slag
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C1 noun /slæɡ/

slag

鉱滓
Meaning
Stony waste matter separated from metals during the smelting process.
Example
The factory dumped the slag near the river.
工場は川の近くに鉱滓を捨てました。
C1 noun /ˌnoʊtəˈraɪəti/

notoriety

悪名
Meaning
The state of being famous or well-known for something bad.
Example
The criminal gained notoriety for his daring escapes.
その犯罪者は大胆な脱出で悪名を得た。
C1 noun /ˌrek.ənˌsɪl.iˈeɪ.ʃən/

reconciliation

和解
Meaning
The restoration of friendly relations; the action of making one view or belief compatible with another.
Example
The peace treaty was a major step toward reconciliation.
平和条約は和解への重要な一歩でした。
C1 noun /ˌsʌpəˈzɪʃən/

supposition

仮定
Meaning
An assumption or belief that something is true without certain proof.
Example
His plan was based on the supposition that the market would recover quickly.
彼の計画は、市場がすぐに回復するという仮定に基づいていました。
C1 noun /krəˈnɒlədʒi/

chronology

Meaning
The arrangement of events or dates in the order of their occurrence.
Example
The chronology of the dynasty was carefully studied by historians.
C1 adjective /ˌpærəˈdɒksɪkəl/

paradoxical

逆説的
Meaning
Seemingly contradictory or opposed to common sense, yet possibly true.
Example
It is paradoxical that standing is often more tiring than walking.
立っていることが歩くことよりも疲れるのは逆説的です。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnəbˈtruːsɪv/

unobtrusive

目立たない
Meaning
not attracting attention; blending in without causing notice
Example
The security cameras are designed to be unobtrusive.
セキュリティカメラは目立たないように設計されています。
C1 noun /sɪlk klɔːθ/

Silk cloth

シルクの布
Meaning
fabric made from natural fibers produced by silkworms
Example
The bride wore a beautiful dress made of silk cloth.
花嫁はシルクの布で作られた美しいドレスを着ていました。
C1 verb /weɪn/

wane

減少する
Meaning
To decrease gradually in power, intensity, or size.
Example
The moon wanes after the full moon night.
月は満月の夜の後に減少する。
C1 noun /ˈhɪr.seɪ/

Hearsay

噂
Meaning
information received from other people that one cannot adequately substantiate; rumor
Example
The accusations were based on hearsay rather than concrete evidence or eyewitness testimony.
その告発は、具体的な証拠や目撃者の証言ではなく、噂に基づいていました。
C1 verb /ˈkəʊ.dɪ.faɪ/

codify

体系化する
Meaning
to arrange laws, rules, or ideas into a clear and systematic code
Example
The committee worked to codify the existing laws.
委員会は既存の法律を体系化するために取り組みました。
C1 noun səˈsteɪnəbəl ˈpræktɪsɪz

sustainable practices

持続可能な実践
Meaning
Methods and activities that can be maintained over time without depleting natural resources or harming the environment.
Example
Sustainable practices are vital for environmental preservation.
持続可能な実践は環境保護にとって重要です。
C1 adjective /dɪˈmɪnjətɪv/

diminutive

非常に小さい
Meaning
extremely or unusually small
Example
Despite his diminutive size, he was a powerful leader.
その非常に小さい体格にもかかわらず、彼は強力なリーダーだった。
C1 adjective /ˈpɑːm.pəs/

Pompous

気取った; うぬぼれた; 過度に豪華な
Meaning
showing off; pretentious; overly grand
Example
His pompous attitude annoyed everyone at the meeting.
彼の気取った態度は会議でみんなを苛立たせました。
C1 verb /ɪmˈpiːd/

impede

妨げる
Meaning
To obstruct or hinder the progress or development of something.
Example
Lack of funds can impede business growth.
資金不足はビジネスの成長を妨げる可能性があります。
C1 noun æmˈbɪvələns

ambivalence

両義性
Meaning
Having mixed feelings or contradictory ideas about something; uncertainty or confusion.
Example
She felt ambivalence about taking the job offer.
彼女は仕事のオファーを受け入れる際に両義性を感じていた。
C1 noun /ˌvɜːrtʃuˈoʊsoʊ/

virtuoso

名人
Meaning
A person highly skilled in music, art, or another artistic pursuit.
Example
The pianist is a true virtuoso, captivating audiences worldwide.
そのピアニストは真の名人であり、世界中の観客を魅了しています。
C1 noun /ʃeɪl/

shale

頁岩
Meaning
a fine-grained sedimentary rock that can be split into thin layers
Example
The region is rich in shale and natural gas deposits.
その地域は頁岩と天然ガスの埋蔵量が豊富です。
C1 adjective /ˌɪnəˈfɛnsɪv/

inoffensive

無害な
Meaning
Not likely to offend or provoke; harmless.
Example
His inoffensive remarks kept the conversation friendly.
彼の無害なコメントは会話を友好的に保ちました。
C1 adjective /ˈʃeɪp.ləs/

