等对待，无论他们的背景如何。
C1 adjective ˌɪn.təˈmɪt.ənt

intermittent

间歇的
Meaning
Happening irregularly, not continuously.
Example
The rain was intermittent throughout the day.
雨整天都间歇不断。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈprɛsəbl̩/

irrepressible

不可抑制的
Meaning
Impossible to control or restrain.
Example
She had an irrepressible urge to laugh during the speech.
她在演讲中无法掩饰自己无法抑制的笑意。
C1 noun /ɪnˈdaɪtmənt/

indictment

起诉书
Meaning
a formal charge or accusation of a serious crime
Example
The indictment accused the company of multiple violations.
起诉书指控公司存在多项违规行为。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈfɛnsɪv/

inoffensive

无害的
Meaning
Not likely to offend or provoke; harmless.
Example
His inoffensive remarks kept the conversation friendly.
他的无害评论让谈话保持友好。
C1 adjective /ɪˈmækjələt/

immaculate

完美无瑕
Meaning
perfectly clean, neat, or free from flaws
Example
Her room was immaculate, with everything in its place.
她的房间完美无瑕，一切都井井有条。
C1 adjective /ɪˈledʒ.ə.bəl/

illegible

难以辨认
Meaning
Not clear enough to be read; unreadable.
Example
The doctor’s handwriting was almost illegible.
医生的字迹几乎难以辨认。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnsɪˈdɛntəl/

incidental

附带的
Meaning
happening as a minor part or in connection with something else
Example
Incidental expenses like snacks and tips were included in the bill.
像零食和小费这样的附带费用被包含在账单中。
C1 noun /ˈɪnkwest/

inquest

调查
Meaning
A legal or official inquiry, especially into the cause of a death.
Example
The inquest revealed the cause of the accident.
调查揭示了事故的原因。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒŋɡruəs/

incongruous

不一致
Meaning
Not fitting in with or suitable for the surroundings.
Example
His jokes were incongruous during the serious meeting.
他的笑话在严肃的会议中显得不一致。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈveə.ri.ə.bəl/

Invariable

不变的；恒定的；始终相同的
Meaning
never changing; constant; always the same
Example
His invariable routine includes morning exercise and coffee.
他的恒定日常包括早晨锻炼和咖啡。
C1 noun /ˈɪn.tə.lekt/

intellect

智力
Meaning
The ability to think, reason, and understand objectively.
Example
Her intellect is admired by all her colleagues.
她的智力受到所有同事的赞赏。
C1 adjective /ˌɪntəˈrɑːɡətɪv/

interrogative

疑问的
Meaning
Relating to or conveying a question; in grammar, used to form questions.
Example
She raised an interrogative eyebrow when she heard the news.
她听到消息时，抬起了疑问的眉毛。
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈfɛnsəbl̩/

indefensible

无法辩护
Meaning
not able to be protected or justified
Example
The minister’s remarks were considered indefensible by the public.
部长的言论被公众视为无法辩护。
C1 adjective /ˌɪn.səbˈstæn.ʃəl/

insubstantial

不实的
Meaning
Lacking strength, substance, or solidity.
Example
The evidence provided was insubstantial and unconvincing.
提供的证据是不实的且令人信服。
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

痒
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
眼睛的痒感常常导致揉搓。
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːrdʒənt/

insurgent

起义者
Meaning
A person who rises in revolt against authority or government.
Example
The army arrested several insurgents after the attack.
军队在袭击后逮捕了几名起义者。
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɑːrsəreɪt/

incarcerate

监禁
Meaning
to imprison or confine someone
Example
The authorities incarcerated the criminal after the trial.
当局在审判后将罪犯监禁。
C1 verb /ˌɪntərˈsɛpt/

intercept

Meaning
to stop, catch, or seize something on its way from one place to another
Example
The police intercepted the stolen car before it crossed the border.
C1 noun /ˌɪnsɪɡˈnɪfɪkəns/

insignificance

微不足道
Meaning
The quality of being unimportant or trivial.
Example
He felt a sense of insignificance in the vast universe.
他在广阔的宇宙中感到微不足道。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈtræk.tə.bəl/

intractable

无法控制
Meaning
Difficult or impossible to manage, control, or solve.
Example
The conflict has become an intractable problem.
冲突已经成为一个无法控制的问题。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpjʊər/

