B2 noun ˌkɒn.stɪˈtjuː.ʃən

constitution

Meaning

A body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed.

Example

Constitutional reforms ensure equity.

B2 verb /kənˈsɜːrv/

conserve

Meaning

to protect something from harm or destruction; to use resources carefully to avoid waste

Example

We must conserve water during the dry season.

B2 noun, verb /kloʊk/

cloak

Meaning

a loose outer garment; to cover, hide, or disguise

Example

The spy cloaked his identity with a false name.

B2 verb /kəmˈpoʊz/

compose

Meaning

to create music or writing; to make up; to calm oneself

Example

She composes beautiful songs.

B2 noun /ˌkɒn.tɪˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/

continuity

Meaning

the state of being continuous or connected; consistency over time

Example

Maintaining continuity in leadership is essential for organizational stability.

B2 adjective /ˈklɪn.ɪ.kəl/

clinical

Meaning

Related to the observation and treatment of patients rather than theoretical study.

Example

The doctor conducted a clinical examination.

B2 noun ˈsɜːrkjələr ɪˈkɒnəmi

circular economy

Meaning

An economic system aimed at eliminating waste and the continual use of resources through reuse, sharing, repair, refurbishment, remanufacturing and recycling.

Example

Adopting a circular economy can reduce waste.

B2 verb /kənˈfɔːrm/

conform

Meaning

To comply with rules, standards, or laws.

Example

Students must conform to the school regulations.

B2 noun /kənˈdenst mɪlk/

Condensed milk

Meaning

milk from which water has been removed and sugar added, creating a thick, sweet product

Example

The recipe calls for a can of condensed milk to make the dessert extra creamy.

B2 verb /ˈkɒmpənseɪtɪd/

compensated

Meaning

to have been given something, typically money, as a recompense for loss, suffering, or work done

Example

The workers were compensated for their overtime hours.

B2 noun /ˌkɔr.əˈspɑn.dəns/

Correspondence

Meaning

letters sent or received; similarity or equivalence; communication by exchange of letters

Example

The historical correspondence between the two famous writers was recently published.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊnsələr/

councillor

Meaning

an elected member of a local council who helps make decisions and represent the community

Example

The councillor spoke to residents about improving local roads.

B2 noun /kənˌfɪɡəˈreɪʃən/

configuration

Meaning

an arrangement of parts or elements in a particular form or structure

Example

The configuration of the system needs to be adjusted for better performance.

B2 adjective /ˈsɛntɪɡreɪd/

centigrade

Meaning

Relating to the Celsius temperature scale, where water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.

Example

The weather forecast predicted 30 degrees centigrade.

B2 adjective /ˈsɪn.ɪ.kəl/

cynical

Meaning

Believing that people are motivated by self-interest; distrustful of human sincerity or integrity.

Example

She was cynical about the politician's promises.

B2 noun ˈkærɪktər dɪˈvɛləpmənt

character development

Meaning

The process of creating a believable character in fiction by giving the character depth and personality.

Example

The character development of Sydney Carton is profound.

B2 adjective /kənˈvɜːrtəbl/

convertible

Meaning

able to be changed into a different form or use; also a car with a roof that can be folded down

Example

She drove her new convertible along the coastal road.

B2 adjective /ˈkrɒnɪk/

chronic

Meaning

Lasting for a long time or constantly recurring, often describing illness.

Example

She suffers from chronic back pain.

B2 adjective /kɔːrs/

coarse

Meaning

Rough in texture or manner; not smooth or refined.

Example

The fabric felt coarse to the touch.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒnʃəs/

conscious

Meaning

Aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake.

Example

She was fully conscious after the surgery.

B2 verb /ˈklæsɪfaɪ/

classify

Meaning

to arrange or organize into categories or groups

Example

The librarian classified the books by subject.

B2 noun /kraɪst/

christ

Meaning

the title given to Jesus, considered the Messiah in Christianity

Example

Christ is central to Christian faith.

B2 adjective /ˈkɜːrtiəs/

courteous

Meaning

polite, respectful, or considerate in manner

Example

The staff at the hotel were very courteous to all guests.

B2 adjective /ˌkrɒnəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/

chronological

Meaning

Arranged in the order in which events happened.

Example

The events were listed in chronological order.