Shapeless

形のない
Meaning
having no definite or well-defined shape or form
Example
The fog created a shapeless mass in the distance.
霧は遠くに形のない塊を作り出しました。
C1 noun /məˈnɒtəni/

monotony

単調さ
Meaning
Lack of variety and interest; tedious repetition and routine.
Example
Breaking the monotony of everyday life can improve mental health.
日常生活の単調さを打破することは、メンタルヘルスの改善に役立つことがあります。
C1 adjective /əˈkɪn/

akin

類似した
Meaning
Of similar character or related by blood.
Example
His reaction was akin to shock.
彼の反応はショックに似ていた。
C1 noun /ˈæŋɡwɪʃ/

anguish

苦悩
Meaning
Severe mental or physical pain or suffering.
Example
She was in deep anguish after hearing the tragic news.
悲しい知らせを聞いて、彼女は深い苦悩に沈んだ。
C1 noun /tiː ˈstreɪnər/

Tea-strainer

茶こし
Meaning
a small perforated device used to strain tea leaves from brewed tea
Example
I always use a tea-strainer when pouring tea into cups.
私はお茶をカップに注ぐとき、いつも茶こしを使います。
C1 verb /aʊtˈlæst/

outlast

他より長く続く
Meaning
to continue longer than; to endure beyond someone or something else
Example
The old castle has outlasted many generations.
その古い城は多くの世代を超えて生き残りました。
C1 adjective /ɪmˈpʌlsɪv/

impulsive

衝動的な, 直感的な
Meaning
acting suddenly without careful thought
Example
She made an impulsive decision to buy the car.
彼女は衝動的な決定で車を買うことにしました。
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzɛkjətər/

executor

遺言執行者
Meaning
A person appointed to carry out the terms of someone's will after their death.
Example
The executor managed the estate according to the deceased’s wishes.
遺言執行者は故人の意志に従って財産を管理しました。
C1 adjective /ˌpriːˈmɛdɪˌteɪtɪd/

premeditated

計画的
Meaning
planned in advance; done deliberately
Example
The crime was clearly premeditated.
その犯罪は明らかに計画的だった。
C1 verb /ˈʃɪmər/

shimmer

きらめく
Meaning
To shine with a soft, wavering light.
Example
The lake shimmered under the moonlight.
湖は月光の下で輝いていました。
C1 verb /ˈbæfəl/

baffle

困惑させる
Meaning
to confuse; to be too difficult to understand
Example
The math problem baffles me completely.
数学の問題は私を完全に困惑させます。
C1 noun /kəˈluːʒən/

collusion

共謀
Meaning
A secret agreement or cooperation, especially for an illegal or dishonest purpose.
Example
There was evidence of collusion between the officials and the contractors.
役人と契約者の間で共謀の証拠がありました。
C1 noun /ˈpen.əns/

Penance

懺悔; 何か悪いことをしたために受け入れる罰
Meaning
punishment that you accept for doing something wrong; an act of showing that you are sorry for sin
Example
The monk performed penance for his past mistakes.
修道士は過去の過ちに対して懺悔を行いました。
C1 noun /ˈmɔːr.nər/

Mourner

喪に服する人
Meaning
a person who attends a funeral or shows grief for someone who has died
Example
The mourners gathered at the cemetery to pay their respects.
喪に服する人々は墓地に集まり、敬意を表しました。
C1 noun /streɪt/

strait

海峡
Meaning
A narrow passage of water connecting two seas or two large areas of water.
Example
The Strait of Gibraltar connects the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea.
ジブラルタル海峡は大西洋と地中海を繋いでいます。
C1 verb /dɪsˈɑːrm/

disarm

武装解除する
Meaning
to take weapons away from someone; to make someone feel less hostile
Example
The soldiers were ordered to disarm the rebels.
兵士たちは反乱者の武装を解除するよう命じられた。
C1 noun /ˈplɛθərə/

