rouse
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C1 verb /raʊz/

rouse

目覚める
Meaning
To awaken from sleep or to stir into action.
Example
The loud alarm roused him from his deep sleep.
大きなアラームが彼を深い眠りから起こした。
C1 verb /əˈpreɪz/

appraise

評価する
Meaning
to evaluate the value, quality, or importance of something
Example
The jeweler appraised the diamond before buying it.
宝石商はダイヤモンドを購入する前に評価しました。
C1 noun ˌɪm.pʌlˈsɪv.ɪ.ti

impulsivity

衝動性
Meaning
The tendency to act quickly and without thought or care; lack of self-control.
Example
His impulsivity led him to make reckless choices.
彼の衝動性は、無謀な選択をさせた。
C1 verb /dɪˈtrækt/

detract

Meaning
To reduce or take away the worth or value of something.
Example
His rude behavior will detract from his good reputation.
C1 noun ˈkætəlɪst

catalyst

触媒
Meaning
A person or thing that precipitates an event or change.
Example
His speech acted as a catalyst for change in the community.
彼のスピーチはコミュニティの変化の触媒となった。
C1 noun ˈæk.si.əm

axiom

公理
Meaning
A statement or principle that is considered true and does not require proof.
Example
Actions speak louder than words is a well-known axiom.
行動は言葉よりも雄弁である、それはよく知られた公理です。
C1 adjective /ˈpɒlɪtɪk/

politic

賢明な、慎重な
Meaning
shrewd, prudent, or tactful in practical matters
Example
It was politic of him to remain silent during the argument.
論争中に沈黙を守るのは賢明な判断だった。
C1 noun ˈledʒ.ɪ.slə.tʃər

legislature

立法機関
Meaning
The legislative body of a country or state; the branch of government that makes laws.
Example
The legislature drafts laws for governance.
立法機関は統治のための法律を起草します。
C1 adjective /ˈɡɪdi/

giddy

目眩, とても興奮している
Meaning
Feeling dizzy or light-headed; also overly excited and frivolous.
Example
She felt giddy after spinning around so many times.
彼女は何度も回った後、目が回った。
C1 noun /əˈbændənmənt/

abandonment

見捨て
Meaning
the act of leaving someone or something behind completely; the state of being deserted
Example
The child suffered deep emotional pain because of abandonment.
その子供は見捨てられたことで深い感情的な痛みを受けた。
C1 adjective /ˈven.ə.məs/

Venomous

毒性のある; 悪意のある;
Meaning
secreting venom; full of malice or spite; extremely hostile
Example
The venomous snake struck quickly at its prey.
毒ヘビはすばやく獲物を攻撃した。
C1 noun dɪˈpliː.ʃən

depletion

枯渇
Meaning
The gradual reduction or exhaustion of a resource or substance.
Example
Overuse of groundwater leads to depletion of water resources.
地下水の過剰使用は水資源の枯渇を引き起こす。
C1 noun /ˈkɒlərə/

cholera

Meaning
An infectious disease of the small intestine causing severe vomiting and diarrhea.
Example
The village suffered an outbreak of cholera after the flood.
C1 verb /ɪmˈpɛl/

impel

Meaning
to drive, force, or urge someone to do something
Example
Her curiosity impelled her to open the mysterious box.
C1 adjective /ˈpɛtjʊlənt/

petulant

癇癪持ち
Meaning
Childishly sulky or bad-tempered.
Example
The child became petulant when denied more candy.
子供はキャンディーをもっともらえないと癇癪を起こした。
C1 noun /ˈʌp.rɔːr/

Uproar

騒動; 騒ぎ; 騒音
Meaning
a loud and emotional noise or disturbance; public outcry
Example
The announcement caused an uproar among the students.
その発表は学生たちの間で騒動を引き起こしました。
C1 adjective /dɪsˈkwaɪətɪŋ/

disquieting

不安を引き起こす
Meaning
Causing worry, unease, or anxiety.
Example
The news report was deeply disquieting to the public.
そのニュース報告は公衆にとって非常に不安を引き起こすものでした。
C1 noun /ˈklɛmənsi/

clemency

寛容
Meaning
mercy, leniency, or forgiveness shown towards someone
Example
The judge showed clemency and reduced his sentence.
裁判官は寛容を示し、彼の判決を軽減しました。
C1 noun /ˈkɜːrlər/

curler

カーラー
Meaning
A small roller used for curling hair.
Example
She used a curler to style her hair for the party.
彼女はパーティーのために髪をスタイリングするためにカールラーを使った。
C1 noun /ˈdrɪz.əl/