B2 adjective /ˈkeər.friː/

Carefree

Meaning

free from anxiety or responsibility; lighthearted; worry-free

Example

She lived a carefree life, traveling the world without any worries.

B2 noun /kəˈmiː.li.ən/

Chameleon

Meaning

a lizard that can change color to match its surroundings

Example

The chameleon changed its color from green to brown.

B2 noun ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪ.zəm

capitalism

Meaning

An economic system where trade, industry and production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Example

Capitalism encourages innovation and competition.

B2 noun /ˈkæp.sɪ.kəm/

Capsicum

Meaning

sweet pepper; bell pepper; colorful vegetable used in cooking

Example

Add red and green capsicum to make the dish colorful and nutritious.

B2 adjective kənˈsaɪs

concise

Meaning

Brief and clearly expressed without unnecessary details.

Example

A concise speech is more impactful than a long one.

B2 adjective /kənˈtɛntɪd/

contented

Meaning

Feeling or expressing happiness and satisfaction.

Example

She was contented with her simple life.

B2 noun /ˈkɔːr.əs/

Chorus

Meaning

a large organized group of singers; a part of a song that is repeated after each verse

Example

The school chorus performed beautifully at the annual concert.

B2 noun /ˈkɒmənˌtɛri/

commentary

Meaning

An expression of opinions or explanations about an event, situation, or text.

Example

The professor's commentary on the novel was insightful.

B2 noun ˌsaɪ.bə.sɪˈkjʊə.rɪ.ti

cybersecurity

Meaning

The practice of protecting systems, networks, and programs from digital attacks

Example

Cybersecurity ensures safe digital operations.

B2 verb /kɑːrv/

carve

Meaning

To cut or shape something, especially wood or stone, into a desired form.

Example

The artist carved a beautiful statue out of marble.

B2 noun /ˈkæbɪnət/

Cabinet

Meaning

a piece of furniture with doors and shelves used for storage

Example

The kitchen cabinet is full of dishes and utensils.

B2 verb /kəˈmɛnd/

commend

Meaning

to praise formally or officially

Example

The teacher commended the students for their hard work.

B2 verb /tʃænt/

chant

Meaning

to sing or recite in a rhythmic way

Example

The monks chant prayers in the temple.

B2 noun /ˌkɔːriˈændər/

Coriander

Meaning

aromatic herb with feathery leaves used for flavoring food; also refers to the seeds used as spice

Example

Fresh coriander leaves are sprinkled on top of the curry.

B2 noun /kleɪ/

clay

Meaning

a natural material made of fine earth that becomes hard when baked, used for making pottery

Example

The artist molded the wet clay into a beautiful vase.

B2 noun /krɪˈeɪtə/

creator

Meaning

a person who brings something into existence

Example

He is the creator of many successful startups.

B2 noun /ˈkæriər/

carrier

Meaning

A person or thing that carries, transports, or conveys something; also an organization that provides transport services.

Example

The airline is the largest carrier in the country.

B2 noun ˌkɒn.ekˈtɪv.ɪ.ti

connectivity

Meaning

The state of being connected or interconnected; the capacity for the interconnection of platforms, systems, and applications.

Example

Improved connectivity boosts economic development.

B2 noun /ˈkʌmbæk/

comeback

Meaning

A return to a former status or success after a period of decline.

Example

The singer made a remarkable comeback after years of silence.

B2 noun, verb /kɜːrs/

curse

Meaning

a solemn wish that harm or misfortune should befall someone; a rude or offensive word or phrase; to utter offensive words or wish harm upon someone

Example

He cursed loudly when he realized he had lost his wallet.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊn.səl.ɪŋ/

counselling

Meaning

the process of giving professional guidance and support to help someone deal with personal, social, psychological, or career-related problems

Example

She decided to seek counselling to manage stress and anxiety.

B2 verb /ˈkɒmbæt/

combat

Meaning

to fight against something, especially to reduce or stop it

Example

The government is taking steps to combat corruption.

B2 noun kəˌlæbəˈreɪʃən

collaboration

Meaning

The action of working with someone to produce or create something

Example

International collaboration is necessary to fight pollution.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒn.trər.i/

Contrary

Meaning

opposite in nature, direction, or meaning; completely different

Example

Contrary to popular belief, cats can be very social animals.