plethora

過剰な量
Meaning
an excessive amount of something
Example
She has a plethora of books on her shelf.
彼女の棚には過剰な量の本があります。
C1 adjective /ˈlætərəl/

lateral

側面
Meaning
Relating to the side or sideways movement.
Example
The football player made a quick lateral pass.
サッカー選手は素早い側面パスをしました。
C1 noun /saɪð/

scythe

鎌
Meaning
A tool with a long curved blade used for cutting grass or grain.
Example
The farmer sharpened his scythe before harvesting the wheat.
農民は小麦を収穫する前に彼の鎌を研いだ。
C1 noun moʊst ˈvʌlnərəbəl ˈneɪʃən

most vulnerable nation

最も脆弱な国
Meaning
A country that is highly exposed to risks and lacks adequate protection or resilience.
Example
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable nations to climate change.
バングラデシュは気候変動に最も脆弱な国の一つです。
C1 noun ˌɪn.ɪˈfɪʃ.ən.si

inefficiency

非効率
Meaning
The state or quality of not achieving maximum productivity; failure to make the best use of time or resources.
Example
Government inefficiency leads to slow project completion.
政府の非効率性がプロジェクトの完了を遅らせる。
C1 noun/adjective /ˈluː.nə.tɪk/

lunatic

狂人
Meaning
A person who is insane or acting in a foolish or reckless way; also used as an adjective meaning insane.
Example
The driver was driving like a lunatic on the highway.
運転手は高速道路で狂人のように運転していた。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈmɒdɪfaɪd/

unmodified

未変更の
Meaning
not changed from its original form or state
Example
The data was used in its unmodified form for analysis.
データは未変更の形で分析に使用された。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈfriːkwənt/

infrequent

稀な
Meaning
Happening rarely or not often.
Example
He made infrequent visits to his hometown after moving abroad.
彼は海外に移住した後、故郷にあまり頻繁に訪れることはありませんでした。
C1 adjective rɪsk-ədˈʤɛstɪd

risk-adjusted

リスク調整済み
Meaning
Modified or calibrated to account for risk factors in investment returns.
Example
Risk-adjusted returns consider both potential profit and loss.
リスク調整後のリターンは、潜在的な利益と損失の両方を考慮します。
C1 noun ˌsɪs.təˈmæt.ɪk ˈstræt.ə.dʒi

systematic strategy

体系的戦略
Meaning
A methodical and organized plan or approach to achieve specific objectives.
Example
A systematic strategy was employed to achieve objectives.
目標を達成するために体系的戦略が採用されました。
C1 noun /ˈvaɪ.pər/

Viper

マムシ
Meaning
a venomous snake with large hinged fangs that typically has a thick body and gives birth to live young
Example
The viper coiled up when it sensed danger.
ヴァイパーは危険を感じると巻きつきます。
C1 verb /ˈɑːrbɪtreɪt/

arbitrate

仲裁する
Meaning
to settle a dispute between two parties by acting as an impartial judge
Example
The committee agreed to arbitrate the contract dispute.
委員会は契約紛争を仲裁することに同意しました。
C1 adverb /əˈfrɛʃ/

afresh

再び
Meaning
From the beginning, in a new way.
Example
After the failure, they started the project afresh.
失敗後、彼らは新たにプロジェクトを始めた。
C1 adjective /ˈtæŋ.i/

tangy

辛い
Meaning
Having a strong, sharp, and pleasantly biting flavor or taste.
Example
The sauce had a tangy flavor that brightened the dish.
そのソースは、料理をさらに美味しくした辛い味を持っていました。
C1 noun /ˈnoʊmæd/

nomad

ノマド
Meaning
A person who has no permanent home and moves from place to place.
Example
The desert was once home to nomads who lived by herding animals.
砂漠はかつて動物を飼うことで生きていたノマドの家だった。
C1 noun /ˈmɪmɪkri/

mimicry

模倣
Meaning
The act of imitating someone or something, often for humor or learning.
Example
The comedian’s mimicry of celebrities made the audience laugh.
コメディアンの有名人の模倣で観客を笑わせました。
C1 verb /ɪnˈɡreɪv/

engrave

刻む
Meaning
to cut or carve a design, letter, or pattern into a hard surface
Example
The craftsman engraved her name on the silver ring.
職人は銀の指輪に彼女の名前を刻んだ。
C1 adjective /kəmˈpʌlsɪv/

