B2 noun /ˌklæsɪfɪˈkeɪʃən/

classification

Meaning

the action or process of classifying something into groups based on shared characteristics.

Example

The classification of animals helps in understanding their biology.

B2 noun /kənˈsɪstənsi/

consistency

Meaning

The quality of always behaving or performing in a similar way; uniformity.

Example

Consistency in quality is key to customer satisfaction.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpækt/

Compact

Meaning

closely and neatly packed together; small and efficiently designed

Example

She bought a compact car that fits easily in small parking spaces.

B2 noun /ˈkʌmbæk/

comeback

Meaning

A return to a former status or success after a period of decline.

Example

The singer made a remarkable comeback after years of silence.

B2 noun /ˈkrɪtɪk/

critic

Meaning

A person who judges the merits of something, especially art or literature

Example

The film critic praised the director's latest movie.

B2 noun /ˈkɑn.trəˌvɜr.si/

Controversy

Meaning

prolonged public disagreement or heated discussion; a dispute or argument involving opposing viewpoints

Example

The new policy sparked a major controversy among the citizens.

B2 adjective /ˈkɔːstli/

costly

Meaning

expensive or causing a lot of money, time, or effort

Example

Their mistake proved to be very costly for the company.

B2 noun /kreɪn/

Crane

Meaning

a large tall bird with long legs and neck; a machine for lifting heavy objects

Example

The graceful crane stood motionless by the water's edge.

B2 adjective /ˈkʌnɪŋ/

cunning

Meaning

Having or showing skill in achieving one's ends by deceit or evasion; cleverness in a tricky way.

Example

The cunning fox tricked the farmer.

B2 noun /kəˈlɛstərɒl/

cholesterol

Meaning

a fatty substance found in the blood, high levels of which can cause health problems

Example

High cholesterol can increase the risk of heart disease.

B2 verb /ˈkɒmbæt/

combat

Meaning

to fight against something, especially to reduce or stop it

Example

The government is taking steps to combat corruption.

B2 verb /kəmˈpɛl/

compel

Meaning

To force or drive someone to do something.

Example

The law compels citizens to pay taxes.

B2 noun ˈkæp.ɪ.təl.ɪ.zəm

capitalism

Meaning

An economic system where trade, industry and production are privately owned and operated for profit.

Example

Capitalism encourages innovation and competition.

B2 noun; verb /ˈkætəlɒɡ/

catalogue

Meaning

a complete list of items, typically one in alphabetical or systematic order; to make a systematic list of items

Example

The library decided to catalogue all new books digitally.

B2 noun /kənˈkʌʃən/

concussion

Meaning

A temporary unconsciousness or shock caused by a blow to the head.

Example

He suffered a concussion after falling from the bike.

B2 adjective ˈkʌl.ɪ.nər.i

culinary

Meaning

Related to cooking or the preparation of food, especially in a sophisticated or professional manner.

Example

Culinary advancements enhance the dining experience.

B2 noun /ˈklær.ɪ.ti/

clarity

Meaning

The quality of being coherent and intelligible; transparency or lucidity.

Example

The speaker's clarity made the concept easy to understand.

B2 noun ˈkærɪktər dɪˈvɛləpmənt

character development

Meaning

The process of creating a believable character in fiction by giving the character depth and personality.

Example

The character development of Sydney Carton is profound.

B2 adjective /kənˈtɛmpərɛri/

contemporary

Meaning

belonging to the same time period; modern

Example

She enjoys contemporary art exhibitions.

B2 noun /ˌkɒrəˈspɒndənt/

correspondent

Meaning

A journalist who reports news from a particular place or on a particular subject.

Example

The foreign correspondent reported live from Paris.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃʌbi/

chubby

Meaning

slightly fat in a way that looks healthy and pleasant

Example

The baby has chubby cheeks.

B2 adverb /ˈkɒnsɪkwəntli/

consequently

Meaning

as a result; therefore

Example

He didn’t study, and consequently he failed the exam.

B2 noun /ˈkɔːtruːm/

courtroom

Meaning

a room in which legal cases are heard and decided by a judge

Example

The witness was called to testify in the courtroom.

B2 noun kənˌtæm.ɪˈneɪ.ʃən

contamination

Meaning

The process of making something less pure by exposure to or addition of a poisonous or polluting substance.

