B2 adjective kənˈven.ʃən.əl

conventional

Meaning

Based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed; traditional, standard, customary.

Example

Many farmers still use conventional farming methods.

B2 adjective /ˈsɜːrkjələr/

circular

Meaning

shaped like a circle; round in form

Example

The kids sat in a circular arrangement around the campfire.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpætəbl/

compatible

Meaning

Able to exist or work together without conflict; harmonious.

Example

This software is compatible with both Windows and Mac systems.

B2 adjective /ˈklæsɪfaɪd/

classified

Meaning

arranged into categories; officially secret or restricted

Example

The report contains classified information and cannot be shared publicly.

B2 adjective /kənˈsek.jə.tɪv/

Consecutive

Meaning

following each other in uninterrupted succession; sequential

Example

She won three consecutive matches in the tournament.

B2 noun ˌsaɪ.bə.sɪˈkjʊə.rɪ.ti

cybersecurity

Meaning

The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks

Example

Cybersecurity ensures safe digital operations.

B2 noun /kraɪˈtɪəriə/

criteria

Meaning

Standards or principles by which something is judged or decided.

Example

The candidates were evaluated based on strict criteria.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃuː.zi/

Choosey/Choosy

Meaning

very careful in choosing; selective; particular about what one likes or accepts

Example

He's very choosy about the restaurants where he eats.

B2 verb /kənˈsiːl/

conceal

Meaning

to hide something or keep it secret

Example

He tried to conceal his disappointment behind a smile.

B2 noun /ˈkʌt.lət/

Cutlet

Meaning

a small piece of meat, especially veal or lamb, for frying or grilling

Example

She served delicious chicken cutlets for dinner.

B2 verb /ˈkɒmprəmaɪz/

compromise

Meaning

To expose or make vulnerable to danger, suspicion, or disrepute.

Example

Excessive sharing can compromise your privacy.

B2 verb /ˈkɑːŋkər/

conquer

Meaning

to overcome and take control of; to defeat in war; to master or overcome

Example

The army managed to conquer the enemy territory.

B2 noun /ˌsɜːrtɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

certification

Meaning

the process of officially recognizing or confirming that something or someone meets required standards; an official document proving qualification

Example

She received her professional certification after completing the training program.

B2 verb /klɪŋ/

cling

Meaning

to hold on tightly to someone or something

Example

The child clung to his mother in fear.

B2 verb /kəmˈpɛl/

compel

Meaning

To force or drive someone to do something.

Example

The law compels citizens to pay taxes.

B2 noun /kəmˈpoʊnənt/

component

Meaning

a part or element of a larger whole, especially a machine or system

Example

The engine is the most important component of the car.

B2 noun /ˈkreɪvɪŋ/

craving

Meaning

a strong desire for something

Example

She has a craving for chocolate every evening.

B2 noun /ˈkænən/

Cannon

Meaning

large heavy gun that fires cannonballs or shells

Example

The castle was defended by several large cannons.

B2 adjective /ˈkɔːstli/

costly

Meaning

expensive or causing a lot of money, time, or effort

Example

Their mistake proved to be very costly for the company.

B2 noun /kənˈfɛʃən/

confession

Meaning

a statement admitting that one is guilty of a crime or has done something wrong

Example

The suspect made a full confession to the police.

B2 noun /kɜːrv/

Curve

Meaning

a line or outline that gradually deviates from being straight; a bend or turn in a road or path

Example

The driver slowed down as he approached the sharp curve in the mountain road.

B2 verb /ˈkʌltɪveɪt/

cultivate

Meaning

to grow crops or plants; to develop or improve something

Example

Farmers cultivate rice in the paddy fields.

B2 noun /kənˈvɛn.ʃən.əl ˈfɑːr.mɪŋ/

conventional farming

Meaning

Traditional farming method using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and modern technology.

Example

Conventional farming increases crop production using fertilizers.

B2 verb /krʌʃ/

crush

Meaning

to press or squeeze something so hard that it is damaged or destroyed

Example

He accidentally crushed the paper cup in his hand.