compulsive

強迫的
Meaning
Resulting from or acting on an irresistible urge, especially one that is against one's conscious wishes.
Example
He is a compulsive gambler who cannot stop placing bets.
彼は賭けをやめられない強迫的なギャンブラーです。
C1 noun ˈpɜː.mə.kʌl.tʃər

permaculture

パーマカルチャー
Meaning
The development of agricultural ecosystems intended to be sustainable and self-sufficient.
Example
Permaculture promotes self-sufficient farming systems.
パーマカルチャーは自給自足の農業システムを促進します。
C1 noun /ˈʃoʊ.vəˌnɪz.əm/

chauvinism

Meaning
Excessive or prejudiced support for one's own cause, group, or gender, often with contempt for others.
Example
The company's culture was criticized for promoting male chauvinism.
C1 adjective /ˈliː.θəl/

Lethal

致命的; 死亡を引き起こす;
Meaning
deadly; fatal; capable of causing death
Example
The snake's venom is lethal to humans if not treated immediately.
そのヘビの毒は人間にとって致命的で、すぐに治療しなければならない。
C1 noun /ˈfɔːrwɜːrd/

foreword

序文
Meaning
a short introduction at the beginning of a book, typically written by someone other than the author
Example
The foreword of the book was written by a famous historian.
その本の序文は、有名な歴史家によって書かれました。
C1 adjective səˈsaɪ.ə.təl

societal

社会的
Meaning
Relating to society or social relationships.
Example
Societal benefits of space tourism are under debate.
宇宙観光の社会的利点が議論されています。
C1 verb /sʌlk/

sulk

むくれる
Meaning
to be silent and bad-tempered because you are angry or disappointed
Example
She sulked in her room after the argument.
議論の後、彼女は自分の部屋でむくれていた。
C1 noun /səbˈmɪtəl/

submittal

提出
Meaning
the act of submitting something, especially a document for consideration or approval
Example
The contractor sent the submittal to the client for approval.
請負業者は承認のために提出物を顧客に送信しました。
C1 adjective /ˈtɛnəbl/

tenable

防御可能な
Meaning
able to be defended or maintained against attack or objection
Example
His argument was strong and tenable in court.
彼の主張は強力で、法廷で防御可能だった。
C1 verb /ˈhjuːmənaɪz/

humanize

人間化する
Meaning
To make something more humane, kind, or relatable.
Example
The teacher tried to humanize the lesson with personal stories.
教師は個人的な物語を使ってレッスンを人間化しようとしました。
C1 noun /ˌdɒmɪˈneɪʃən/

domination

支配
Meaning
the exercise of control or influence over someone or something
Example
The empire sought domination over its neighbors.
帝国は隣国に対する支配を求めていた。
C1 verb /dɪˈbeɪs/

debase

低下させる
Meaning
to reduce the quality, value, or dignity of something
Example
Corruption can debase the values of a society.
腐敗は社会の価値観を低下させる可能性があります。
C1 noun /ˈkʌn.stə.bəl/

constable

巡査
Meaning
a police officer of the lowest rank
Example
The constable directed traffic at the busy intersection.
巡査は混雑した交差点で交通を指導しました。
C1 noun /traɪˈbjuːnəl/

tribunal

裁判所
Meaning
a court of justice or body established to settle disputes
Example
The case was heard in an international tribunal.
その事件は国際裁判所で審理されました。
C1 noun /ˈhɪntərlænd/

hinterland

内陸地域
Meaning
The remote or less developed areas away from the coast or a city.
Example
The farmers came from the rural hinterland to sell their produce in the city.
農民たちは地方の内陸地域から来て、都市で自分たちの農産物を販売しました。
C1 adjective /ˌʌn.əˈdʌl.tə.reɪ.tɪd/

Unadulterated

純粋
Meaning
not mixed or diluted with any different or extra elements; pure
Example
She felt unadulterated joy when she heard the news.
彼女はそのニュースを聞いたとき、純粋な喜びを感じました。
C1 adjective /ˈɪnərmoʊst/