Example

Contamination of air leads to health issues.

B2 verb /kənˈstreɪn/

constrain

Meaning

to limit or restrict someone or something; to force or compel

Example

The new regulations constrain businesses from polluting the environment.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒm.pɪ.tənt/

Competent

Meaning

having the necessary skill or knowledge to do something successfully; capable

Example

She is a competent manager who handles all tasks efficiently.

B2 noun /ˈtʃer.i ˌblɒs.əm/

Cherry Blossom

Meaning

the pink or white flowers of a cherry tree that bloom in spring

Example

The cherry blossoms bloom beautifully in April.

B2 noun /ˈkɑr.ɡoʊ ʃɪp/

Cargo ship

Meaning

a ship or vessel that carries goods and materials from one port to another

Example

The cargo ship transported containers filled with electronics across the ocean.

B2 noun /kəˈθɒlɪsɪzəm/

catholicism

Meaning

The faith, practice, and church order of the Roman Catholic Church.

Example

Catholicism has a long history and rich traditions.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃaɪld.laɪk/

Childlike

Meaning

innocent and trusting like a child; having the good qualities of a child; pure and simple

Example

She maintained a childlike wonder about the world around her.

B2 noun /ˈsen.tɪ.piːd/

Centipede

Meaning

a long thin creature with many legs that lives in dark places

Example

I found a centipede crawling under the rock.

B2 adjective /kənˈtɛntɪd/

contented

Meaning

Feeling or expressing happiness and satisfaction.

Example

She was contented with her simple life.

B2 noun /kənˈvɪk.ʃən/

conviction

Meaning

A firmly held belief or opinion.

Example

She spoke with conviction, making everyone believe her.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpɛlɪŋ/

compelling

Meaning

Evoking interest, attention, or admiration in a powerful way.

Example

She gave a compelling speech about climate change.

B2 noun /kəˈlɑːʒ/

collage

Meaning

A piece of art made by sticking various materials such as photographs or paper onto a surface.

Example

She created a collage using old magazine pictures.

B2 noun /ˈkænvəs/

canvas

Meaning

A strong, coarse cloth used for tents, sails, or painting.

Example

The artist prepared a canvas for his new painting.

B2 noun ˈkɔːrəl ˈriːfs

Coral Reefs

Meaning

Underwater structures made from calcium carbonate secreted by corals, forming diverse marine ecosystems.

Example

Saint Martin's Island is known for its coral reefs.

B2 noun /ˈkæʃ.uː nʌt/

Cashew Nut

Meaning

a kidney-shaped nut with a creamy texture and mild flavor

Example

Cashew nuts are often used in cooking and as a healthy snack.

B2 noun /ˌkeɪ.pəˈbɪl.ə.ti/

capability

Meaning

The ability or capacity to do something.

Example

The telescope's capability is unparalleled.

B2 noun ˌkɒnsəlˈteɪʃən

consultation

Meaning

The action of consulting or discussing; a meeting with an expert or professional to seek advice.

Example

Consultation was essential.

B2 verb /kənˈfɔːrm/

conform

Meaning

To comply with rules, standards, or laws.

Example

Students must conform to the school regulations.

B2 adverb /kənˈsɪstəntli/

consistently

Meaning

in a way that does not vary; regularly and dependably

Example

She has been performing consistently well in her studies.

B2 verb /kəmˈpraɪz/

comprise

Meaning

To consist of or be made up of something.

Example

The committee comprises five members.

B2 noun /ˈkɒŋɡrɛs/

congress

Meaning

a formal meeting or assembly, especially of representatives for discussion

Example

The international congress on climate change will be held next year.

B2 verb, noun /kəˈmjuːt/

commute

Meaning

Verb: to travel regularly between home and work; Noun: the journey to and from work.

Example

He commutes two hours every day to reach his office.

B2 verb /kriːp/

creep

Meaning

to move slowly and quietly; to make someone feel uncomfortable

Example

She crept quietly up the stairs to avoid waking anyone.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊnsɪlər/

councilor

Meaning

an elected member of a council, especially a local government body

Example

The councilor held a public meeting to discuss local issues.

B2 noun /kaʊtʃ/

Couch

Meaning

a long upholstered seat for more than one person, typically with a back and arms

Example

The family gathered on the couch to watch a movie.