B2 adverb /ˈtʃiːfli/

chiefly

Meaning

mainly; primarily

Example

The festival is celebrated chiefly by young people.

B2 noun /ˈkæʃ.uː nʌt/

Cashew Nut

Meaning

a kidney-shaped nut with a creamy texture and mild flavor

Example

Cashew nuts are often used in cooking and as a healthy snack.

B2 verb kəˈlæbəreɪt

collaborate

Meaning

To work jointly with others, especially in an intellectual endeavor; cooperate.

Example

Volunteers often collaborate with local organizations.

B2 noun kjuːz

cues

Meaning

Signals or hints from conversation or environment that help understanding

Example

Facial expressions provide cues about a person's emotions.

B2 noun /ˈkɒnsənənt/

consonant

Meaning

A speech sound produced by blocking air flow, or a letter representing such a sound.

Example

The word 'cat' has two consonants and one vowel.

B2 verb /ˌkoʊ.ɪnˈsaɪd/

coincide

Meaning

To occur at the same time or to be in agreement.

Example

The meeting coincided with her birthday.

B2 noun /kəˈdɛt/

cadet

Meaning

A young trainee in the armed forces, police, or other organization.

Example

The cadet marched proudly in the parade.

B2 noun /ˈkɑr.ɡoʊ ʃɪp/

Cargo ship

Meaning

a ship or vessel that carries goods and materials from one port to another

Example

The cargo ship transported containers filled with electronics across the ocean.

B2 noun /ˈsen.tɪ.piːd/

Centipede

Meaning

a long thin creature with many legs that lives in dark places

Example

I found a centipede crawling under the rock.

B2 verb /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/

contradict

Meaning

to say or show the opposite of something that has been said or believed

Example

His actions contradict his words.

B2 noun /ˌkɑː.bəʊˈhaɪ.dreɪts/

carbohydrates

Meaning

Organic compounds consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, serving as a primary source of energy for the body.

Example

Whole grains are a great source of healthy carbohydrates.

B2 adjective /ˌkɑː.di.əʊˈvæs.kjʊ.lər/

cardiovascular

Meaning

Relating to the heart and blood vessels.

Example

Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health.

B2 adjective /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

cunning

Meaning

Having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion; cleverness in a tricky way.

Example

The cunning fox tricked the farmer.

B2 noun /ˈkɒləni/

colony

Meaning

a territory or community controlled by another country or group of people

Example

India was once a British colony.

B2 noun ˈkɑː.bən

carbon

Meaning

The chemical element of atomic number 6, occurring as diamond, graphite, and charcoal.

Example

Carbon emissions must be controlled.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃʌbi/

chubby

Meaning

slightly fat in a way that looks healthy and pleasant

Example

The baby has chubby cheeks.

B2 adjective /kənˈsɜːvətɪv/

conservative

Meaning

Favoring traditional views and values; resistant to change.

Example

He has conservative views on family and society.

B2 noun /ˈkreɪvɪŋ/

craving

Meaning

a strong desire for something

Example

She has a craving for chocolate every evening.

B2 adjective /ˌkɒst.ɪˈfɪʃ.ənt/

cost-efficient

Meaning

Achieving maximum productivity with minimum wasted effort or expense.

Example

Cost-efficient solutions benefit industries.

B2 noun /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ə.ti/

capability

Meaning

The ability or capacity to do something.

Example

The telescope's capability is unparalleled.

B2 noun /ˈtʃeɪmbər/

chamber

Meaning

a large room used for formal or public events, or a private room.

Example

The king held meetings in his private chamber.

B2 adverb /kənˈtɪnjuəsli/

Continuously

Meaning

without interruption; in an unbroken sequence

Example

The machine operates continuously for 24 hours.

B2 noun /kəmˈpoʊnənt/

component

Meaning

a part or element of a larger whole, especially a machine or system

Example

The engine is the most important component of the car.

B2 noun ˈkɛmɪkəl weɪst

chemical waste

Meaning

Waste material from industrial or laboratory processes that contains harmful chemicals.

Example

Chemical waste pollutes water bodies.

B2 noun /kəˈkeɪn/

cocaine

Meaning

a powerful and addictive illegal drug made from coca leaves

Example

He was arrested for possessing cocaine.

B2 noun /ˈkloʊʒər/

closure

Meaning

the action or process of closing something, or the sense of finality or resolution.