Innermost

最も深い; 最も個人的な
Meaning
most private and secret; deepest; most personal
Example
She shared her innermost feelings with her closest friend.
彼女は最も深い感情を最も親しい友人と共有しました。
C1 noun /ˈvaɪəˌleɪtər/

violator

違反者
Meaning
A person who breaks or disregards a law, rule, or agreement.
Example
The police caught the traffic violator at the intersection.
警察は交差点で交通違反者を捕まえました。
C1 noun /ˈfoʊk.lɔːr/

folk-lore

民間伝承
Meaning
The traditional beliefs, customs, stories, songs, and practices of a community, passed down through generations.
Example
Bangladeshi folk-lore is rich with myths and legends.
日本の民間伝承は神話や伝説で豊かです。
C1 adjective /pərˈpetʃuəl/

perpetual

永遠の
Meaning
never-ending or continuous
Example
She lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
彼女は発見される恐怖の中で永遠に生きていました。
C1 noun /ˈmʌf.lər/

Muffler

マフラー
Meaning
a long strip of cloth worn around the neck for warmth
Example
She wrapped a warm muffler around her neck before going outside.
彼女は外に出る前に暖かいマフラーを首に巻いた。
C1 noun /ˈɪm.pæs/

impasse

行き詰まり
Meaning
A situation where no progress is possible.
Example
The negotiations reached an impasse, delaying the agreement.
交渉は行き詰まり、合意が遅れた。
C1 verb /ɪkˈstoʊl/

extol

称賛する
Meaning
to praise enthusiastically and highly
Example
The teacher extolled the student's dedication and hard work.
先生は生徒の献身と努力を称賛しました。
C1 adjective /ˈhɛdˌstrɔŋ/

headstrong

頑固
Meaning
Determined to do what one wants, even if it is not sensible.
Example
The headstrong child refused to listen to anyone.
頑固な子供は誰の話も聞こうとしませんでした。
C1 noun /pɒmp/

pomp

壮大, 豪華
Meaning
ceremonial display or splendor; grandeur
Example
The graduation ceremony was full of pomp and circumstance.
卒業式は壮大で豪華でした。
C1 noun ˌpraɪ.vɪ.taɪˈzeɪ.ʃən

privatization

民営化
Meaning
The transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control.
Example
The privatization of state-owned companies increased efficiency.
国有企業の民営化は効率を高めました。
C1 adjective /ˈhæk.nid/

hackneyed

使い古された
Meaning
Used too often and therefore lacking originality or freshness.
Example
The speech was filled with hackneyed phrases that failed to inspire the audience.
そのスピーチは使い古されたフレーズでいっぱいで、聴衆を鼓舞することはなかった。
C1 noun /ˈɛstjʊəri/

estuary

河口
Meaning
the tidal mouth of a large river, where the tide meets the stream
Example
The city is located near the estuary of the river.
その都市は川の河口の近くにあります。
C1 noun/verb /ˈprɛdɪkət/ (noun), /ˈprɛdɪkeɪt/ (verb)

predicate

述語 / 基づく
Meaning
noun: the part of a sentence that tells something about the subject; verb: to base or establish something on a particular idea
Example
His theory is predicated on sound research.
彼の理論は確かな研究に基づいています。
C1 adjective /dɪˈvaʊt/

devout

献身的
Meaning
Deeply religious or sincere.
Example
He is a devout believer who prays every day.
彼は毎日祈る献身的な信者です。
C1 adjective /ˌtræn.senˈdɛn.təl/

transcendental

超越的
Meaning
relating to the spiritual or non-physical realm; surpassing ordinary experience
Example
Meditation can lead to transcendental experiences.
瞑想はトランセンデンタルな経験に導くことがあります。
C1 verb /ˈpɜːrkəleɪt/

percolate

Meaning
To filter gradually through a porous surface or substance; to spread slowly.
Example
The rainwater percolated through the soil into the groundwater.
C1 adjective /ˌɪndɪˈskraɪbəbəl/

Indescribable

言葉では表現できない
Meaning
impossible to describe or express in words; beyond description
Example
The beauty of the sunset was indescribable.
夕日の美しさは言葉では表現できないほどでした。
C1 noun ˌɪm.pʌlˈsɪv.ɪ.ti

impulsivity

衝動性
Meaning
The tendency to act quickly and without thought or care; lack of self-control.
Example
His impulsivity led him to make reckless choices.
彼の衝動性は、無謀な選択をさせた。
C1 verb /ˌriːˈsiːt/

reseat

再座席
Meaning
to seat someone again or to fit something back into its place
Example
The usher had to reseat the guests after the interruption.
接客係は中断後、ゲストを再座席させなければならなかった。
C1 noun /nɪərˈvɑːnə/

nirvana

Meaning
A state of perfect happiness, peace, and freedom from suffering; in Buddhism, the ultimate goal of liberation.
Example
Meditation helps some people seek nirvana in their lives.
C1 noun /ˈdrɪz.əl/