B2 adjective /ˈkræŋki/

cranky

Meaning

bad-tempered, easily annoyed, or irritable

Example

The child gets cranky when he is hungry.

B2 noun /kɒk/

Cock

Meaning

an adult male chicken

Example

The cock crowed loudly at dawn to wake everyone up.

B2 noun /ˈkæp.sɪ.kəm/

Capsicum

Meaning

sweet pepper; bell pepper; colorful vegetable used in cooking

Example

Add red and green capsicum to make the dish colorful and nutritious.

B2 verb /kənˈtæmɪneɪt/

contaminate

Meaning

To make something impure, dirty, or harmful by contact with a poisonous or polluting substance.

Example

The river was contaminated by industrial waste.

B2 adjective /kəmˈpærətɪv/

Comparative

Meaning

involving comparison between two or more things; relative

Example

The study showed comparative results between different teaching methods.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊnsəlɪŋ/

counseling

Meaning

professional guidance or therapy to help resolve personal or psychological problems

Example

She decided to go for counseling after feeling stressed for months.

B2 verb /ˈkɑːŋkər/

conquer

Meaning

to overcome and take control of; to defeat in war; to master or overcome

Example

The army managed to conquer the enemy territory.

B2 noun /ˌsɜː.kjʊˈleɪ.ʃən/

circulation

Meaning

The movement of blood through the body, or the movement of any fluid through a closed system.

Example

Proper circulation ensures that oxygen and nutrients reach every cell.

B2 adjective kəˈləʊ.ni.əl

colonial

Meaning

Relating to or characteristic of a colony or colonialism, especially involving the control of one country by another.

Example

Colonial rule suppressed local governance.

B2 adverb /kənˈvɜːrsli/

conversely

Meaning

in an opposite or contrary manner

Example

He is rich, conversely, his brother struggles financially.

B2 verb /kəmˈpoʊz/

compose

Meaning

to create music or writing; to make up; to calm oneself

Example

She composes beautiful songs.

B2 noun /tʃɔːr/

chore

Meaning

A routine task, especially a household duty.

Example

Washing the dishes is my least favorite chore.

B2 noun ˈkæp.sjuːl

capsule

Meaning

A small soluble case of gelatin containing a dose of medicine, swallowed whole.

Example

Capsules contain controlled environments.

B2 noun ˈkɔːʃən

caution

Meaning

Care taken to avoid danger or mistakes; a warning or piece of advice.

Example

Researchers issued a caution regarding unsustainable fishing.

B2 noun /kənˈfɛʃən/

confession

Meaning

a statement admitting that one is guilty of a crime or has done something wrong

Example

The suspect made a full confession to the police.

B2 noun /ˈtʃɒp.ər/

Chopper

Meaning

a tool with a heavy blade for chopping wood; a helicopter

Example

The lumberjack swung the chopper to cut down the tree.

B2 noun /ˈkɜːr.tə.si/

Courtesy

Meaning

the showing of politeness in one's attitude and behavior toward others; a polite gesture or remark

Example

He showed great courtesy by holding the door open for elderly people.

B2 noun /ˈklɒzɪt/

closet

Meaning

a small room or enclosed space used for storing clothes or other things

Example

She keeps her winter coats in the closet near the door.

B2 noun /kənˈdenst mɪlk/

Condensed milk

Meaning

milk from which water has been removed and sugar added, creating a thick, sweet product

Example

The recipe calls for a can of condensed milk to make the dessert extra creamy.

B2 noun/adjective /səˈvɪliən/

civilian

Meaning

a person not in the armed forces or police

Example

The area was evacuated to protect the civilians.

B2 noun /ˈkæʒ.u.əl.ti/

Casualty

Meaning

a person killed or injured in a war or accident; a victim of circumstances

Example

The hospital treated many casualties from the car accident.

B2 verb /kənˈstrʌkt/

construct

Meaning

to build or form something by putting parts together

Example

They plan to construct a new bridge over the river.

B2 noun, verb /kloʊk/

cloak

Meaning

a loose outer garment; to cover, hide, or disguise

Example

The spy cloaked his identity with a false name.

B2 verb /ˌkɒn.trəˈdɪkt/

contradict

Meaning

to say or show the opposite of something that has been said or believed

Example

His actions contradict his words.

B2 phrase kəˈlek.tɪv ˈæk.ʃən

collective action

Meaning

Action taken by a group of people working together toward a common goal or purpose.