B2 adjective /ˈsel.jə.lər/

Cellular

Meaning

relating to cells; consisting of cells; relating to mobile phone technology

Example

Cellular technology has revolutionized communication.

B2 verb /ˈkeɪtər/

cater

Meaning

To provide food, drinks, or services, usually for an event or group.

Example

The company catered the wedding reception.

B2 noun /kənˈtɛmpt/

contempt

Meaning

a strong feeling of dislike and lack of respect towards someone or something

Example

He spoke with contempt about the corrupt officials.

B2 noun /ˈkɑː.bən ˈfʊt.prɪnt/

carbon footprint

Meaning

The amount of carbon dioxide and other carbon compounds emitted due to the consumption of fossil fuels by a particular person, group, etc.

Example

Reducing carbon footprint is essential for combating climate change.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊnsələr/

counsellor

Meaning

a person trained to give guidance on personal, social, or psychological problems; an advisor

Example

She spoke to a counsellor to get advice about her career.

B2 noun kəˈmɪʃ.ən

commission

Meaning

An official group of people entrusted by a government with a particular function.

Example

The commission recommends constitutional reforms.

B2 noun /ˈkloʊʒər/

closure

Meaning

the action or process of closing something, or the sense of finality or resolution.

Example

The closure of the company left many employees without jobs.

B2 adjective /ˈsɛntɪɡreɪd/

centigrade

Meaning

Relating to the Celsius temperature scale, where water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.

Example

The weather forecast predicted 30 degrees centigrade.

B2 noun /ˈkrɪtɪk/

critic

Meaning

A person who judges the merits of something, especially art or literature

Example

The film critic praised the director's latest movie.

B2 noun kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv.nəs

competitiveness

Meaning

The quality of being as good as or better than others of a comparable nature; the ability to compete successfully.

Example

Competitiveness is vital for economic sustainability.

B2 noun /ˈkɔːr.əs/

Chorus

Meaning

a large organized group of singers; a part of a song that is repeated after each verse

Example

The school chorus performed beautifully at the annual concert.

B2 noun /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/

Chaos

Meaning

complete disorder and confusion; a state of total confusion with no order

Example

The earthquake caused chaos in the city as buildings collapsed and people panicked.

B2 noun/adjective /səˈvɪliən/

civilian

Meaning

a person not in the armed forces or police

Example

The area was evacuated to protect the civilians.

B2 noun/verb /kəˈmjuː.tɪŋ/

commuting

Meaning

Regular travel to and from workplace, daily journey for work.

Example

He spends two hours commuting to work every day.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊnsələr/

councillor

Meaning

an elected member of a local council who helps make decisions and represent the community

Example

The councillor spoke to residents about improving local roads.

B2 noun /kɜːrd/

Curd

Meaning

a white dairy product made by coagulating milk; yogurt

Example

She added fresh curd to the salad for a tangy flavor.

B2 noun kənˈtrækʃən

contraction

Meaning

The process of becoming smaller; a decrease in size or quantity.

Example

The economic contraction resulted in a rise in unemployment.

B2 noun /kəmˈpɑːrt.mənt/

Compartment

Meaning

a separate section or division of a larger space, especially in a train

Example

We found seats in the first-class compartment.

B2 noun /kəʊˌɔːdɪˈneɪʃən/

coordination

Meaning

the process of organizing different elements to work together effectively

Example

The coordination between the teams was flawless.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃeɪn.dʒə.bəl/

Changeable

Meaning

able to be changed; likely to change frequently

Example

The weather is very changeable in spring.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒmp(ə)rəbl/

comparable

Meaning

Able to be likened to something else in size, amount, or quality.

Example

The two products are comparable in quality but differ in price.

B2 noun /kəmˈplɛksɪti/

complexity

Meaning

The state of being complex; intricacy.

Example

The complexity of the problem required a team of experts.

B2 adjective kɒnˈtek.stju.əl

contextual

Meaning

Depending on or relating to the circumstances or setting; context-dependent.

Example

Contextual meaning changes depending on usage.

B2 adjective /kræmpt/

cramped

Meaning

uncomfortably small or restricted

Example

The room was so cramped that we could barely move.

B2 verb /kəmˈpraɪz/

comprise

Meaning

To consist of or be made up of something.