Drizzle

小雨
Meaning
light rain falling in very fine drops; a very light rainfall
Example
The gentle drizzle continued throughout the morning, making everything misty.
穏やかな小雨は朝の間中続き、すべてが霧のようになりました。
C1 noun /ˌɪn.dɪˈsɪʒ.ən/

Indecision

優柔不断; 決断力の欠如; 迷い
Meaning
the inability to make decisions quickly; uncertainty about what to do
Example
Her indecision about which job offer to accept caused her to miss both opportunities.
どの仕事のオファーを受けるかについての優柔不断さが、両方のチャンスを逃す原因となった。
C1 noun /ˈtæl.i/

Tally

集計; 記録; スコア
Meaning
a count or record of a number or amount; a score or total
Example
Keep a tally of how many books you read this month.
今月読んだ本の数を集計してください。
C1 noun /kənˈfɔːrmɪst/

conformist

コンフォーミスト
Meaning
A person who uncritically conforms to established practices or standards.
Example
She was labeled a conformist for always following the crowd.
彼女はいつも人々に従っていたため、コンフォーミストとレッテルを貼られた。
C1 noun /əbˈstrʌkʃən/

obstruction

障害
Meaning
Something that blocks or gets in the way; the action of obstructing.
Example
There was an obstruction on the railway track.
鉄道の線路に障害がありました。
C1 verb /ˌriːəˈdʒʌst/

readjust

再調整
Meaning
To change or move something again in order to achieve a better fit, condition, or balance.
Example
He readjusted the chair to make it more comfortable.
彼は椅子をもっと快適にするために再調整しました。
C1 verb /ˈskruː.tɪ.naɪz/

scrutinize

慎重に調べる
Meaning
Examine or inspect closely and thoroughly.
Example
The scientist scrutinized the data before publishing his findings.
科学者は自分の発見を公開する前にデータを慎重に調べました。
C1 noun ɪmˈpɛə(r)mənt

impairment

損傷、障害
Meaning
The state of being damaged or weakened; a disability or handicap.
Example
Hearing impairment can be caused by long-term exposure to loud noise.
聴力障害は長期間の大きな音への曝露によって引き起こされる可能性があります。
C1 noun /ɪmˈprɪzənmənt/

imprisonment

投獄
Meaning
the act of putting someone in prison; the state of being confined as punishment
Example
He faced imprisonment for violating the court order.
彼は裁判所の命令に違反して投獄に直面した。
C1 noun /ˈtreɪ.ki.ə/

Trachea

気管
Meaning
the tube that carries air from the throat to the lungs; windpipe
Example
The trachea is protected by cartilage rings that keep it open.
気管は軟骨環によって保護され、開いた状態を保ちます。
C1 adjective /ˈskrɔːni/

scrawny

痩せ細った
Meaning
very thin and bony, often looking unhealthy
Example
The scrawny boy could barely lift the heavy bag.
その痩せ細った少年は重いバッグをほとんど持ち上げることができなかった。
C1 noun /rɪˈsaɪtər/

reciter

朗誦者
Meaning
a person who recites or repeats something aloud from memory, especially poetry, prayers, or formal texts
Example
The reciter delivered the poem with clarity and emotion.
朗誦者は明瞭さと感情を込めて詩を朗読した。
C1 adjective /ˈtɜːrbjələnt/

turbulent

動揺
Meaning
Characterized by conflict, disorder, or confusion; not stable or calm.
Example
The country went through a turbulent period of political change.
その国は政治的変革の動揺した時期を経ました。
C1 verb /səbˈdjuː/

subdue

Meaning
To bring under control, especially by force; to overcome or quiet.
Example
The army was able to subdue the rebellion quickly.
C1 noun /ˈmjuːtɪni/

mutiny

反乱
Meaning
an open rebellion against authority, especially by soldiers or sailors
Example
The sailors staged a mutiny against their captain.
船員たちはキャプテンに対して反乱を起こした。
C1 noun ˈmɪl.ɪ.tər.i ɪnˈkɜː.ʃən