Example

Collective action is needed to mitigate climate change.

B2 adjective ˌkɒn.trəˈvɜː.ʃəl

controversial

Meaning

Giving rise to public disagreement or heated discussion.

Example

The policy remains controversial.

B2 noun /kəˈroʊnə/

corona

Meaning

a crown or crown-like structure; also refers to the outer atmosphere of the sun

Example

The sun's corona was visible during the total solar eclipse.

B2 noun /ˌkɒn.tɪˈnjuː.ɪ.ti/

continuity

Meaning

the state of being continuous or connected; consistency over time

Example

Maintaining continuity in leadership is essential for organizational stability.

B2 noun /kɒd fɪʃ/

Cod fish

Meaning

A large marine fish with white flesh, commonly used for food

Example

The fisherman caught a large cod fish in the North Atlantic.

B2 noun /kəˈrʌp.ʃən/

Corruption

Meaning

dishonest or fraudulent conduct by those in power; the process of decay or decomposition

Example

The government launched a campaign to fight corruption in public offices.

B2 verb /kənˈveɪ/

convey

Meaning

To communicate or make known; to transport or carry from one place to another.

Example

The teacher conveys the lesson clearly to students.

B2 adjective, noun /ˈkɑːmənpleɪs/

commonplace

Meaning

ordinary or unremarkable; something that is usual or commonly found

Example

Smartphones have become commonplace in modern life.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊn.səl.ɪŋ/

counselling

Meaning

the process of giving professional guidance and support to help someone deal with personal, social, psychological, or career-related problems

Example

She decided to seek counselling to manage stress and anxiety.

B2 verb /kəˈmɛns/

commence

Meaning

to begin or start something

Example

The ceremony will commence at noon.

B2 noun /ˈklɪərəns/

clearance

Meaning

official permission or authorization; the removal of something unwanted; the distance between two objects

Example

The pilot received clearance to land the plane.

B2 adjective /ˈsɛntɪɡreɪd/

centigrade

Meaning

Relating to the Celsius temperature scale, where water freezes at 0° and boils at 100°.

Example

The weather forecast predicted 30 degrees centigrade.

B2 noun /sərˈkʌmfərəns/

circumference

Meaning

the distance around the edge of a circle

Example

The teacher asked us to calculate the circumference of the circle.

B2 noun /ˌkɔːriˈændər/

Coriander

Meaning

aromatic herb with feathery leaves used for flavoring food; also refers to the seeds used as spice

Example

Fresh coriander leaves are sprinkled on top of the curry.

B2 noun /ˈkætəlɔːɡ/

catalog

Meaning

a complete list of items, typically arranged systematically

Example

The library provides an online catalog of all available books.

B2 verb /kənˈtɛnd/

contend

Meaning

to strive or compete for something; to assert earnestly

Example

Athletes from around the world contend for the championship.

B2 adjective ˌkæt.əˈstrɑː.fɪk

catastrophic

Meaning

Involving or causing sudden great damage or suffering.

Example

Climate change has catastrophic consequences.

B2 noun /klɔː/

Claw

Meaning

sharp curved nail on the foot of an animal or bird

Example

The cat extended its sharp claws to climb the tree.

B2 noun /ˈkaʊn.səl.ər/

counselor

Meaning

a person trained to give guidance on personal, social, or psychological problems

Example

The school counselor helped the student deal with stress.

B2 noun /kəˈrɪkjələm/

curriculum

Meaning

The subjects comprising a course of study in a school, college, or university.

Example

The school updated its curriculum to include more digital literacy courses.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒmp(ə)rəbl/

comparable

Meaning

Able to be likened to something else in size, amount, or quality.

Example

The two products are comparable in quality but differ in price.

B2 noun /kriːk/

creek

Meaning

a small stream or narrow river

Example

We went fishing by the creek near our house.

B2 adverb /kənˈtɪnjuəli/

Continually

Meaning

without stopping; repeatedly

Example

She continually checked her phone for messages.

B2 adjective ˈkʌtɪŋ ˌɛdʒ

cutting-edge

Meaning

The most advanced or innovative; at the forefront of development.

Example

This company develops cutting-edge technology.

B2 adjective /ˌkɑː.di.əʊˈvæs.kjʊ.lər/

cardiovascular

Meaning

Relating to the heart and blood vessels.