Example

The closure of the company left many employees without jobs.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊn.tər/

counter

Meaning

a flat surface in a shop, bank, or kitchen where transactions or work are done

Example

The cashier stood behind the counter.

B2 noun ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃən

consultation

Meaning

The action of consulting or discussing; a meeting with an expert or professional to seek advice.

Example

Consultation was essential.

B2 noun /ˈkʌlprɪt/

culprit

Meaning

a person who is responsible for a crime or misdeed

Example

The police caught the culprit behind the robbery.

B2 noun /ˈkɒm.ɪt/

Comet

Meaning

a celestial object consisting of ice and dust that develops a tail when approaching the sun

Example

Halley's Comet appears in the sky every 76 years.

B2 noun /ˌkɒrəˈleɪʃən/

correlation

Meaning

a mutual relationship or connection between two or more things

Example

Researchers found a strong correlation between diet and heart disease.

B2 noun /ˈkɑn.ʃəns/

Conscience

Meaning

an inner feeling or voice viewed as acting as a guide to the rightness or wrongness of one's behavior

Example

His conscience prevented him from lying to his parents about his grades.

B2 noun kənˈsen.səs

consensus

Meaning

A general agreement among all members of a group.

Example

Consensus was reached after long deliberation.

B2 noun /ˌkɑːrboʊˈhaɪdreɪt/

carbohydrate

Meaning

a nutrient that provides energy, found in foods like rice, bread, and sugar

Example

Rice and potatoes are rich in carbohydrates.

B2 noun /ˌkɑn.trəˈdɪk.ʃən/

Contradiction

Meaning

a combination of statements, ideas, or features which are opposed to one another; inconsistency

Example

There was a clear contradiction between his words and his actions.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/

Concrete

Meaning

solid; real; tangible; actual and specific

Example

We need concrete evidence to support our claims.

B2 noun /kəmˈplek.ʃən/

Complexion

Meaning

the natural color, texture, and appearance of a person's skin, especially on the face

Example

Her fair complexion glowed beautifully in the morning sunlight.

B2 noun /kəˈlɑːʒ/

collage

Meaning

A piece of art made by sticking various materials such as photographs or paper onto a surface.

Example

She created a collage using old magazine pictures.

B2 noun /ˈtʃɪk piː/

Chick pea

Meaning

round beige legume; protein-rich pulse used in various dishes

Example

Soak the chick peas overnight before cooking them for better digestion.

B2 verb /kənˈsiːl/

conceal

Meaning

to hide something or keep it secret

Example

He tried to conceal his disappointment behind a smile.

B2 adjective /kruːd/

crude

Meaning

in a natural or raw state; not yet processed or refined

Example

The crude oil is processed into fuel and chemicals.

B2 noun, adjective /ˈkɒrəl/

coral

Meaning

a hard, rock-like marine organism formed by tiny sea animals; a pinkish-orange color resembling coral

Example

The coral in the reef provides shelter for many sea creatures.

B2 noun /kɒd fɪʃ/

Cod fish

Meaning

A large marine fish with white flesh, commonly used for food

Example

The fisherman caught a large cod fish in the North Atlantic.

B2 noun /ˈkɑn.trəˌvɜr.si/

Controversy

Meaning

prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion; a dispute or argument involving opposing viewpoints

Example

The new policy sparked a major controversy among the citizens.

B2 noun /kənˈsɛnt/

consent

Meaning

permission for something to happen or agreement to do something

Example

She gave her consent before the operation.

B2 noun; verb /ˈkætəlɒɡ/

catalogue

Meaning

a complete list of items, typically one in alphabetical or systematic order; to make a systematic list of items

Example

The library decided to catalogue all new books digitally.

B2 verb /ˈkeɪtər/

cater

Meaning

To provide food, drinks, or services, usually for an event or group.

Example

The company catered the wedding reception.

B2 verb /kənˈsiːd/

concede

Meaning

to admit something is true or valid, often reluctantly

Example

She finally conceded that she was wrong.

B2 adjective ˌkɑː.bən ˈnjuː.trəl

carbon-neutral

Meaning

Having a balance between emitting carbon and absorbing carbon from the atmosphere; not adding to overall carbon emissions.

Example

The company aims to be carbon-neutral by 2030.

