restitution
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C1 noun /ˌrɛstɪˈtjuːʃən/

restitution

Meaning
The act of restoring something to its rightful owner or compensating for loss
Example
The court ordered restitution to the victims of the fraud.
C1 adjective /ˈruːfəl/

rueful

Meaning
Expressing sorrow, regret, or pity.
Example
He gave a rueful smile after losing the match.
C1 noun /ˌrɛfjʊˈteɪʃən/

refutation

Meaning
The act of proving a statement or argument to be false or incorrect.
Example
Her essay was a strong refutation of the opposing theory.
C1 verb /rɪˈdrɛs/

redress

Meaning
to set right, remedy, or compensate for a wrong or grievance
Example
The company promised to redress the complaints of its customers.
C1 verb /rɪˈtɑːrd/

retard

Meaning
to delay or slow down the progress of something
Example
Lack of funds may retard the development of the project.
C1 noun ˈredʒ.ɪ.strɑːr

registrar

Meaning
An official responsible for keeping records or registers.
Example
The registrar oversees all administrative tasks.
C1 verb /ˌrɛzəˈrɛkt/

resurrect

Meaning
To bring back to life or revive something from the past.
Example
The director decided to resurrect the old play for a new audience.
C1 noun rɪˈfaɪnmənt

refinement

Meaning
The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a substance.
Example
His manners showed a refinement that made him stand out in any crowd.
C1 noun /ˈrɛnɪˌɡeɪd/

renegade

Meaning
a person who deserts or betrays an organization, country, or principles
Example
He was labeled a renegade after leaving the party and criticizing its policies.
C1 verb /rɪˈsiːd/

recede

Meaning
To move back or further away from a previous position.
Example
The floodwaters began to recede after the heavy rain stopped.
C1 adjective rɪˈsɛʃ.ən.er.i

recessionary

Meaning
Relating to or characterized by economic recession.
Example
Governments introduce policies to counter recessionary effects.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒnsɪvnəs/

responsiveness

Meaning
The quality of reacting quickly and positively
Example
The manager appreciated her responsiveness to customer feedback.
C1 adverb /rɪˈspek.tə.bli/

Respectably

Meaning
in a way that is worthy of respect; decently; properly
Example
She was dressed respectably for the interview.
C1 adjective /ˈrɔːkəs/

raucous

Meaning
loud, harsh, and unpleasant sound or behavior
Example
The crowd became raucous after the team scored.
C1 adjective /rɪˈvoʊltɪŋ/

revolting

Meaning
extremely unpleasant or disgusting
Example
The smell of the garbage was revolting.
C1 verb /rɪˈkaʊnt/

recount

Meaning
to narrate or tell the details of an event or experience
Example
She recounted her adventures during the summer trip.
C1 verb /ˈruː.mɪ.neɪt/

ruminate

Meaning
to think deeply about something; to chew cud (for animals)
Example
She sat alone to ruminate on her decision.
C1 verb /ˌriːhəˈbɪlɪteɪt/

rehabilitate

Meaning
to restore someone to health, normal life, or a good condition after illness, injury, or imprisonment
Example
The clinic helps rehabilitate injured athletes.
C1 noun /rɪˈkɜr.əns/

Recurrence

Meaning
the fact of something happening again; an instance of something happening again
Example
The doctor was concerned about the recurrence of the patient's symptoms.
C1 noun /ˈriːpər/

reaper

Meaning
a person or machine that cuts and gathers crops
Example
The reaper moved slowly through the golden fields.
C1 noun /rɛnˈdɪʃən/

rendition

Meaning
a performance or interpretation of a piece of art, music, or text
Example
The singer gave a moving rendition of the classic song.
C1 verb /rɪˈbʌt/

rebut

Meaning
to argue against or prove wrong; to refute
Example
The lawyer rebutted the false accusations with strong evidence.
C1 verb /rɪˈzaʊnd/

resound

Meaning
To fill a place with sound; to be celebrated or talked about widely.
Example
The hall resounded with applause.
C1 verb /rɪˈmjuːnəreɪt/

remunerate

Meaning
To pay someone for services or work done.
Example
The company will remunerate employees fairly for their overtime.
C1 noun /ˈrɒstrəm/

rostrum

Meaning
A raised platform for speakers, performers, or leaders.
Example
The politician delivered a speech from the rostrum.
C1 adjective /ˌrɛprɪˈhɛnsəbl̩/