Impure

不纯
Meaning
contaminated; not clean; mixed with foreign substances
Example
The impure water caused health problems in the village.
不纯的水在村庄里引起了健康问题。
C1 adjective /ˌɪrɪˈvɜːrsəbl/

irreversible

不可逆的
Meaning
Not able to be undone, changed, or reversed.
Example
The damage caused by the fire was irreversible.
火灾造成的损失是不可逆的。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈflæməbəl/

Inflammable

易燃; 可燃
Meaning
easily set on fire; flammable; combustible
Example
The inflammable material caught fire quickly.
易燃材料很快着火了。
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɜːr/

incur

遭受
Meaning
To bring upon oneself something undesirable, usually as a result of actions.
Example
He incurred a fine for parking in the wrong place.
他因在错误的地方停车而被罚款。
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɔːɡjərəl/

Inaugural

开幕
Meaning
marking the beginning of something; first; opening
Example
The president delivered his inaugural speech.
总统发表了他的开幕演讲。
C1 noun ɪmˈpɛə(r)mənt

impairment

损伤, 残疾
Meaning
The state of being damaged or weakened; a disability or handicap.
Example
Hearing impairment can be caused by long-term exposure to loud noise.
听力损失可能是由长时间暴露于大声噪音造成的。
C1 adjective ˌɪn.tə.dʒen.əˈreɪ.ʃən.əl

intergenerational

代际的，存在于不同代际之间
Meaning
Existing or occurring between different generations of a family.
Example
Intergenerational wisdom ensures cultural continuity.
代际智慧确保文化的延续。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɑːrt/

impart

传授
Meaning
to make information known; to bestow or communicate
Example
The teacher imparted valuable knowledge to her students.
老师将宝贵的知识传授给她的学生。
C1 adjective /ɪˈræʃənəl/

irrational

非理性
Meaning
not logical or reasonable; lacking clear thought
Example
His fear of the dark was completely irrational.
他对黑暗的恐惧完全是非理性的。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɜːs/

Inverse

相反的；反向的
Meaning
opposite in order, nature, or effect; reversed
Example
There is an inverse relationship between price and demand.
价格和需求之间存在逆向关系。
C1 adjective /ˌɪməˈtɪəriəl/

immaterial

无关紧要
Meaning
Not important or relevant; lacking physical substance.
Example
The judge ruled that the argument was immaterial to the case.
法官裁定，该论点与案件无关。
C1 noun ˌɪn.toʊˈneɪ.ʃən

intonation

语调
Meaning
The rise and fall of tone in speech and pronunciation.
Example
Proper intonation enhances the clarity of a speech.
正确的语调提高演讲的清晰度。
C1 adjective /ˈɪmpətənt/

impotent

无能
Meaning
Lacking power, ability, or strength to take effective action.
Example
The citizens felt impotent against the corrupt system.
公民在腐败的系统面前感到无能为力。
C1 adjective ɪn ˈfleɪ.ʃə.ner.i

inflationary

通货膨胀的
Meaning
Characterized by or tending to cause monetary inflation; relating to rising prices.
Example
The government took measures to control inflationary pressures.
政府采取了措施来控制通货膨胀的压力。
C1 adjective /ˌɪlɪˈdʒɪtɪmət/

illegitimate

非法
Meaning
Not authorized by law, rules, or standards; not recognized as valid.
Example
The court ruled the contract to be illegitimate.
法院裁定合同是非法的。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkənˈsɪdərət/

inconsiderate

不体贴
Meaning
Thoughtless; showing a lack of concern for others.
Example
It was inconsiderate of him to play loud music late at night.
他在深夜播放大声音乐，显得很不体贴。
C1 noun /ɪnˈkɜːrʒən/

incursion

入侵
Meaning
A sudden attack or invasion into a place or territory.
Example
The army repelled the enemy incursion at the border.
军队在边境击退了敌人的入侵。
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈdʒɛkʃən/

interjection

感叹词
Meaning
a word or phrase used to express sudden emotion or reaction, often standing alone
Example
Words like 'wow' and 'ouch' are common interjections in English.
像 '哇' 和 '哎呀' 这样的词是英语中常见的感叹词。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnhɒˈspɪtəbl/

inhospitable

不适宜居住的
Meaning
Harsh and difficult to live in; unfriendly or unwelcoming to guests.
Example
The desert is an inhospitable environment for most plants.
沙漠是大多数植物无法生存的环境。
C1 noun /ˌɪrɪˌspɒnsəˈbɪləti/

irresponsibility

不负责任
Meaning
lack of responsibility or accountability; failure to act in a reliable or sensible way
Example
The accident was caused by his irresponsibility at work.
事故是由于他在工作中的不负责任造成的。
C1 adjective ɪnˈsaɪ.sɪv

incisive

尖锐
Meaning
Intelligently analytical and clear-thinking; showing clear thought and good understanding of what is important.
Example
His incisive comments revealed the core issues.
他的尖锐评论揭示了核心问题。
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈsaɪsɪv/

Indecisive

优柔寡断的
Meaning
unable to make decisions quickly; hesitant; wavering
Example
She was indecisive about which university to attend.
她对要去哪个大学犹豫不决。
C1 verb /ˈɪmplɪˌkeɪt/

implicate

牵涉
Meaning
To show someone’s involvement in a crime or wrongdoing.
Example
The evidence implicated several officials in the scandal.
证据揭示了几名官员在丑闻中的牵涉。
C1 noun /ɪmˌpɜː.sənˈeɪ.ʃən/

impersonation

冒充他人
Meaning
The action of pretending to be another person for the purpose of entertainment or fraud.
Example
Online impersonation is a serious cybercrime.
网络冒充他人是一种严重的网络犯罪。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛər/

impair

损害
Meaning
to weaken or damage something, especially a function or ability
Example
Smoking can impair your lung capacity.
吸烟可能会损害您的肺部容量。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsteɪbəl/

instable

不稳定的
Meaning
not stable; liable to change, collapse, or fail; lacking firmness or reliability
Example
The instable political situation worried foreign investors.
不稳定的政治局势让外国投资者担心。
C1 verb /ˈɪnkjʊˌbeɪt/

incubate

孵化
Meaning
to keep eggs, cells, or organisms at the right conditions for development
Example
The hen will incubate the eggs until they hatch.
母鸡会孵化蛋直到它们孵化。
C1 verb /ˈɪrɪˌɡeɪt/

irrigate

灌溉
Meaning
to supply water to land or crops; to wash out a wound with water
Example
Farmers irrigate their fields during dry seasons.
农民在干旱季节灌溉他们的田地。
C1 noun /ˌɪn.trəˈvɜːr.ʒən/

introversion

内向
Meaning
The tendency to be inward-looking and shy, preferring solitary activities.
Example
Her introversion made it difficult for her to enjoy large parties.
她的内向让她很难享受大型聚会。
C1 verb /ˈɪnstɪˌɡeɪt/

instigate

挑拨
Meaning
To bring about or initiate an action, often something negative.
Example
He was accused of instigating the riot.
他被指控挑起暴乱。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈses.ənt/

incessant

持续的
Meaning
Continuing without pause or interruption; constant.
Example
The incessant noise from the construction site made it hard to concentrate.
建筑工地上不断的噪音使得集中精力变得困难。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɛtʃ.u.əs/

impetuous

冲动的
Meaning
Acting or done quickly and without thought or care; impulsive.
Example
His impetuous decision led to unexpected consequences.
他冲动的决定导致了意想不到的后果。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvɑːlənˌtɛri/

involuntary

不由自主
Meaning
done without will or conscious control
Example
He gave an involuntary shiver when he heard the loud noise.
他听到响亮的声音时不由自主地打了个寒战。
C1 noun /ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

imprisonment

监禁
Meaning
the act of putting someone in prison; the state of being confined as punishment
Example
He faced imprisonment for violating the court order.
他因违反法院命令而面临监禁。
C1 noun /ɪnˈfɜːməri/

infirmary

医务室
Meaning
A hospital or place where the sick or injured are cared for.
Example
The school had an infirmary for minor injuries.
学校为轻微受伤提供了医务室。
C1 noun ˌɪnfrəˈstrʌktʃərəl dɪˈveləpmənt