Drizzle

小雨
Meaning
light rain falling in very fine drops; a very light rainfall
Example
The gentle drizzle continued throughout the morning, making everything misty.
穏やかな小雨は朝の間中続き、すべてが霧のようになりました。
C1 noun dɪˈdʒɛnəˌreɪtɪv dɪˈzizɪz

degenerative diseases

変性疾患
Meaning
Medical conditions that involve the deterioration or progressive decline of tissues, organs, or functions
Example
Degenerative diseases are common in an aging population.
変性疾患は高齢化した人口に一般的です。
C1 noun /ˈpɜːrɡəˌtɔːri/

purgatory

Meaning
A place or state of suffering inhabited by the souls of sinners who are expiating their sins before going to heaven; a temporary condition of torment or suffering.
Example
After the accident, the long recovery felt like a kind of purgatory.
C1 verb /ˈsɪmjʊˌleɪt/

simulate

シミュレート
Meaning
to imitate the appearance, character, or behavior of something; to pretend or reproduce conditions artificially
Example
The pilot had to simulate an emergency landing during training.
パイロットは訓練中に緊急着陸をシミュレートしなければならなかった。
C1 adjective /ˌsæŋktɪˈmoʊniəs/

sanctimonious

偽善的な敬虔
Meaning
Making a show of being morally superior to others; hypocritically pious.
Example
He gave a sanctimonious speech about honesty while he himself was corrupt.
彼は自分が腐敗していたにもかかわらず、正直について偽善的なスピーチをしました。
C1 noun, adverb /ˈeɪliəs/

alias

別名
Meaning
A false or assumed identity; also used to mean 'otherwise called'.
Example
The criminal was known by the alias 'Shadow'.
その犯罪者は『シャドウ』という別名で知られていた。
C1 adjective /dɪˈspɪkəbl/

despicable

卑劣な
Meaning
Deserving hatred and contempt; vile or shameful.
Example
His despicable actions shocked the entire community.
彼の卑劣な行動はコミュニティ全体を驚かせました。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈsʌf.ər.ə.bəl/

insufferable

耐え難い
Meaning
Too extreme to bear; intolerable.
Example
The heat during the summer was insufferable.
夏の暑さは耐え難かった。
C1 noun /bɪz/

Biz

ビジネス
Meaning
business (informal); commercial enterprise or activity
Example
He's been in the restaurant biz for twenty years.
彼は20年間、レストランのビジネスをしてきました。
C1 verb /dɪˈsɛkt/

dissect

Meaning
to cut apart an animal, plant, or other organism to study its internal parts; to analyze something in detail
Example
In biology class, students had to dissect a frog to learn about its anatomy.
C1 adjective /pərˈpetʃuəl/

perpetual

永遠の
Meaning
never-ending or continuous
Example
She lived in perpetual fear of being discovered.
彼女は発見される恐怖の中で永遠に生きていました。
C1 adjective /ˈflʌstərd/

flustered

動揺した
Meaning
in a state of confusion or agitation
Example
She appeared flustered after being asked so many questions.
彼女はたくさんの質問をされた後、動揺しているように見えました。
C1 adjective /ˈrɛzənənt/

resonant

響く
Meaning
Deep, clear, and continuing to sound or echo.
Example
The resonant voice of the speaker filled the hall.
スピーカーの響く声がホールに響き渡った。
C1 noun /næk/

knack

才能
Meaning
a natural skill or ability; a special talent for doing something easily
Example
She has a knack for making people feel comfortable.
彼女には人々を快適に感じさせる才能がある。
C1 noun /sɪˈdʌk.ʃən/