Example

The committee comprises five members.

B2 adjective, noun /ˈkɑːmənpleɪs/

commonplace

Meaning

ordinary or unremarkable; something that is usual or commonly found

Example

Smartphones have become commonplace in modern life.

B2 noun /ˌkɒnsərˈveɪʃən ˈmuːvmənt/

Conservation Movement

Meaning

A political, environmental, and social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including plant and animal species as well as their habitat for the future.

Example

The conservation movement began in the 19th century to protect wildlife.

B2 noun /kənˈspɪrəsi/

conspiracy

Meaning

A secret plan by a group to do something unlawful or harmful.

Example

The police uncovered a conspiracy to overthrow the government.

B2 noun /ˈkɑn.trəˌvɜr.si/

Controversy

Meaning

prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion; a dispute or argument involving opposing viewpoints

Example

The new policy sparked a major controversy among the citizens.

B2 noun /kənˈsʌmp.ʃən/

Consumption

Meaning

The using up of a resource or the amount of a product consumed by consumers.

Example

High energy consumption leads to increased electricity bills.

B2 noun /ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃən/

corporation

Meaning

A large company or group of companies that is legally recognized as a single entity.

Example

The corporation invested heavily in renewable energy projects.

B2 verb /kənˈfɜːr/

confer

Meaning

to discuss something important or to grant or bestow something

Example

The committee will confer to decide on the new policy.

B2 noun /ˌkɒndɛnˈseɪʃən/

condensation

Meaning

The process of water vapor changing into liquid; also, the act of making something more concise.

Example

Condensation formed on the windows during the cold night.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃuːzi/

choosy

Meaning

very careful in choosing; selective

Example

She is very choosy about the clothes she wears.

B2 verb /kənˈstrʌkt/

construct

Meaning

to build or form something by putting parts together

Example

They plan to construct a new bridge over the river.

B2 verb /ˈklærɪfaɪ/

clarify

Meaning

to make clear; to explain more clearly

Example

The teacher clarifies the difficult concept.

B2 adjective ˈkʌl.ɪ.nər.i

culinary

Meaning

Related to cooking or the preparation of food, especially in a sophisticated or professional manner.

Example

Culinary advancements enhance the dining experience.

B2 verb /ˌkoʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd/

coincide

Meaning

To occur at the same time or to be in agreement.

Example

The meeting coincided with her birthday.

B2 noun /kloʊv/

Clove

Meaning

aromatic flower buds of a tree in the family Myrtaceae, used as a spice

Example

She added a few cloves to the mulled wine for extra flavor.

B2 noun /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/

congestion

Meaning

A situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties.

Example

Urban congestion leads to longer travel times.

B2 noun ˌkɒn.ekˈtɪv.ɪ.ti

connectivity

Meaning

The state of being connected or interconnected; the capacity for the interconnection of platforms, systems, and applications.

Example

Improved connectivity boosts economic development.

B2 noun /ˌkrɛd.ɪˈbɪl.ɪ.ti/

credibility

Meaning

The quality of being trusted and believed in; trustworthiness.

Example

His credibility as a leader remains unquestioned.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/

compelling

Meaning

Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerful way.

Example

She gave a compelling speech about climate change.

B2 noun /kənˈvɜːrtər/

converter

Meaning

a device or person that changes something from one form, system, or use to another; a tool that converts data, energy, or materials

Example

The engineer used a converter to change AC power into DC power.

B2 noun, adjective /ˈkɒrəl/

coral

Meaning

a hard, rock-like marine organism formed by tiny sea animals; a pinkish-orange color resembling coral

Example

The coral in the reef provides shelter for many sea creatures.

B2 noun /ˈklaɪ.mæks/

Climax

Meaning

the most intense, exciting, or important point of something; the highest or most intense point in a process

Example

The movie reached its climax during the final battle scene.

B2 noun /kʌb/

Cub

Meaning

a young bear, lion, tiger, or other large carnivorous mammal

Example

The bear cub stayed close to its mother for protection.

B2 noun ˌkætəˈstrɒfɪk ɪˈvents

catastrophic events

Meaning

Extremely destructive or damaging events that cause widespread devastation.