reprehensible

Meaning
Deserving strong criticism or blame.
Example
His dishonest actions were truly reprehensible.
C1 noun /ˈrɛpərˌtɔːri/

repertory

Meaning
A collection of works that a company, performer, or institution regularly performs; also a storehouse of information or skills.
Example
The theater has a repertory of classic plays.
C1 adjective /rɪˈstreɪnd/

restrained

Meaning
characterized by reserve or self-control; held back
Example
Her restrained reaction surprised everyone.
C1 noun /ˈreɪdiəns/

radiance

Meaning
the quality of shining with bright light; a glowing or beaming quality
Example
Her face was filled with radiance after hearing the good news.
C1 noun /ˈredʒ.ɪ.mən/

regimen

Meaning
A prescribed course of medical treatment, way of life, or diet for the promotion or restoration of health.
Example
A strict exercise regimen improves overall fitness.
C1 verb /ˌriːəˈdʒʌst/

readjust

Meaning
To change or move something again in order to achieve a better fit, condition, or balance.
Example
He readjusted the chair to make it more comfortable.
C1 noun /ˌrek.ənˌsɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/

reconciliation

Meaning
The restoration of friendly relations; the action of making one view or belief compatible with another.
Example
The peace treaty was a major step toward reconciliation.
C1 adjective /ˈrʌs.tɪk/

Rustic

Meaning
simple and unsophisticated; relating to rural areas
Example
The rustic cottage had wooden beams and a thatched roof.
C1 adjective /ˈrɪkɪti/

rickety

Meaning
Poorly made and likely to collapse; shaky.
Example
They crossed a rickety wooden bridge over the river.
C1 verb /rɒmp/

romp

Meaning
to play or move in a lively, carefree, and energetic way
Example
The children romped happily in the garden.
C1 verb /ˈrʌsl/

rustle

Meaning
To make a soft, light sound like leaves or paper moving.
Example
The leaves rustled gently in the evening breeze.
C1 noun rɪˈdʒɛn.ər.ə.tɪv ˈfɑːr.mɪŋ

regenerative farming

Meaning
Agricultural practices that improve soil health and biodiversity.
Example
Regenerative farming improves soil fertility and biodiversity.
C1 noun rɪˈdɛmpʃən

redemption

Meaning
The action of saving or being saved from sin, error, or evil.
Example
The story highlights the theme of redemption.
C1 adjective /rɪˈzɪstɪv/

resistive

Meaning
tending to resist or oppose; in physics, relating to electrical resistance
Example
The material has resistive properties that slow down current flow.
C1 adjective /rɪˈmiːdiəl/

Remedial

Meaning
intended as a remedy; corrective; providing a cure;
Example
The students need remedial classes to improve their math skills.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈmɒdəl/

remodel

Meaning
To change the structure or form of something, especially a building.
Example
They decided to remodel their kitchen last summer.
C1 adjective /rɪˈɡrɛtfəl/

regretful

Meaning
feeling or showing sadness or disappointment about something that has happened or been done
Example
She gave him a regretful smile as she turned away.
C1 adjective /ˈrez.ə.luːt/

Resolute

Meaning
determined; having a firm decision; unwavering
Example
She remained resolute in her decision to pursue her dreams.
C1 noun ˌræʃ.ən.əl.ɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

rationalization

Meaning
The practice of finding reasons for behavior or actions that are not the real reasons.
Example
His rationalization of the mistake was not convincing.
C1 noun /rɪˈkluːs/

recluse

Meaning
A person who lives alone and avoids other people; someone who lives a solitary life.
Example
The old man lived as a recluse in the mountains.
C1 noun /ˈrɛdʒɪmənt/

regiment

Meaning
A permanent unit of an army, typically commanded by a colonel and divided into several companies.
Example
The regiment marched proudly through the streets after returning from the mission.
C1 verb /riːˈfɜːrbɪʃ/

refurbish

Meaning
To renovate or redecorate something, especially a building.
Example
The company decided to refurbish its old office.
C1 noun /ˈrəʊ.bɒt əˈsɪs.tɪd prəˈsiː.dʒərz/

robot-assisted procedures

Meaning
Medical operations performed with the help of robotic systems to enhance precision and control.
Example
Robot-assisted procedures reduce human error.
C1 noun /ˌrɛkwɪˈzɪʃən/

requisition

Meaning
An official order laying claim to the use of property or materials; a formal demand or request.
Example
The manager submitted a requisition for new office supplies.
C1 verb /rɪˈbjuːk/

rebuke

Meaning
to criticize or scold sharply; to express disapproval
Example
The teacher had to rebuke the student for cheating.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈkæl.ɪ.breɪt/

recalibrate

Meaning
To calibrate again or differently; to adjust or correct something based on new information or changed circumstances.
Example
The company had to recalibrate its strategies to adapt to the market.
C1 adjective /ˈrek.wɪ.zɪt/