Seduction

誘惑; 誘惑
Meaning
the action of seducing someone; temptation to do something wrong
Example
He fell victim to the seduction of easy money.
彼は簡単な金儲けの誘惑に負けた。
C1 noun /ˌrɛfəˈrɛndəm/

referendum

国民投票
Meaning
a general vote by the population on a single political issue
Example
The government held a referendum on the new constitution.
政府は新しい憲法について国民投票を実施しました。
C1 noun /kjʊˈreɪtər/

curator

キュレーター
Meaning
a person who is responsible for the care and management of a museum, gallery, or collection
Example
The curator organized a new exhibition of ancient artifacts.
キュレーターは新しい古代の遺物の展示を組織しました。
C1 adjective /ˈæʃən/

ashen

青白い
Meaning
Very pale in appearance, often due to shock, fear, or illness.
Example
His face turned ashen when he heard the terrible news.
彼は恐ろしいニュースを聞いたとき、顔が青白くなった。
C1 noun/adjective /ˈstɜː.lɪŋ/

sterling

英国通貨 / 優れた
Meaning
British money, especially pounds; of excellent quality.
Example
She was praised for her sterling work on the project.
プロジェクトでの優れた仕事が称賛されました。
C1 noun /ˌɪntərˈdʒɛkʃən/

interjection

感嘆詞
Meaning
a word or phrase used to express sudden emotion or reaction, often standing alone
Example
Words like 'wow' and 'ouch' are common interjections in English.
'わお'や'痛っ'は英語でよく使われる感嘆詞です。
C1 verb /ʃɜːrk/

shirk

避ける
Meaning
to avoid or neglect a duty or responsibility
Example
He always tries to shirk his responsibilities at work.
彼は仕事で責任を避けようといつも試みます。
C1 adjective /prəˈfeɪn/

profane

不敬な、冒涜的な
Meaning
showing disrespect or contempt for sacred things; irreverent or vulgar
Example
His jokes were considered too profane for the ceremony.
彼のジョークは式典にはあまりにも不敬だと見なされました。
C1 noun /ɪˌluːmɪˈneɪʃən/

illumination

Meaning
the act of lighting something or making something clear
Example
The street was filled with bright illumination from the lamps.
C1 noun /ˈkaʊərdɪs/

cowardice

臆病
Meaning
lack of courage; behavior showing fear
Example
His cowardice prevented him from speaking up.
彼の臆病は彼が発言するのを妨げた。
C1 noun /ɪnˈkɒmpɪtəns/

incompetence

無能
Meaning
Lack of ability, skill, or effectiveness in doing something.
Example
The project failed due to the manager’s incompetence.
プロジェクトはマネージャーの無能のため失敗しました。
C1 adjective ˌæd.vɚˈser.i.əl

adversarial

対立的な
Meaning
Involving or characterized by conflict or opposition.
Example
The two companies have an adversarial relationship in the market.
その二つの会社は市場で対立的な関係を持っている。
C1 noun /sɔɪl ˈmæn.ɪdʒ.mənt/

soil management

土壌管理
Meaning
The application of operations, practices, and treatments to protect soil and enhance its performance.
Example
Proper soil management improves long-term agricultural productivity.
適切な土壌管理は、長期的な農業生産性を向上させます。
C1 noun /ˈvaɪəˌleɪtər/

violator

違反者
Meaning
A person who breaks or disregards a law, rule, or agreement.
Example
The police caught the traffic violator at the intersection.
警察は交差点で交通違反者を捕まえました。
C1 adjective /əˈsɛndənt/

ascendant

上昇する、支配的な
Meaning
Rising in power or influence; dominant.
Example
She is an ascendant leader in the political party.
彼女は政治党の中で上昇するリーダーです。
C1 noun /ˈfɪʃ.ər/

fissure

ひび割れ
Meaning
a long, narrow opening or crack in a surface or object
Example
The earthquake caused a deep fissure in the road.
地震によって道路に深いひび割れができました。
C1 noun /ˌmɪsˈtrʌst/

Mistrust

不信
Meaning
Lack of trust; suspicion or doubt about someone or something
Example
There was deep mistrust between the two political parties.
二つの政治的政党の間に深い不信があった。
C1 noun /kəˈlɪɡrəfi/

calligraphy

美しく装飾的な手書きの芸術
Meaning
The art of beautiful and decorative handwriting.
Example
She took a course to improve her calligraphy skills.
彼女はカリグラフィーの技術を向上させるためにコースを受講しました。
C1 adverb /ˈwɪmzɪkli/

Whimsically

遊び心いっぱいに
Meaning
In a playful, fanciful, or capricious manner; with sudden changes of mind
Example
She decorated her room whimsically with colorful balloons.
彼女は部屋をカラフルな風船で遊び心いっぱいに飾った。
C1 noun /kənˈdəʊləns/

condolence

お悔やみ
Meaning
An expression of sympathy, especially on the occasion of death.
Example
She offered her sincere condolence to the grieving family.
彼女は悲しみに沈んでいる家族に心からのお悔やみを伝えました。
C1 adjective /ɪnˈɛlɪdʒəbəl/