Example

Regular exercise improves cardiovascular health.

B2 noun /ˈkeɪ.ɒs/

Chaos

Meaning

complete disorder and confusion; a state of total confusion with no order

Example

The earthquake caused chaos in the city as buildings collapsed and people panicked.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒŋ.kriːt/

Concrete

Meaning

solid; real; tangible; actual and specific

Example

We need concrete evidence to support our claims.

B2 noun /kənˈsɛʃən/

concession

Meaning

something that is granted, especially in response to demands; a compromise

Example

The company made several concessions during the negotiations.

B2 verb /ˌkɒmprɪˈhɛnd/

comprehend

Meaning

to understand or grasp the meaning of something

Example

It is difficult to comprehend the scale of the disaster.

B2 adjective /kənˈdɪʃ.ən.əl/

Conditional

Meaning

dependent on certain conditions; not absolute

Example

The job offer is conditional upon passing the background check.

B2 verb /kəˈmɛnd/

commend

Meaning

to praise formally or officially

Example

The teacher commended the students for their hard work.

B2 adjective + noun kriˈeɪtɪv ɪɡˈzɪbɪts

creative exhibits

Meaning

Artistic displays or presentations that show originality and imagination.

Example

The creative exhibits highlighted recycling possibilities.

B2 noun ˌkɒn.ekˈtɪv.ɪ.ti

connectivity

Meaning

The state of being connected or interconnected; the capacity for the interconnection of platforms, systems, and applications.

Example

Improved connectivity boosts economic development.

B2 noun /kənˈdʒes.tʃən/

congestion

Meaning

A situation in which a place is too blocked or crowded, causing difficulties.

Example

Urban congestion leads to longer travel times.

B2 noun ˈkɛmɪkəl weɪst

chemical waste

Meaning

Waste material from industrial or laboratory processes that contains harmful chemicals.

Example

Chemical waste pollutes water bodies.

B2 adjective /ˈkɜːrtiəs/

courteous

Meaning

polite, respectful, or considerate in manner

Example

The staff at the hotel were very courteous to all guests.

B2 adjective kɒnˈtek.stju.əl

contextual

Meaning

Depending on or relating to the circumstances or setting; context-dependent.

Example

Contextual meaning changes depending on usage.

B2 noun/verb /kəˈmjuː.tɪŋ/

commuting

Meaning

Regular travel to and from workplace, daily journey for work.

Example

He spends two hours commuting to work every day.

B2 noun /kənˈstreɪnt/

constraint

Meaning

a limitation or restriction

Example

Time is the biggest constraint in completing the project.

B2 preposition /kənˈsɜːnɪŋ/

concerning

Meaning

about or relating to something; causing worry or anxiety

Example

There are some reports concerning the new project.

B2 noun /kɜːrd/

Curd

Meaning

a white dairy product made by coagulating milk; yogurt

Example

She added fresh curd to the salad for a tangy flavor.

B2 noun /kɔːrd/

cord

Meaning

a long, thin, flexible string or rope

Example

He tied the package with a strong cord.

B2 adverb /kənˈsɪdərəbli/

Considerably

Meaning

to a notably large degree; significantly; substantially

Example

The price has increased considerably over the past year.

B2 verb kəˈlæbəreɪt

collaborate

Meaning

To work jointly with others, especially in an intellectual endeavor; cooperate.

Example

Volunteers often collaborate with local organizations.

B2 adjective /ˈtʃær.ɪ.tə.bəl/

Charitable

Meaning

generous in giving to those in need; showing kindness

Example

She is known for her charitable work in the community.

B2 noun /ˈkreɪ.dəl/

Cradle

Meaning

a small bed for a baby, especially one that rocks from side to side

Example

The baby sleeps peacefully in the cradle.

B2 noun /ˈkɑːrɡoʊ/

cargo

Meaning

goods carried by a ship, plane, or other transport

Example

The ship was loaded with valuable cargo.

B2 noun /ˌkɔːrpəˈreɪʃən/

corporation

Meaning

A large company or group of companies that is legally recognized as a single entity.

Example

The corporation invested heavily in renewable energy projects.

B2 adjective /ˈkɒnʃəs/

conscious

Meaning

Aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake.

Example

She was fully conscious after the surgery.