Requisite

Meaning
made necessary by particular circumstances; required
Example
Good communication skills are requisite for this job.
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈproʊtʃ/

reproach

Meaning
An expression of disapproval or disappointment; to criticize someone for doing wrong.
Example
She reproached him for arriving late to the meeting.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʒɛn.ə.rə.tɪv/

regenerative

Meaning
Able to restore or renew damaged environments, soil, or resources.
Example
Regenerative farming improves soil health and biodiversity.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛvərənt/

reverent

Meaning
Showing deep and solemn respect.
Example
They listened to the speech in a reverent silence.
C1 noun /rɪˈpɑːzɪtɔːri/

repository

Meaning
a place where things are stored or kept for safekeeping
Example
The library serves as a repository of knowledge.
C1 noun /ˈrɛtrəsˌpɛkt/

retrospect

Meaning
the act of looking back on or reviewing past events
Example
In retrospect, the decision seemed unwise.
C1 adjective /ˈrɪvɪtɪŋ/

riveting

Meaning
extremely interesting; holding the complete attention
Example
The movie was so riveting that nobody looked away.
C1 noun /rɪˈdʌn.dəns/

Redundance

Meaning
the state of being not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous repetition of information
Example
The document contained redundance that made it unnecessarily long.
C1 noun /ˈrɛl.ɪk/

relic

Meaning
an object surviving from an earlier time, often of historical or religious interest
Example
The museum displayed relics from the ancient civilization.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtɪsənt/

reticent

Meaning
not revealing one's thoughts or feelings readily; reserved
Example
She was reticent about her personal life.
C1 noun /ˈrɛ.trəʊ.fɪt.ɪŋ/

retrofitting

Meaning
The addition of new technology or features to older systems.
Example
The building underwent retrofitting to meet new safety standards.
C1 adjective /ˈreɪ.kɪʃ/

Rakish

Meaning
having a dashing, jaunty, or slightly disreputable quality or appearance
Example
He wore his hat at a rakish angle that gave him a charming appearance.
C1 noun ˈrez.ɪ.djuː

residue

Meaning
A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been removed.
Example
Soap residue affects appliance efficiency.
C1 adjective /ˈræspi/

raspy

Meaning
having a harsh, rough, or grating sound
Example
His raspy voice revealed years of smoking.
C1 noun /rəʊˈbɒt.ɪk ˈsɜː.dʒər.i/

robotic surgery

Meaning
Surgery performed with the assistance of robotic systems to enhance precision and reduce invasiveness.
Example
Robotic surgery enhances precision in complex procedures.
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɛptɪv/

receptive

Meaning
Willing to listen to or accept new ideas, suggestions, or experiences.
Example
She was receptive to feedback from her colleagues.
C1 adjective /ˌrɛtroʊˈæktɪv/

retroactive

Meaning
applying to a period before it was enacted or established
Example
The new law was made retroactive to cover past cases.
C1 verb /riːl/

reel

Meaning
to lose balance and stagger; to wind or spin something onto a reel
Example
He reeled backward after being punched.
C1 noun /rɪˈpʌlʃən/

Repulsion

Meaning
a feeling of intense distaste or disgust; a force under the influence of which objects tend to move away from each other
Example
She felt a strong repulsion towards the idea of eating insects.
C1 verb /ˈræʃənəlaɪz/

rationalize

Meaning
to attempt to explain or justify behavior or decisions with logical reasons, even if they are not true or appropriate
Example
She tried to rationalize her lateness by blaming the traffic.
C1 verb rɪˈplɛn.ɪʃ

replenish

Meaning
Fill something up again.
Example
Drinking water helps replenish lost fluids in the body.
C1 noun /ræmˈbuːtən/