B2 noun /kəˈmɒ.dɪ.tiz/

commodities

Meaning

Raw materials or primary agricultural products that can be bought and sold.

Example

The prices of commodities like oil and gold fluctuate frequently.

B2 noun /ˈkɒmpɪtəns/

competence

Meaning

the ability to do something successfully or efficiently

Example

Her competence as a manager impressed the board.

B2 verb /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/

contaminate

Meaning

To make something impure, dirty, or harmful by contact with a poisonous or polluting substance.

Example

The river was contaminated by industrial waste.

B2 noun /kəˈmɪʃənər/

commissioner

Meaning

an official in charge of a particular department or area

Example

The police commissioner addressed the media about the incident.

B2 adjective /kənˈsek.jə.tɪv/

Consecutive

Meaning

following each other in uninterrupted succession; sequential

Example

She won three consecutive matches in the tournament.

B2 noun kəmˈpet.ɪ.tɪv.nəs

competitiveness

Meaning

The quality of being as good as or better than others of a comparable nature; the ability to compete successfully.

Example

Competitiveness is vital for economic sustainability.

B2 noun /ˌkovuːɪɡˈzɪs.təns/

Co-existence

Meaning

the state of existing together at the same time or in the same place; peaceful cohabitation

Example

The peaceful co-existence of different cultures makes this city unique.

B2 noun /klɔː/

Claw

Meaning

sharp curved nail on the foot of an animal or bird

Example

The cat extended its sharp claws to climb the tree.

B2 verb kənˈdem

condemn

Meaning

To express complete disapproval of; to censure.

Example

The leaders condemned the actions as inhumane.

B2 noun ˌkʌl.tɪˈveɪ.ʃən

cultivation

Meaning

The practice of preparing and using land for crops or gardening; the action of improving or developing something.

Example

The cultivation of organic crops has increased worldwide.

B2 noun ক্লাইম্যাটিক কন্ডিশন্স

climatic conditions

Meaning

The atmospheric or weather patterns of a particular region.

Example

Specific climatic conditions are required for snowfall.

B2 adjective /kəˈmɛndəbl̩/

commendable

Meaning

deserving praise or approval

Example

Her dedication to the project was truly commendable.

B2 noun /kəˈlɛktər/

collector

Meaning

a person who collects things as a hobby or job

Example

He is a stamp collector with thousands of rare items.

B2 noun, verb /kjuːb/

cube

Meaning

As a noun: a solid object with six equal square faces. As a verb: to cut food into small square pieces.

Example

She put a sugar cube in her tea.

B2 noun /ˈkæp.tɪv/

Captive

Meaning

a person who has been taken prisoner or an animal that has been confined

Example

The captive was held in a small cell for several months.

B2 adjective /kənˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/

Conditional

Meaning

dependent on certain conditions; not absolute

Example

The job offer is conditional upon passing the background check.

B2 adjective /ˈkjuːbən/

cuban

Meaning

relating to Cuba, its people, or its culture

Example

We enjoyed delicious Cuban coffee at the café.

B2 noun /ˈklaɪ.mət əˌdæp.teɪ.ʃən/

climate adaptation

Meaning

The process of adjusting to current or expected climate change and its effects.

Example

Climate adaptation ensures resilience to change.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpærətɪv/

Comparative

Meaning

involving comparison between two or more things; relative

Example

The study showed comparative results between different teaching methods.

B2 noun /ˈkæʒ.u.əl.ti/

Casualty

Meaning

a person killed or injured in a war or accident; a victim of circumstances

Example

The hospital treated many casualties from the car accident.

B2 verb /kənˈfɜːr/

confer

Meaning

to discuss something important or to grant or bestow something

Example

The committee will confer to decide on the new policy.

B2 noun /ˈkʌm.pəs/

Compass

Meaning

an instrument for finding direction with a magnetic needle pointing to magnetic north

Example

The hiker used a compass to find the right direction.

B2 noun /kənˈdʌktər/

conductor

Meaning

a person who directs a performance or someone who collects fares on public transport; or a material that conducts electricity

Example

The conductor waved his baton to start the orchestra.

B2 adjective /ˈsɪvɪk/

civic

Meaning

relating to a city, town, or the duties of its citizens

Example

The mayor encouraged people to take part in civic activities.