military incursion

軍事侵入
Meaning
A sudden armed attack or invasion by military forces into a territory.
Example
The military incursion caused widespread devastation.
軍事侵入は広範囲にわたる破壊を引き起こしました。
C1 noun /viˈoʊlə/ or /ˈvaɪələ/

viola

ヴィオラ
Meaning
A stringed instrument slightly larger than a violin, with a deeper and mellower tone.
Example
She chose to play the viola in the school orchestra.
彼女は学校のオーケストラでヴィオラを演奏することを選びました。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈkuːθ/

uncouth

無作法
Meaning
Lacking good manners, refinement, or grace; awkward or rough.
Example
His uncouth behavior shocked the guests at the party.
彼の無作法な行動はパーティーのゲストを驚かせました。
C1 noun /ˈbɛd.rɒk/

bedrock

基盤
Meaning
the solid rock layer beneath the soil; the fundamental basis of something
Example
Trust is the bedrock of a healthy relationship.
信頼は健康な関係の基盤です。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈdʌldʒənt/

indulgent

寛容な
Meaning
Having a tendency to be overly generous or lenient with someone.
Example
The indulgent mother allowed her child to stay up late.
寛容な母は子供を遅くまで起きていることを許しました。
C1 noun /rɪˈpreʃən/

Repression

抑圧
Meaning
the action of subduing someone or something by force; the restraint, prevention, or inhibition of a feeling, impulse, etc.
Example
The government's repression of free speech sparked widespread protests.
政府の表現の自由に対する抑圧は、広範な抗議を引き起こした。
C1 adjective /ˈnɪmbəl/

nimble

素早い
Meaning
Quick and light in movement or thought.
Example
The dancer’s nimble steps impressed the audience.
ダンサーの素早いステップが観客を感動させた。
C1 verb /ˈnʌlɪfaɪ/

nullify

無効にする
Meaning
to make something legally invalid or ineffective
Example
The court decided to nullify the contract.
裁判所は契約を無効にすることを決定しました。
C1 noun /ˌsɛnsɪtaɪˈzeɪʃən/

sensitization

感作化
Meaning
The process of becoming sensitive to a substance, situation, or influence.
Example
The doctor warned about the sensitization caused by repeated exposure to chemicals.
医者は化学物質への繰り返しの暴露によって引き起こされる感作化について警告しました。
C1 adjective /ˈsʌbstəntɪv/

substantive

重要
Meaning
Having a firm basis in reality; important, meaningful, or considerable.
Example
The company made substantive changes to its policy.
会社はその方針に重要な変更を加えました。
C1 noun /lʌst/

Lust

強い性的欲求；何かへの情熱的な欲望
Meaning
very strong sexual desire; a passionate desire for something
Example
His lust for power corrupted him completely.
彼の権力への欲望は彼を完全に腐敗させた。
C1 adjective /ˈplʌk.i/

plucky

勇敢
Meaning
having or showing courage and determination
Example
The plucky child rescued the kitten from the tree.
勇敢な子供が木から子猫を救いました。
C1 adjective /ˈrɛtroʊˌɡreɪd/

retrograde

後退的
Meaning
moving backward or returning to a worse condition
Example
The policy was seen as a retrograde step for human rights.
その政策は人権に対する後退的な一歩と見なされた。
C1 noun ɪˈpɪf.ə.ni

epiphany

突然の啓示または洞察
Meaning
A moment of sudden revelation or insight.
Example
He had an epiphany about his true purpose in life.
彼は自分の人生の本当の目的についてエピファニーを得た。
C1 verb /per/

pare

皮をむく
Meaning
to cut away the outer covering or reduce something gradually
Example
She pared the apple before eating it.
彼女はリンゴを食べる前に皮をむいた。
C1 verb /ˈrevəl/

revel

楽しむ
Meaning
to enjoy oneself in a lively and noisy way; to take great pleasure in
Example
They revel in their success.
彼らは成功を楽しんでいます。
C1 noun /ˌpæn.əˈræm.ə/

panorama

パノラマビュー
Meaning
An unbroken view of the whole region surrounding an observer.
Example
From the hilltop, we enjoyed a breathtaking panorama of the city.
丘の頂上から、私たちは街の息をのむようなパノラマビューを楽しみました。
C1 verb /ˈkwɪvər/

quiver

震える
Meaning
To tremble or shake with slight but rapid motion.
Example
Her lips began to quiver as she tried not to cry.
彼女は泣かないように努力しながら唇が震え始めました。