Ineligible

不適格; 無資格; 選ばれない
Meaning
not qualified or entitled to participate or be chosen; unsuitable
Example
Students with poor grades are ineligible for the scholarship program.
成績が悪い学生は奨学金プログラムに応募できません。
C1 noun /ˈɪtʃ.i.nəs/

itchiness

かゆみ
Meaning
The quality or condition of feeling an irritating sensation on the skin that causes a desire to scratch.
Example
Eye itchiness often leads to rubbing.
目のかゆみはしばしば擦る原因となります。
C1 noun /ˈiːɡətɪst/

egotist

自己中心的な人
Meaning
A person who is excessively self-centered or talks too much about themselves.
Example
The egotist dominated the conversation by talking only about his own achievements.
その自己中心的な人は自分の成功だけについて話していた。
C1 noun /ˈzɛnəˌfoʊb/

xenophobe

外国人恐怖症者
Meaning
a person who dislikes or fears people from other countries or cultures
Example
The politician was criticized as a xenophobe due to his anti-immigrant policies.
その政治家は反移民政策のため、外国人恐怖症者として批判されました。
C1 adjective /ˈspel.baʊnd/

Spellbound

夢中; 魅了された
Meaning
completely fascinated and unable to move or think about anything else; enchanted
Example
The children sat spellbound as the magician performed his tricks.
子供たちは魔法使いが技を披露するのを夢中で見ていました。
C1 verb /dɪsˈmæntəl/

dismantle

解体する
Meaning
to take apart; to remove or destroy the parts of
Example
Workers will dismantle the old bridge next month.
作業員たちは来月古い橋を解体します。
C1 noun /ˈɡlædiˌeɪtər/

gladiator

グラディエーター
Meaning
A man trained to fight in public contests in ancient Rome.
Example
The gladiator fought bravely in the arena.
グラディエーターはアリーナで勇敢に戦いました。
C1 verb /pərˈspaɪər/

perspire

汗をかく
Meaning
To give out sweat through the pores of the skin as a result of heat, physical exertion, or stress.
Example
He began to perspire after running for 10 minutes.
彼は10分間走った後、汗をかき始めました。
C1 verb /ˈpɑːzɪt/

posit

Meaning
To assume or suggest something as a fact or basis for reasoning.
Example
The scientist posited a new theory to explain the phenomenon.
C1 noun /ˈjeloʊ oʊliˈændər/

Yellow oleander

黄色のオレアンダー
Meaning
a tropical flowering shrub with bright yellow flowers; also known as lucky nut
Example
The yellow oleander blooms throughout the year in warm climates.
黄色のオレアンダーは暖かい気候で一年中花を咲かせます。
C1 adjective /ˈraɪ.tʃəs/

Righteous

正義の; 公正な; 道徳的な
Meaning
morally right or justifiable; virtuous; having strong moral principles
Example
She felt righteous anger at the unfair treatment of workers.
彼女は労働者の不当な扱いに対して正義の怒りを感じました。
C1 noun /kənˈkʌrəns/

concurrence

一致
Meaning
Agreement or union in action, opinion, or occurrence; simultaneous happening of events.
Example
The project was completed with the concurrence of all departments.
そのプロジェクトはすべての部門の同意のもとで完了しました。
C1 adjective /dɪˈmɒnstrətɪv/

demonstrative

表現的な
Meaning
openly showing feelings, especially affection or emotion
Example
She was very demonstrative with her affection towards her friends.
彼女は友達に対してとても表現的だった。
C1 noun/verb /ˈskɜːrmɪʃ/

skirmish

Meaning
a small or brief fight between groups of soldiers; to engage in such a fight
Example
The soldiers got into a skirmish near the border.
C1 verb /məˈtɪərɪəlaɪz/

materialize

実現する
Meaning
To become real or actual; to appear suddenly or in a physical form.
Example
The opportunity he had been waiting for finally materialized.
彼が待っていたチャンスはついに実現しました。
C1 verb ˌkəʊ.əˈles

coalesce

統合する
Meaning
Come together and form one mass or whole; unite to form one organization or group.
Example
The different theories coalesced into one unified idea.
異なる理論が一つの統一されたアイデアに統合されました。
C1 noun /lʌst/