Example

Cyclones are catastrophic events in Bangladesh.

B2 verb /kənˈsiːv/

conceive

Meaning

to form or imagine an idea in the mind; to become pregnant

Example

It is hard to conceive how such an idea could succeed.

B2 noun /ˈkɒmpɪtəns/

competence

Meaning

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

Example

Her competence as a manager impressed the board.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpoʊzd/

composed

Meaning

calm and in control of oneself; made up of or formed from

Example

He remained composed even under pressure.

B2 noun /kəˈkeɪn/

cocaine

Meaning

a powerful and addictive illegal drug made from coca leaves

Example

He was arrested for possessing cocaine.

B2 noun /ˈkʌlprɪt/

culprit

Meaning

a person who is responsible for a crime or misdeed

Example

The police caught the culprit behind the robbery.

B2 noun /ˈkɒŋɡrɛs/

congress

Meaning

a formal meeting or assembly, especially of representatives for discussion

Example

The international congress on climate change will be held next year.

B2 adverb /ˈkrɪtɪkli/

critically

Meaning

in a way that expresses disapproval or a very serious, important way

Example

He was critically injured in the accident.

B2 noun /kəˈrɪz.mə/

charisma

Meaning

Compelling attractiveness or charm that can inspire devotion in others.

Example

His charisma helped him become a great leader.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃʌbi/

chubby

Meaning

slightly fat in a way that looks healthy and pleasant

Example

The baby has chubby cheeks.

B2 verb /ˈkɒm.plɪ.keɪt/

complicate

Meaning

To make something more difficult or confusing.

Example

The new rules will only complicate the process.

B2 noun /ˈkɑːmpaʊnd/

compound

Meaning

a thing that is composed of two or more separate elements; an enclosed area with buildings

Example

The scientist studied the chemical compound in the lab.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊntərˌpɑːrt/

counterpart

Meaning

a person or thing that corresponds to or has the same function as another

Example

The CEO met with his counterpart in the partner company.

B2 noun /kəˈrʌp.ʃən/

Corruption

Meaning

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power; the process of decay or decomposition

Example

The government launched a campaign to fight corruption in public offices.

B2 noun /kəˈrɪkjələm/

curriculum

Meaning

The subjects comprising a course of study in a school, college, or university.

Example

The school updated its curriculum to include more digital literacy courses.

B2 adjective /ˈkaʊntləs/

countless

Meaning

too many to be counted; innumerable

Example

There are countless stars in the sky.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃær.ɪ.tə.bəl/

Charitable

Meaning

generous in giving to those in need; showing kindness

Example

She is known for her charitable work in the community.

B2 noun /ˈkɒmɜːs/

commerce

Meaning

the activity of buying and selling goods and services

Example

International commerce has expanded significantly in recent years.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒmɪkəl/

comical

Meaning

Funny in a strange or silly way; amusing.

Example

His comical expressions made everyone laugh.

B2 noun /ˈkɔːtruːm/

courtroom

Meaning

a room in which legal cases are heard and decided by a judge

Example

The witness was called to testify in the courtroom.

B2 verb /kənˈtɛnd/

contend

Meaning

to strive or compete for something; to assert earnestly

Example

Athletes from around the world contend for the championship.

B2 adjective kənˈsaɪs

concise

Meaning

Brief and clearly expressed without unnecessary details.

Example

A concise speech is more impactful than a long one.

B2 noun /kɔːrd/

chord

Meaning

A group of musical notes played or sung together; also a straight line segment joining two points on a curve.

Example

She strummed a simple chord on the guitar.

B2 adjective ˈkʌtɪŋ ˌɛdʒ

cutting-edge

Meaning

The most advanced or innovative; at the forefront of development.

Example

This company develops cutting-edge technology.

B2 noun /ˈklɒzɪt/

closet

Meaning

a small room or enclosed space used for storing clothes or other things

Example

She keeps her winter coats in the closet near the door.

B2 noun /kraɪˈtɪəriən/

criterion

Meaning

A standard or rule used to make a judgment or decision.

Example

Honesty is an important criterion for this job.