infrastructural development

基础设施发展
Meaning
The process of building and improving the basic physical and organizational structures and facilities needed for the operation of a society or enterprise.
Example
Infrastructural development is necessary for efficient recycling.
基础设施发展对高效的回收至关重要。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
C1 adjective /ˌɪnkəmˈpætəbl/

incompatible

不兼容
Meaning
Not able to exist or work together without conflict.
Example
Their personalities were completely incompatible.
他们的个性完全不兼容。
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɛdɪmənt/

impediments

障碍
Meaning
A hindrance or obstruction in doing something; things that prevent progress or achievement.
Example
Economic impediments often hinder social development.
经济障碍常常阻碍社会发展。
C1 verb /ˈɪtəreɪt/

iterate

迭代
Meaning
To repeat a process or statement, often to improve or refine.
Example
The software team will iterate the design until it meets user needs.
软件团队将反复迭代设计，直到满足用户需求。
C1 verb /ɪˈmɔːrtəlaɪz/

immortalize

永生
Meaning
to preserve the memory of someone or something forever
Example
The statue was built to immortalize the hero’s sacrifice.
这座雕像是为了让英雄的牺牲永生化。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpɜːrviəs/

impervious

不透水的
Meaning
Not allowing fluid to pass through; unable to be affected by something.
Example
The jacket is impervious to rain.
这件夹克不透水。
C1 noun /ɪnˈsɜːʃən/

insertion

插入
Meaning
the action of inserting something into something else
Example
The insertion of the new data was completed successfully.
新数据的插入已成功完成。
C1 noun /ˌɪnkɑːrˈneɪʃən/

incarnation

化身
Meaning
the embodiment of a deity, spirit, or quality in a physical form
Example
The monk was considered the incarnation of compassion.
这位僧侣被认为是慈悲的化身。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈvæljʊəbl/

invaluable

无价
Meaning
Extremely useful or indispensable.
Example
Her advice proved invaluable to my success.
她的建议对我的成功起到了无可估量的作用。
C1 adjective /ɪˈlʌstriəs/

illustrious

著名
Meaning
Well known, respected, and admired for past achievements.
Example
She had an illustrious career in medicine.
她在医学界有着著名的事业。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈhɛrənt/

inherent

固有的
Meaning
Existing in something as a natural, permanent, or essential quality.
Example
There are inherent risks in extreme sports.
极限运动中存在固有的风险。
C1 noun /ˈɪn.tə.mə.si/

Intimacy

亲密; 亲近
Meaning
close familiarity or friendship; closeness; a private cozy atmosphere
Example
The couple valued the emotional intimacy they shared more than material possessions.
这对情侣比物质财富更珍视他们分享的情感亲密。
C1 adjective /ˈɜːrksəm/

irksome

恼人的
Meaning
annoying or irritating
Example
Waiting in a long line is one of the most irksome tasks.
在长队中等待是最让人恼火的任务之一。
C1 noun /ˈɪn.trə.vɜːrt/

introvert

内向
Meaning
A person who tends to be shy and prefers spending time alone rather than in groups.
Example
As an introvert, he preferred reading over attending parties.
作为一个内向的人，他更喜欢读书而不是参加派对。
C1 adjective /ˈɪnbɔːrn/

Inborn

与生俱来的; 天生的; 内在的
Meaning
existing from birth; natural; inherent
Example
She has an inborn talent for music.
她有天生的音乐才能。
C1 noun /ɪmˈpɜː.mə.nəns/

impermanence

无常
Meaning
The state or fact of lasting for only a limited period of time.
Example
The philosophy of Buddhism emphasizes the impermanence of life.
佛教哲学强调生命的无常性。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtənt/

incompetent

Meaning
Lacking the necessary ability or skills to do something successfully.
Example
He was fired because he was incompetent at his job.
C1 adjective /ɪˈluː.sɪv/

Illusive

虚幻的; 看似存在但不真实; 欺骗性的
Meaning
deceptive; appearing to exist but not real; misleading
Example
The promise of easy money proved to be illusive and misleading.
轻松赚钱的承诺证明是虚幻和欺骗性的。
C1 adjective /ɪˈnɛpt/

inept

无能
Meaning
lacking skill or ability; clumsy or incompetent
Example
His inept handling of the situation made it worse.
他无能的处理使情况变得更糟。