Rambutan

Meaning
a tropical fruit with red spiky skin and white translucent sweet flesh similar to litchi
Example
The rambutan looks scary with its hairy skin but tastes very sweet inside.
C1 adjective /ˈræb.ɪd/

rabid

Meaning
Having extreme or fanatical support for something; relating to or suffering from rabies.
Example
He was a rabid fan of the football team.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpres.ɪv/

Repressive

Meaning
restraining freedom or preventing self-expression; oppressive
Example
The repressive government banned all forms of protest.
C1 adjective /rɪˈsɔːrs ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/

resource-efficient

Meaning
Using resources in a way that minimizes waste and maximizes productivity.
Example
Resource-efficient farming conserves water and energy.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpjuː.t̬ɪd/

Reputed

Meaning
generally said or believed to be; having a particular reputation
Example
He is reputed to be one of the best doctors in the country.
C1 verb rɪˈlɪŋ.kwɪʃ

relinquish

Meaning
To give up any authority, responsibility, or property.
Example
He decided to relinquish his position as CEO.
C1 verb /riːˈkæptʃər/

recapture

Meaning
To take back or regain possession of something.
Example
The army managed to recapture the lost territory.
C1 adverb /ˈrɪdʒɪdli/

Rigidly

Meaning
in a strict, inflexible manner; without compromise
Example
The rules are rigidly enforced in this institution.
C1 verb /rɪˈprɛs/

repress

Meaning
To restrain, suppress, or keep under control, especially emotions or desires.
Example
He tried to repress his anger during the meeting.
C1 adjective /rɪˈper.ə.bəl/

Repairable

Meaning
able to be fixed or mended; capable of being repaired
Example
The broken phone is repairable with the right parts.
C1 noun /rɪˈsaɪtər/

reciter

Meaning
a person who recites or repeats something aloud from memory, especially poetry, prayers, or formal texts
Example
The reciter delivered the poem with clarity and emotion.
C1 noun /rɪft/

rift

Meaning
a serious break in a relationship; a split or crack
Example
A rift developed between the two friends after the argument.
C1 verb /ˈrɛlɪɡeɪt/

relegate

Meaning
to assign to a lower rank, position, or category
Example
The manager decided to relegate the player to the bench.
C1 noun /ˈrɑːstər/

roster

Meaning
A list or plan showing people’s duties or times when they are scheduled.
Example
The manager updated the staff roster for next week.
C1 noun /ˈrʌp.tʃər/

Rupture

Meaning
breaking or bursting apart; breakdown of relations
Example
The rupture in the pipeline caused a massive oil spill.
C1 noun /ˌriː.dɪs.trɪˈbjuː.ʃən/

redistribution

Meaning
The sharing of wealth or resources more equally among society.
Example
The government introduced a redistribution policy to reduce inequality.
C1 adjective /ˈrɛzənənt/

resonant

Meaning
Deep, clear, and continuing to sound or echo.
Example
The resonant voice of the speaker filled the hall.
C1 verb rɪˈpel

repel

Meaning
To push away or force apart due to similar charges or properties.
Example
Protons repel each other.
C1 noun /rɪˌdʒuːvəˈneɪʃən/

rejuvenation

Meaning
The process of restoring something to a former better state, especially referring to renewing soil fertility or revitalizing agricultural land through various restoration practices.
Example
Rejuvenation of soil is necessary for sustainable agriculture.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈsiːt/

reseat

Meaning
to seat someone again or to fit something back into its place
Example
The usher had to reseat the guests after the interruption.
C1 noun /rɪˈnaʊn/

Renown

Meaning
the condition of being known or talked about by many people; fame
Example
The scientist achieved international renown for her discoveries.
C1 noun/verb /rɪˈpoʊz/

repose

Meaning
a state of rest, sleep, or tranquility; to rest or lie in a peaceful position
Example
After the long journey, she sought repose in the quiet garden.
C1 verb /ˌriː.ɪˈstæblɪʃ/

reestablish

Meaning
to set up or restore something again after it has been disrupted
Example
The government worked hard to reestablish peace in the region.
C1 noun /ˌræm.ɪ.fɪˈkeɪ.ʃən/

ramification

Meaning
a consequence of an action or event, often complex or unwelcome.
Example
The new law has serious social ramifications.
C1 verb /rɪˈpʌls/

repulse

Meaning
to drive back an attack or attacker by force; to cause intense dislike or disgust
Example
The army managed to repulse the enemy attack.
C1 noun /ræˈpɔːr/