B2 phrase kəˈlek.tɪv ˈæk.ʃən

collective action

Meaning

Action taken by a group of people working together toward a common goal or purpose.

Example

Collective action is needed to mitigate climate change.

B2 noun /ˈkɒn.ʃəs.nəs/

consciousness

Meaning

The state of being aware of and able to think about one's existence, sensations, thoughts, and surroundings.

Example

Meditation helps improve consciousness and clarity of thought.

B2 noun /kənˈstreɪnt/

constraint

Meaning

a limitation or restriction

Example

Time is the biggest constraint in completing the project.

B2 adjective /ˌkɒst.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/

cost-efficient

Meaning

Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.

Example

Cost-efficient solutions benefit industries.

B2 verb /ˈkærəktəraɪz/

characterize

Meaning

to describe or portray the distinctive features or qualities of someone or something

Example

The author characterizes the hero as brave and selfless.

B2 verb /kəmˈplaɪ/

comply

Meaning

to act in accordance with a rule, request, or law

Example

All companies must comply with safety regulations.

B2 verb /ˈtʃɛrɪʃ/

cherish

Meaning

To hold something dear, to love and protect, or to keep a hope or memory alive.

Example

She cherishes the memories of her childhood home.

B2 adverb /kənˈtɪnjuəli/

Continually

Meaning

without stopping; repeatedly

Example

She continually checked her phone for messages.

B2 verb /ˈkɒntəmpleɪt/

contemplate

Meaning

to think deeply and carefully about something; to consider thoughtfully

Example

She sat quietly to contemplate her future plans.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər/

counter

Meaning

a flat surface in a shop, bank, or kitchen where transactions or work are done

Example

The cashier stood behind the counter.

B2 noun /kənˈvɪk.ʃən/

conviction

Meaning

A firmly held belief or opinion.

Example

She spoke with conviction, making everyone believe her.

B2 noun /ˈkɒmjʊnɪst/

communist

Meaning

a person who supports or believes in the principles of communism

Example

The communist ideology aims for a classless society.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpækt/

Compact

Meaning

closely and neatly packed together; small and efficiently designed

Example

She bought a compact car that fits easily in small parking spaces.

B2 noun ˈsɜːrkjələr ɪˈkɒnəmi

circular economy

Meaning

An economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources through reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling.

Example

Adopting a circular economy can reduce waste.

B2 noun /ˈkænjən/

canyon

Meaning

A deep gorge, typically one with a river flowing through it.

Example

The Colorado River carved the Grand Canyon over millions of years.

B2 noun /ˈkænvəs/

canvas

Meaning

A strong, coarse cloth used for tents, sails, or painting.

Example

The artist prepared a canvas for his new painting.

B2 noun /ˈkæʃ.uː nʌt/

Cashew Nut

Meaning

a kidney-shaped nut with a creamy texture and mild flavor

Example

Cashew nuts are often used in cooking and as a healthy snack.

B2 noun /ˈkɒləni/

colony

Meaning

a territory or community controlled by another country or group of people

Example

India was once a British colony.

B2 noun /kəˈmɒ.dɪ.tiz/

commodities

Meaning

Raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold.

Example

The prices of commodities like oil and gold fluctuate frequently.

B2 noun /ˈsɪnəmən/

Cinnamon

Meaning

aromatic spice obtained from the inner bark of several tree species

Example

Cinnamon is often used in baking and desserts.

B2 noun /ˈkruː.əl.ti/

Cruelty

Meaning

behavior that causes pain or suffering to others; the quality of being cruel

Example

The documentary exposed the cruelty of factory farming to animals.

B2 noun /kleɪ/

clay

Meaning

a natural material made of fine earth that becomes hard when baked, used for making pottery

Example

The artist molded the wet clay into a beautiful vase.

B2 noun /kəˈtæstrəfi/

catastrophe

Meaning

A sudden and widespread disaster or misfortune.

Example

The earthquake was a catastrophe for the entire region.

B2 adjective /ˈkɑːmjənl/

communal

Meaning

Shared by all members of a community; for common use.

Example

The villagers worked together in the communal garden.