Lust

強い性的欲求；何かへの情熱的な欲望
Meaning
very strong sexual desire; a passionate desire for something
Example
His lust for power corrupted him completely.
彼の権力への欲望は彼を完全に腐敗させた。
C1 verb /ˌʌndərˈlaɪ/

underlie

基盤となる
Meaning
to be the hidden cause or basis of something
Example
Strong cultural traditions underlie the community's practices.
強い文化的伝統はコミュニティの慣習の基盤となっている。
C1 adjective/noun /ˈkɜːrsɪv/

cursive

カースィブ書き
Meaning
Written with characters joined together in a flowing manner.
Example
The teacher asked students to write the essay in cursive handwriting.
先生は生徒にカースィブ書きでエッセイを書くように言いました。
C1 noun /ˈsɑːɡə/

saga

長い物語
Meaning
A long story of heroic achievement, or a long, complex series of events.
Example
The company's rise and fall became a corporate saga.
会社の興隆と衰退は企業のサガとなった。
C1 verb /ˈbʌŋɡəl/

bungle

台無しにする
Meaning
To carry out a task clumsily or incompetently.
Example
He bungled the presentation and confused the audience.
彼はプレゼンテーションを台無しにし、聴衆を混乱させました。
C1 verb /ɪnˈkɜːr/

incur

負う
Meaning
To bring upon oneself something undesirable, usually as a result of actions.
Example
He incurred a fine for parking in the wrong place.
彼は間違った場所に駐車して罰金を科せられた。
C1 noun /ˈmænəˌrɪzəm/

Mannerism

癖
Meaning
A habitual gesture or way of speaking or behaving; an idiosyncrasy
Example
His constant throat clearing had become an annoying mannerism.
彼の絶え間ない喉の清掃は迷惑な癖になっていた。
C1 adjective /ˈrænsɪd/

rancid

腐った
Meaning
having a bad taste or smell due to being old or spoiled (especially fats or oils)
Example
The butter had gone rancid after being left out too long.
バターは外に長時間置かれて腐ってしまった。
C1 noun /trækt/

tract

区画
Meaning
an area of land; a system of organs in the body; a written pamphlet
Example
The forest tract was preserved as a wildlife sanctuary.
その森林区画は野生動物保護区として保存されました。
C1 noun /krəˈvæs/

crevasse

深い亀裂
Meaning
a deep crack in a glacier or the earth’s surface
Example
The climbers carefully crossed the icy crevasse.
登山者たちは慎重に氷の亀裂を越えました。
C1 noun /ˌdɪfəˈrɛnʃɪˈeɪʃən/

differentiation

差別化, 分化
Meaning
The action or process of differentiating or distinguishing between things.
Example
Differentiation from competitors can create a unique market position.
競合他社との差別化により、ユニークな市場ポジションを作り出すことができます。
C1 verb /broʊtʃ/

broach

取り上げる
Meaning
to bring up a subject for discussion
Example
She decided to broach the topic of salary with her manager.
彼女はマネージャーと給料の話題を取り上げることに決めました。
C1 noun /ˈfjuː.də.lɪ.zəm/

feudalism

封建制度
Meaning
the social system in medieval Europe in which people worked and fought for nobles who gave them protection and land in return
Example
Feudalism shaped the political structure of medieval Europe.
封建制度は中世ヨーロッパの政治構造を形作った。
C1 noun /ˌɛksɪˈkjuːʃənər/

executioner

処刑人
Meaning
A person who carries out a death sentence by execution.
Example
The executioner prepared the gallows for the condemned prisoner.
処刑人は死刑囚のために絞首台を準備した。
C1 noun /kɑːɡ/

cog

車輪や歯車の歯
Meaning
A tooth on the rim of a wheel or gear; metaphorically, a minor but necessary part of a larger system.
Example
He felt like just a small cog in a big machine.
彼は大きな機械の中で小さな歯車のように感じていた。
C1 verb /plɒd/

plod

ゆっくりと働く
Meaning
to work slowly and steadily, often with effort or difficulty
Example
He plodded through his homework despite feeling tired.
疲れていたけど、彼は宿題をゆっくりやっていた。
C1 noun ˈɛksəʊˌplænɪt

exoplanet

太陽系外の星の周りを回る惑星
Meaning
A planet that orbits a star outside the solar system.
Example
Astronomers have discovered thousands of exoplanets in the last decade.
天文学者たちは、過去10年間で何千ものエクソプラネットを発見しました。
C1 verb ɪˈluː.sɪ.deɪt

elucidate

明らかにする、説明する
Meaning
make (something) clear; explain.
Example
The professor elucidated the theory with simple examples.
教授は簡単な例で理論を明らかにしました。
C1 adjective /ˌʌnɪˈkwɪvəkəl/

unequivocal

明確
Meaning
Leaving no doubt; clear and unambiguous
Example
She gave an unequivocal answer to the question.
彼女は質問に対して明確な答えを出しました。
C1 adjective /fəˈroʊ.ʃəs/