rapport

Meaning
A close and harmonious relationship in which the people or groups concerned understand each other's feelings or ideas.
Example
The teacher built a strong rapport with her students.
C1 noun /ˈrʌbəl/

rubble

Meaning
Broken stone, bricks, or debris from a collapsed building or structure.
Example
The rescue team searched through the rubble after the earthquake.
C1 noun /rəˈviːn/

ravine

Meaning
A deep, narrow valley with steep sides.
Example
The river carved a deep ravine through the mountains.
C1 verb /rɪˈsɜːrdʒ/

resurge

Meaning
To rise, increase, or become active again after a decline.
Example
Interest in traditional crafts has begun to resurge.
C1 adjective /rɪˈpʌl.sɪv/

Repulsive

Meaning
extremely unpleasant; causing strong dislike or disgust
Example
The smell of rotten eggs was absolutely repulsive.
C1 adjective /rɪˈdʌn.dənt/

redundant

Meaning
Not or no longer needed or useful; superfluous.
Example
The report contained redundant information.
C1 verb /ˈrʌf.l̩/

ruffle

Meaning
to disturb the smoothness of something; to annoy or upset someone
Example
The wind ruffled her hair.
C1 noun /rɪˈvɜːrʒən/

reversion

Meaning
the act of returning to a previous state or condition
Example
The new policy marked a reversion to traditional methods.
C1 verb /riˈɪtəreɪt/

reiterate

Meaning
To say something again or repeatedly for emphasis or clarity.
Example
The teacher reiterated the importance of honesty.
C1 adjective /rɪˈtɔːrɪkəl/

rhetorical

Meaning
relating to the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing; often a question asked to make a point rather than get an answer
Example
He asked a rhetorical question during the debate.
C1 noun /ruːz/

Ruse

Meaning
an action intended to deceive someone; a trick or stratagem
Example
The thief used a clever ruse to distract the guard.
C1 noun /ˌriːhəˌbɪlɪˈteɪʃən/

rehabilitation

Meaning
the process of restoring someone or something to health or normal life through training or therapy
Example
After the accident, he went through months of rehabilitation to walk again.
C1 noun ˌriː.pɚˈkʌʃ.ənz

repercussions

Meaning
The unintended consequences or effects of an action or event.
Example
The new policy had unintended repercussions on the economy.
C1 adjective /ˈraʊ.di/

Rowdy

Meaning
disorderly; unruly; noisy and disruptive
Example
The rowdy children were making too much noise.
C1 noun /ˈrɛz.ə.nəns/

resonance

Meaning
A deep, reverberating sound or a quality of evoking response.
Example
His speech had a deep resonance with the audience.
C1 noun ˈrəʊvə

rover

Meaning
A vehicle for driving over rough terrain, especially one driven by remote control over extraterrestrial terrain.
Example
The rover landed on Mars to begin its exploration.
C1 noun/verb /ˈræfəl/

raffle

Meaning
A means of raising money by selling numbered tickets, one or more of which are drawn at random for a prize; to sell something in such a lottery.
Example
The charity decided to raffle a bicycle to raise funds.
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒndənt/

respondent

Meaning
A person who replies to something, especially in a survey or legal case
Example
The survey had over 1,000 respondents.
C1 noun /ˌrɛmɪˈnɪsəns/

reminiscence

Meaning
a story or memory about past events
Example
He shared a reminiscence of his childhood days in the village.
C1 noun /rɪˈdʒɔɪsɪŋ/

rejoicing

Meaning
The action of showing great joy or happiness
Example
There was much rejoicing after the victory.
C1 adjective /rɪˈvenʒ.fəl/

Revengeful

Meaning
seeking or desiring revenge; vindictive
Example
He became revengeful after being betrayed by his friend.
C1 noun /ˈrʌmpəs/

Rumpus

Meaning
a noisy disturbance; an uproar or commotion
Example
The children caused quite a rumpus in the playground.
C1 verb /ˌriːˈvaɪ.t̬əl.aɪz/

revitalize

Meaning
To restore energy and effectiveness to something.
Example
The new policies aim to revitalize the economy.
C1 noun /ˈræʃən/

ration

Meaning
a fixed amount of something, especially food, officially allowed to each person
Example
During the war, each family received a weekly ration of rice.