Vocabulary Cards
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B2 noun
constitution
Meaning
A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed.
Example
Constitutional reforms ensure equity.
B2 adjective
constitutional
Meaning
Relating to an established set of principles governing a state; in accordance with a political constitution.
Example
Constitutional reforms ensure fairness in the system.
B2 verb
constrain
Meaning
to limit or restrict someone or something; to force or compel
Example
The new regulations constrain businesses from polluting the environment.
C1 adjective
constrained
Meaning
appearing forced, unnatural, or restricted
Example
He gave a constrained smile during the awkward meeting.
B2 noun
constraint
Meaning
a limitation or restriction
Example
Time is the biggest constraint in completing the project.
C1 verb
constrict
Meaning
to make narrower or tighter; to shrink or compress
Example
The snake constricted its prey before swallowing.
C2 verb
constringe
Meaning
to cause to shrink or contract; to constrict
Example
The medicine helped constringe the swollen tissues.
B2 verb
construct
Meaning
to build or form something by putting parts together
Example
They plan to construct a new bridge over the river.
B1 noun
construction
Meaning
The building of something, typically a large structure.
Example
Construction dust significantly contributes to pollution.
C1 verb
construe
Meaning
to interpret or understand the meaning of something in a particular way
Example
His words could be construed as a threat.
C1 noun
consul
Meaning
an official appointed by a government to live in a foreign city and protect its citizens and interests there
Example
The consul assisted travelers who lost their passports.
C1 noun
consulate
Meaning
the building or office where a consul works
Example
He went to the consulate to renew his visa.
B1 verb
consult
Meaning
To seek advice or information from someone with expertise.
Example
You should consult a doctor before starting the treatment.
B1 noun
consultant
Meaning
A professional who provides expert advice in a particular area.
Example
The company hired a consultant to improve its marketing strategy.
B2 noun
consultation
Meaning
The action of consulting or discussing; a meeting with an expert or professional to seek advice.
Example
Consultation was essential.
B1 verb
consume
Meaning
to eat or drink; to use up; to destroy completely
Example
We consume a lot of water during summer.
B1 noun
consumer
Meaning
A person who buys and uses goods and services.
Example
The company focuses on understanding consumer needs.
C1 noun
consumerism
Meaning
The tendency to increase consumption of goods and the importance given to consuming products.
Example
Modern consumerism leads to increased demand for luxury goods.
B1 verb
consumes
Meaning
Use up (a resource); eat, drink, or ingest (food or drink).
Example
An individual consumes around 20 kg of plastic annually.
C1 adjective/verb
consummate
Meaning
To complete or perfect something with great skill
Example
He is a consummate artist with years of experience.
B2 noun
Consumption
Meaning
The using up of a resource or the amount of a product consumed by consumers.
Example
High energy consumption leads to increased electricity bills.
C2 adjective
consumptive
Meaning
Relating to or characterized by consumption; historically used to describe someone suffering from tuberculosis.
Example
The doctor advised against consumptive habits.
A2 noun/verb
contact
Meaning
Communication or connection with someone.
Example
You should contact your doctor if symptoms persist.
C1 noun
contagion
Meaning
The communication of disease from one person to another by close contact; also the spread of harmful ideas or behaviors.
Example
Fear spread like a contagion through the crowd.