Ferocious

凶暴な, 激しい, 残忍な
Meaning
savagely fierce, cruel, or violent; extremely aggressive
Example
The ferocious storm destroyed many houses in the coastal area.
激しい嵐は沿岸地域の多くの家を破壊しました。
C1 adjective ˌkɒn.ʃiˈen.ʃəs

conscientious

良心的
Meaning
Wishing to do what is right, especially to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly.
Example
A conscientious worker always delivers high-quality results.
良心的な労働者は常に高品質な結果を提供します。
C1 noun /ˈtraɪæd/

triad

三位一体
Meaning
a group of three closely related people or things
Example
The project was managed by a triad of experts.
そのプロジェクトは三人の専門家によって管理されていました。
C1 verb /ˈskaʊər/

scour

磨く / 徹底的に探す
Meaning
to clean or brighten the surface of something by scrubbing; to search thoroughly
Example
She scoured the kitchen until it shone.
彼女はキッチンを磨いて、ピカピカにしました。
C1 adjective /ˈstæɡ.nənt/

Stagnant

停滞した; 動かない; 発展していない
Meaning
not moving or flowing; showing no activity or development
Example
The stagnant water in the pond was covered with algae.
池の中の停滞した水は藻で覆われていました。
C1 adjective ˈluː.sɪd

lucid

明確で理解しやすい
Meaning
Clear and easily understandable thoughts or explanations.
Example
His explanation was so lucid that everyone understood it.
彼の説明は非常に明確だったので、皆が理解しました。
C1 noun /ˈhæv.ək/

Havoc

広範囲の破壊; 大きな混乱や無秩序; カオス
Meaning
widespread destruction; great confusion or disorder; chaos
Example
The hurricane wreaked havoc on the coastal towns, destroying homes and businesses.
ハリケーンは沿岸の町で大規模な破壊を引き起こし、家屋やビジネスを破壊しました。
C1 verb /dɛlv/

delve

Meaning
To investigate deeply; to dig into a subject or area.
Example
The researcher delved into ancient manuscripts to find clues.
C1 verb /luːt/

loot

略奪する
Meaning
to steal goods, typically during war, riot, or chaos
Example
The rioters looted several shops during the protest.
抗議の間に暴動者たちはいくつかの店を略奪した。
C1 noun /læns/

Lance

槍
Meaning
a long weapon with a sharp metal point, used by soldiers on horseback
Example
The knight charged forward with his lance ready.
騎士は準備が整った槍を持って前進した。
C1 verb /əˈdʒuːdɪˌkeɪt/

adjudicate

裁定する
Meaning
to make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or dispute
Example
The committee was formed to adjudicate disputes between the parties.
委員会は当事者間の争いを審理するために結成されました。
C1 noun rɪˈfaɪnmənt

refinement

精練
Meaning
The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a substance.
Example
His manners showed a refinement that made him stand out in any crowd.
彼のマナーは精練されたもので、どんな群衆の中でも目立っていた。
C1 verb /ˈlɛvi/

levy

課税する
Meaning
To impose or collect, especially a tax or fine.
Example
The government decided to levy a new tax on luxury goods.
政府は高級品に新しい税金を課すことに決めました。
C1 adjective ˈtæs.ɪt

tacit

暗黙の
Meaning
Understood or implied without being openly expressed or stated
Example
Their mutual understanding was based on tacit agreement.
彼らの相互理解は暗黙の合意に基づいていました。
C1 adjective,noun /kənˈtɪn.dʒənt/

contingent

依存する / 代表団
Meaning
dependent on something else; a group of people representing an organization
Example
Attendance is contingent on prior registration. / A contingent of students attended the conference.
出席は事前登録に依存しています。 / 学生の代表団が会議に出席しました。
C1 verb /daɪˈvɜːrdʒ/

diverge

分岐する
Meaning
to separate and go in different directions; to differ
Example
The two paths diverge at the fork in the road.
二つの道は交差点で分かれる。
C1 verb /ˈvɪn.dɪ.keɪt/

vindicate

弁明する
Meaning
To clear someone of blame or suspicion; to show or prove to be right, reasonable, or justified.
Example
The new evidence helped vindicate the wrongly accused man.
新しい証拠は、不当に告発された男性を弁明するのに役立ちました。
C1 adjective /ˈflæʃi/

flashy

派手な, 目立つ
Meaning
ostentatious or showy in a way that attracts attention
Example
He drove a flashy sports car through the city streets.
彼は市街地を派手なスポーツカーで走った。
C1 adjective /ʌnˈruːli/

Unruly

無秩序な; 不従順な;
Meaning
difficult to control or manage; disorderly and disruptive
Example
The unruly crowd refused to follow the safety instructions.
無秩序な群衆は安全指示に従うことを拒否した。
C1 noun /rɪˈspɒndənt/

respondent

回答者
Meaning
A person who replies to something, especially in a survey or legal case
Example
The survey had over 1,000 respondents.
調査には1000人以上の回答者がいました。
C1 noun /trɔːf/

trough

飼い葉桶、低点
Meaning
A long, narrow container from which animals eat or drink; also, a low point between waves or in business cycles.
Example
The cows drank water from the wooden trough.
牛は木製の飼い葉桶から水を飲みました。
C1 noun əˈɡrɛriən səˈsaɪətiz

agrarian societies

農業社会
Meaning
Societies based on agriculture and farming as the primary economic activity.
Example
Agrarian societies emerged from a need for stable food sources.
農業社会は安定した食料源の必要性から生まれました。
C1 verb /ˈkaʊər/

cower

恐怖で縮こまる
Meaning
to crouch down in fear
Example
The child cowered behind the sofa during the thunderstorm.
子供は雷の間、ソファの後ろで恐怖で縮こまっていた。
C1 noun /fɪkˈseɪ.ʃən/

fixation

執着や過度な興味
Meaning
An obsessive interest in or feeling about someone or something.
Example
His fixation on perfectionism delayed project completion.
完璧主義への執着がプロジェクトの完了を遅らせた。
C1 adjective /aʊtˈmoʊdɪd/

outmoded

時代遅れ
Meaning
No longer in fashion or useful; outdated.
Example
That old computer is completely outmoded.
その古いコンピューターは完全に時代遅れです。
C1 noun /ɪɡˈzuːbərəns/

exuberance

活力
Meaning
the quality of being full of energy, excitement, and cheerfulness
Example
Her exuberance made the whole team feel motivated.
彼女の活力はチーム全体をやる気にさせた。
C1 noun /bɪˈriːvmənt/

bereavement

Meaning
The state of having lost a loved one through death.
Example
She received many letters of sympathy during her time of bereavement.
C1 adjective /ɪɡˈzæktɪŋ/

exacting

厳格な
Meaning
demanding a lot of effort, attention, or precision
Example
She is known for her exacting standards in design.
彼女はデザインにおける厳格な基準で知られています。
C1 noun /pəˈræl.ə.sɪs/

Paralysis

麻痺
Meaning
the loss of the ability to move part or all of the body; complete inability to act or function
Example
The accident left him with paralysis in his legs.
事故は彼に足の麻痺を残した。
C1 adverb/noun /ˌhɪərˈæftər/

hereafter

これから / 来世
Meaning
from now on; in the future; also refers to life after death.
Example
Hereafter, all reports must be submitted electronically.
これからは、すべての報告書は電子的に提出しなければならない。
C1 noun /ˈprɑːtɪstənt/

protestant

プロテスタント
Meaning
a member of the Christian church that separated from the Roman Catholic Church during the Reformation
Example
Martin Luther was a key figure in the Protestant Reformation.
マルティン・ルターはプロテスタント改革の鍵となる人物でした。
C1 verb /ˈɪrɪˌɡeɪt/

irrigate

灌漑する
Meaning
to supply water to land or crops; to wash out a wound with water
Example
Farmers irrigate their fields during dry seasons.
農家は乾季に畑に灌漑を行います。
C1 adjective /prəˈpɔːrʃənət/

proportionate

比例的な
Meaning
Corresponding in size, degree, or intensity; balanced in relation.
Example
The punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
罰は犯罪に比例するべきです。